Chapter 9 reading

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. -Schemata -Categories -Cognitions -Prototypes

Schemata

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, â Look mommy, truck!â This exemplifies ________. -accommodation -centration -assimilation -egocentrism

assimilation

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will â change her waysâ and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving. -depression -anger -bargaining -denial

bargaining

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly. -sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational

concrete operational

The goal of hospice care is to provide -medical options for the treatment of terminal illnesses so that death can be avoided. -legal options for family members making medical decisions on the part of another. -liaisons to experimental treatments that might not be readily available for some patients. -death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, weâ d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory. -unidirectional -bidirectional -continuous -discontinuous

discontinuous.

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? -avoidant -disorganized -secure -resistant

disorganized

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his motherâ s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? -abstract thought -egocentrism -conservation -reversibility

egocentrism

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his motherâ s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? -reversibility -egocentrism -conservation -abstract thought

egocentrism

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? -sexual preference -environment and culture -genetics -biology

environment and culture.

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. -manipulative -fine -gross -native

fine

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? -formal operational -concrete operational -preoperational -sensorimotor

formal operational.

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? -environment and culture -genes and biology -language acquisition -cognitive capacity

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. -native -fine -reflexive -gross

gross

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. -identity vs. confusion -trust vs. mistrust -generativity vs. stagnation -isolation vs. intimacy

identity vs. confusion

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. -trust vs. mistrust -identity vs. confusion -isolation vs. intimacy -generativity vs. stagnation

identity vs. confusion

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? -integrity vs. despair -identity vs. guilt -generativity vs. stagnation -initiative vs. guilt

integrity vs. despair

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. -markers -norms -milestones -boundaries

milestones

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a persons cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. -naturist -epigenetic -neuroconstructivist -biopsychosocial

neuroconstructivist.

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? -egocentrism -language development -object permanence -pretend play

object permanence

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. -preoperational -sensorimotor -concrete operational -formal operational

sensorimotor

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. -zygote -embryo -placenta -fetus

zygote

What is an advanced directive? -A legal document that bars anyone from providing resuscitative care if oneâ s heart should stop or they stop breathing. -A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants. -A statement of what a person wants done with their estate, including who their possessions should go to. -An indication of what a person wants for their own funeral ceremonies (including requesting that no funeral be held).

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. -Cognitive -Psychosocial -Learning -Physical

Physical

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by oneâ s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? -Vygotsky -Ainsworth -Kohlberg -Piaget

Vygotsky

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, â Look mommy, apples!â His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. -seriation -assimilation -reversibility -accommodation

accommodation

Early maturing girls are ________. -more likely to go to college -at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders -more confident -less likely to drop out of high school

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? -authoritarian -authoritative -disorganized -permissive

authoritative

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. -parietal -temporal -occipital -frontal

frontal

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? -reversibility -stranger anxiety -object permanence -egocentrism

object performance

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? -avoidant -secure -resistant -disorganized

secure

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. -case studies -surveys -naturalistic observations -experiments

surveys

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. -Psychosocial -Artistic -Emotional -Cognitive

Cognitive

Which of the following illustrates conservation? -Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower but doesnâ t realize that he is wasting water that way. -Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels but he doesnâ t know the value of either coin by itself. -Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. -Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries because she doesnâ t think they can be recycled.

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? -Lawrence Kohlberg -Jean Piaget -Sigmund Freud -Erik Erikson

Sigmund Freud

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlbergâ s theory of morality. -post-conventional -concrete operational -pre-conventional -conventional

post-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and heâ d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? -pre-conventional -formal operational -conventional -post-conventional

pre-conventional

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself. -beneficiary -designee -proxy -executor

proxy.

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. -Lawrence Kohlberg -Abraham Maslow -Jean Piaget -Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? -authoritarian -permissive -authoritative -Freudian

permissive

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infants needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Eriksons developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? -identity vs. confusion -industry vs. inferiority -autonomy vs. shame/doubt -trust vs. mistrust

trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? -younger average age for marriage -changing cultural expectations -taking longer to complete a college degree -changes in the workforce

younger average age for marriage