Chapter 9: Regulation and Motivation: Self-Determination Theory

What is autonomy?

Autonomy is feeling free and able to make choices about one's actions, being self-regulating and able to determine one's actions and plans.

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic and universal psychological needs? What happens when these needs are met?

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness When these three needs are met, people will feel motivated and will happily participate in some activity. They will feel intrinsically motivated, perform well, and as a result, build skills that increase their well-being.

According to self determination theory, __________________are more important than what we do.

the reasons why we do something

What are the three casualty orientations?

Autonomous, controlled and impersonal

What does Edward Deci and Richard's Ryan self-determination theory state?

According to the self-determination theory, there is a big difference between engaging in an activity because of extrinsic reasons and engaging in the same activity for intrinsic reasons. When we are extrinsically motivated, we may not enjoy the activity as much, perform our best, or continue the behavior on our own. However, when we are intrinsically motivated, we enjoy what we are doing and increase our well-being.

What is impersonal orientation?

An impersonal orientation describes the degree to which people feel they lack control over important outcomes. AN impersonal orientation develops from consistently having all three needs thwarted. People with an impersonal orientation approach situations through amotivation with detachment and apathy, believing that there is little they can do to attain desired outcomes. People with an impersonal orientation show poor functioning and poor well-being.

What is casualty orientation?

Casuality orientation is a person's typical way of self-motivating

What is competence?

Competence is feeling effective in one's actions and having the opportunities and experience to exercise, expand, and express one's abilities.

What is a controlled orientation?

Controlled orientation describes the degree to which people look for controls in the environment and let the environment or their own interjects determine and regulate their own behavior. People develop a controlled orientation when some degree of their needs for competence and relatedness are satisfied, but the need for autonomy is not. People with a controlled orientation approach situations ready to respond to situational demands and contingencies. People with controlled orientation self-regulate through introjects and external contingencies, are dependent on rewards and other controls, and show diminished well-being.

What is external regulation?

External regulation is a form or extrinsic motivation which is completely extrinsic and controlled by something or someone outside ourselves. Ex: children brushing their teeth to receive a reward such as being allowed to watch their favorite tv show

What is flow?

Flow is an experience marked by complete absorption, deep enjoyment, intense concentration, and an almost altered state, as people block out all irrelevant stimuli and focus entirely on the task at hand.

What is identified regulation?

Identified regulation is a form of extrinsic motivation in which we accept the activity as personally meaningful, perhaps for some greater goal which is more important than hassles involved in the task at hand.

What is integrated regulation?

Integrated regulation is a form of extrinsic motivation in which people have internalized the goals and values of the enterprise, even though the particular activity is not inherently interesting.

What is introjected regulation?

Introjected regulation is a form of extrinsic motivation in which the behavior is controlled by something within ourselves. Introjected regulation is experienced as just as controlling as external regulations, except that we act as our own controlling agents, using guilt, anxiety, conditional self-esteem, obligation, approval or other thoughts to control ourselves.

What is locus of control? What do those with an internal locus of control believe? What do those with an external locus of control believe?

Locus of control describes the connection between behavior and outcomes. Those with an internal locus of control believe that they can influence what happens to them through their own efforts, behavior, or characteristics. Those with an external locus of control believe that what happens to them is due to to chance, luck or fate.

What is the difference between locus of control and locus of causality?

People may understand the contingency between their behavior and some outcome and are able to control their behaviors (locus of control), but they may not want to or feel free to engage in these behaviors (locus of causality)

What are the four way in which we develop our self-efficacy beliefs?

Personal experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, and physical and emotional states.

What is the key to predicting when rewards or threats of punishments will have negative effects?

Realizing that external motivators can convey two meanings: control and information

List examples of how one can foster the following need: autonomy

Recognize the individual's perspective Give choices where possible Use minimal pressure Encourage initiative Link to the individual's goals, values Support individual's choice Help the individual live with consequences of the choices at a level he or she can cope with

What is relatedness?

Relatedness is feeling connected to others, having people to care for, and to receive care from. Relatedness can also come from feeling a sense of belonging within a community like a school, a work organization, a club or a town.

What does the humanistic tradition emphasize?

Responsibility, growth and the actualizing tendency. It views the individual as an active organism, seeking out the best way, not merely to survive, but to grow.

What is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy is the belief that one can be competent and effective at some activity.

What was found during the Tae Bo experiment?

Students with an intrinsic goal for learning Tae Bo put in a greater effort during classes than students with an extrinsic goal.

List examples of how one can foster the following need: competence

Sturcture :Clear expectations Clear contingencies Feedback provided Break task into small, manageable pieces Optimal Challenge: Task not too hard Task not too easy

What does autonomous orientation describe?

The autonomous orientation describes the degree to which people interpret a situation as autonomy supportive, providing information for their own self-regulation. People develop an autonomous orientation when all three basic needs are regularly met. People with autonomous orientation are attracted to situations that have the potential to stimulate their intrinsic motivation and which they find optimally challenging. The autonomous orientation is associated with autonomous self-regulation, greater initiative, good performance, and psychological well-being.

What is the locus of causality?

The connection between choice and behavior.

What is the actualizing tendency?

The motive to actualize or bring about growth and positive change.

What are the two parts to self-efficacy beliefs?

The outcome expectation: the belief that behaving a certain way will produce a certain outcome The efficacy expectation: the belief that one is capable of acting in a certain way; that is, the expectation about whether a person will succeed or fail at performing the required action

What is amotivation?

The state of having no motivation, where people are neither extrinsically nor intrinsically motivated, feeling apathetic or alienated.

How many types of extrinsic motivation are there? How did they vary?

There are four types of extrinsic motivation which vary in how much autonomy or volition is involved.

List examples of how one can foster the following need: relatedness

Time Interest Energy

When does external motivation occur?

When an activity is undertaken for reasons that are external or separable from the activity itself, like gaining a reward or avoiding a punishment.

What is the overjustification effect?

When intrinsic interest in an activity is already high, if extrinsic factors are made more salient (ex: a reward), then people will discount their own intrinsic reasons for doing the behavior.

When do intrinsic motivation and intrinsic regulation occur?

When people engage in an activity due to reasons inherent in the activity itself like satisfaction or pleasure