Chapter 9_Intelligence

environment; habitability

About half of psychologists surveyed believe that the differences in IQ scores among people are the result of both ____ and____.

100

About half of the people who take the Wechsler tests score ____.

Triarchic theory

According to Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical intelligence (academic ability), creativity intelligence, and practical intelligence ("street smarts"). Sternberg believed creativity was a type of intelligence. This theory is known as ____.

Increased with age

Alfred Binet designed his aptitude tests for children of different age levels because he assumed that intelligence ______.

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale

An intelligence test discovered by Alfred Binet (who thought intelligence increased by age), that contained questions for children of different age levels. (the version of the test used today is known as the IQ which uses and intelligence quotient instead of a mental age)

Test-retest reliability

Comparing scores taken by the same person on different occasions.

Profound Retardation

Constant supervision and care is required for people who have _______.

G factor

represents the abilities to reason and solve problems

Primary Reinforces

stimuli; such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning

Intelligence

the capacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to changing environment

Heredity

the genetic transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Emotional

Goleman says _____ intelligence consists of five factors that are involved in success in school or on the job: Self-awareness, mood management, self-motivation, impulse control, and people skills.

Mild retardation

IQ between 50-70; as a child they have difficulty feeding themselves, learning to walk and talk

130 or above

IQ of a gifted person

related

Kinship studies have shown that the groups with the most similar IQ scores were _____

Analytical intelligence (the type of intelligence we use in academic intelligence) , creative intelligence, and practical intelligence ("street" smarts)

List Robert Sternberg's 3 models of intelligence

Accidental brain damage Child birth Pregnant women who abuse drugs and alcohol

List three things that mental retardation can be caused by?

real parents

Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their _____.

People Skills

Sensitivity to other people's feelings and the ability to respond to them appropriately are components of ___.

weak

Similarities in IQ between children and foster parents are _____.

Rhythmic Intelligence

Studies have shown that musical ability may be linked to ___.

Have a good level of income A good level of education A good history of stimulating jobs Intact family life Attendance at cultural events, travel, and reading Marriage to a spouse with a high level of intellectual functioning A flexible personality

The Seattle Study found that intelligence can be maintained among older adults if they _______(LIST)__________

Creativity

The ability to invent new solutions to problems or to create original or ingenious material.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

development of intelligence.

The home environment and styles of parenting influence the _____________.

Mental age

The level of intelligence functioning, which is compared to chronological age to give an IQ

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

This scale reveals relative strengths and weaknesses well as overall intellectual functioning.

general intelligence, which he labeled g, underlies all of our intellectual abilities. He came up with the Two-Factor Theory.

What did Psychologist Charles Spearman believe?

Thurstone's Theory of Primary Abilities; he believed there were 9 factors that made up intelligence

What did psychologist Louis Thurstone believed in, about a person's intelligence?

Psychologists refer to this bell-shaped curve as a normal curve. Normal curves display the distribution of many traits, including intelligence as measured by IQ tests.

What does the distribution of IQ scores on a graph look like?

show what you have learned, what your ability to learn new skills, or to measure your intelligence

What is one of the main reasons for the intelligence test?

Mildly

_____ retarded adults are often able to take care of themselves and hold jobs. They may however need occasional guidance and support when under unusual social or economic stress.

Intelligence

______ involves the ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others.

Graduate of Head Start

__________ centers are more likely to not repeat grade levels or be put in classes with low learning levels. They are more likely to finish high school, attend college, and earn high incomes. Participation in such programs even decreases the likelihood of juvenile delinquency and reliance on welfare programs.

Intelligence Quotient

a number that reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual, or chronological, age

Howard Gardner

a psychologist that believes there are actually multiple intelligence's instead of just one. Verbal, or linguistic, intelligence, logical mathematical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (such as dancers and athletes have), musical-rhythmic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence (sensitivity to other people's feelings), intrapersonal intelligence (insight to one's own inner feelings), naturalist intelligence (understanding of nature and the laws that govern natural behavior), and existential intelligence (insight into the larger philosophical issues of life)

Gifted

a term used to describe children with IQ scores above 130 or children with outstanding talent for performing at much higher levels than others of the same age and background; to possess outstanding talent or to show the potential for preforming at remarkably high levels of accomplishment when compared with other people of the same age, experience, or environment

Reliability

a test deemed reliable if it gives higher similar scores every time it's used; the extent to which a test yields consistent results

Mental Retardation

intellectual functioning that is below average, as indicated by an intelligence score or below 70

Artificial intelligence

is a broad field that involves creation and development of "intelligent machines"

Achievement

knowledge and skills gained from experience and education

Mild Retardation: About 80 percent of people with retardation are classified as mildly retarded, with an IQ ranging from 50 to 70. Such people often are not obviously retarded, but as children that have more difficulty than most other children in learning to walk, in feeding themselves, and in learning to talk. Most children with mild retardation are able to learn to read and do arithmetic. As adults, they often are able to take care of themselves and hold jobs. They may, however, need occasional guidance and support when under unusual social or economic stress. Moderate Retardation: People with an IQ of between 35 and 49 have moderate retardation. They can learn to speak, to feed and dress themselves, to take care of their own hygiene, and to work under supportive conditions, as in sheltered workshops. They usually do not learn to read or solve math problems. Children with Down syndrome are most likely to be classified in the moderately retarded range. Although adults with moderate retardation are usually not capable of self-maintenance, they can participate in simple recreation and travel alone in familiar places. Severe Retardation: people with severe mental retardation have IQ range of 20-34. They require constant supervision. They may have some understanding of speech and be able to respond. Although they can perform daily routines and repetitive activities, they need continuing direction in a protective environment. Some children in this category can respond to training in some basic self-help tasks, such as self-feeding. Profound Retardation: People with profound retardation have an IQ below 20. They can barely communicate. They may show basic emotional responses, but they cannot feed or dress themselves and are dependent on other people for their care throughout their lives.

Describe the characteristics of people with mental retardation. Describe the abilities of people at the four levels of retardation. - IQ at or below 70 - Ability to care for oneself - Communication problems - Social skills - Use of leisure time - Travel in the community - Self-direction - Personal hygiene