Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
Humans show alternating periods of increased and decreased alertness that is termed the
b. basic rest-activity cycle.
Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.
b. caffeine; wakefulness
The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus
b. decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
A single cycle of non-REM through REM sleep lasts about
c. 90 minutes.
_____ neurons play a key role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness.
c. Acetylcholine
Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?
c. As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
Which of the following do NOT belong together?
REM sleep; lack of genital activity
Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during
c. stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
Adenosine may promote sleep by
c. suppressing the release of GABA within the VLPA.
A key aspect of slow wave sleep is the presence of ______ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state.
a. 1.0
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
a. Alternating delta and beta EEG activities
Which of the following is true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?
a. Neurons in the vlPOA show a very high firing rate in sleeping animals that were previously sleep-deprived.
Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep?
a. Nightmares
________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record.
a. Paradoxical sleep
Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?
a. Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers.
Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)
a. adenosine antagonist.
The symptoms of REM-sleep behavior disorder are exaggerated by administration of
a. antidepressant drugs.
The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.
a. beta
The symptoms of REM-sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in
a. cataplexy.
The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the
a. dorsal pons.
Circadian rhythms are
a. endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day.
You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is
a. in stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.
a. narcolepsy
In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from
a. narcolepsy.
The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of
a. norepinephrine.
It is untrue that
a. sleep patterns are similar in all species.
A common treatment for sleep apnea is
a. surgical modification of the airways.
A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock.
a. zeitgeber
Sleep needs vary widely among different persons. A short sleeper may require only ______ hours per night, whereas a long sleeper may awake tired after ______ hours of sleep.
b. 5; 10
Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?
b. A person who awakes from stage 4 is groggy and confused
_______ would be expected to promote sleep.
b. An adenosine agonist
________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.
b. Hypnagogic hallucination
Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving
b. an attack of sleep during the day.
In the narcolepsy example given in the text, the Doberman dog developed cataplexy while
b. eating.
Working on a task that demands alertness and mental activity during the day will
b. increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes.
Human narcolepsy
b. involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics.
Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________ , whereas stages 3 -4 are referred to as ________.
b. non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep
Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________.
b. normal waking; sleep
A person who does not feel rested after sleeping 15 hours a night
b. probably does not need more sleep.
The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that
b. sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres.
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as
b. sleep apnea
A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in
b. symptoms of narcolepsy.
An effective treatment for REM-sleep behavior disorder is the administration of
b. the drug clonazepam.
The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because
b. this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is
b. unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.
c. REM sleep; impotence
The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that
c. act as catecholamine agonists.
The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________ .
c. adenosine; slow-wave sleep
Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.
c. cerebral cortex
The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by
c. changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________ .
c. glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus
A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to
c. increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that
c. narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.
Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects.
c. no change in sleep patterns
Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
c. nocturnal enuresis.
Sleep deprivation in humans results in
c. perceptual distortions.
Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to
c. produce insomnia.
Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the
c. raphe nuclei.
The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to
c. rest the brain.
Somnambulism is synonymous with
c. sleep walking.
Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from
c. sleep-related eating disorder.
Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is
c. slow-wave sleep.
Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?
d. Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
d. EEG synchrony
Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?
d. Electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei
Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?
d. Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness.
Which of the following is true of melanopsin?
d. Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells.
Which of the following is NOT true of sleep?
d. Sleep is a behavior.
A key symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is
d. a lack of paralysis during REM sleep.
Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.
d. acetylcholine
The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep.
d. electromyogram
Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that
d. facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity.
Insomnia is defined
d. in relation to a person's particular needs.
The primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to
d. rest the brain.
A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to
d. sleeping during the day.
Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that
d. there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.
d. theta
The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of
e. 3.5-7.5 Hz.
About ________ of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ experiences this on occasion.
e. 9%; 25%
Damage to the rat SCN would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to
e. All of the above are correct.
It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because
e. All of the above are correct.
Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of
e. All of the above are correct.
Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in
e. All of the above are correct.
The characteristics of REM sleep include
e. All of the above are correct.
The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.
e. All of the above are correct.
Wakefulness is promoted by the neurotransmitter substance
e. All of the above are correct.
Which of the following is true of sleep?
e. All of the above are correct.
Recent research suggests that ______ sleep is important for ______ memory.
e. B and D are correct. (REM;nondeclarative, Slow-wave;declarative)
________ during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ________.
e. Eye movements; tectum
A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from
e. an episode of cataplexy
The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy.
e. depression
A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as "pavor nocturnus" would be said to be
e. experiencing night terrors.
An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure
e. eye movements.
Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is
e. higher during the day and lower at night.
The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that
e. infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.
A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the
e. locus coeruleus.
The negative effects of aging on sleep quality may reflect a(n)
e. reduced sensitivity in adenosine receptors due to fewer receptors.
A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is
e. strong emotions or physical exertion.
REM-ON neurons are located within the _______, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the _______.
e. sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG
The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in
e. the alternation between sleep and waking.