Chapter 9 Psychology-Intelligence, Aptitude, and Cognitive Abilities
General Intelligence
a concept that intelligence is a basic cognitive trait comprising the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems regardless of their nature
Crystallized Intelligence
a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust
Disidentification
a long term effect of a stereotype threat where negative experiences involving a stereotype become incorporated into one's self-concept
Intelligence Quotient
a measurement in which the mental age of an individual is divided by the person's chronological age and then multiplied by 100
Multiple Intelligences
a model claiming that eight different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
a model of intelligence that was proposed by Robert Sternberg consisting of three domains: analytical intelligence, practical intelligence, and creative intelligence
Factor Analysis
a statistical technique that reveals similarities among a wide variety of items
Stanford-Binet Test
a test intended to measure innate (genetic) intelligence
Standardized Test
a test that has a set of questions or problems that are administered and scored in a uniform way across large numbers of individuals
Fluid Intelligence
a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge
Transgenic Animal
an animal who receives a so-called "gene transplant"
Raven's Progressive Matrices
an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound to a particular language or culture
Behavioral Genetics
examines how genes, environment, and their interaction influence behavior and cognition
Test-Retest Reliability
focuses on evaluating the reliability of a test by comparing an individual's original score and subsequent scores
Savants
individuals with low mental capacity in most domains but extraordinary abilities in other specific areas such as music, mathematics, or art
Gene Knockout (KO) Studies
involve removing a specific gene thought to be involved in a trait (such as intelligence) and testing the effects of removing the gene by comparing behavior of animals without the gene with those that have it
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
is the most commonly used intelligence test used on adolescents and adults. it provides a single IQ score for each test taken—the full scale IQ—but also breaks intelligence into a general ability index (GAI) and a cognitive proficiency index (CPI)
Standard Deviation
measures variability around a mean
Reproductive Reasoning
one of the two abilities raven believes is key to intelligent behavior: applying information to a new situation
Deductive Reasoning
one of the two abilities raven believes is key to intelligent behavior: identifying and extracting important information
Flynn Effect
refers to the steady population level increases in intelligence test scores over time
Norms
statistics that allow individuals to be evaluated relative to a typical or standard score
Aptitude Tests
tests that are designed to measure an individual's potential to perform well on a specific range of tasks
Achievement Tests
tests that measure knowledge and thinking skills which an individual has acquired
Mental Age
the average or typical test score for a specific chronological age
Incremental Theory
the belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice, and effort
Entity Theory
the belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult (or impossible) to change
Validity
the degree to which a test actually measures that trait or ability it is intended to measure
Predictive Validity
the degree to which a test predicts future performance
Learning Styles
the hypothesis that individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information
Psychometrics
the measurement of psychological traits and abilities—including personality, attitudes, and intelligence
Reliability
the measurement of the degree to which a test produces consistent results
Percentile Rank
the percentage of scores below a certain point
Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI)
the portion of the full scale IQ on the WAIS that is based on the Working Memory and Processing Speed Indexes.
General Ability Index (GAI)
the portion of the full scale IQ on the WAIS that is computed from scores on the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning indexes.
Behavioral Genomics
the study of how specific genes, in their interactions with the environment, influence behavior
Creative Intelligence
the type of intelligence in the triarchic theory of intelligence that allows us to create new ideas to solve problems
Practical Intelligence
the type of intelligence in the triarchic theory of intelligence that involves the ability to address real-world problems that are encountered in daily life
Analytical Intelligence
the verbal, mathematical, problem-solving type of intelligence in the triarchic theory of intelligence
Anthropometrics
this was a program of research used by Galton. It is a historical term referring to the method of measuring physical and mental variation in humans
Stereotype Threat
when people are aware of stereotypes about their social group, they may fear being reduced to that stereotype