Chapter Exam 2 review

Unconditional Positive Regard

term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior

Groupthink

the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

central route

works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument. This route in more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.

Anal stage

(18-36 months) During a time when most children are experiencing toilet training, the child's greatest pleasure involves the anus and urethra and their functions.

Phallic stage

(3-6 years) The name of Freud's third stage comes from the Latin word phallus, which means "penis." Pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable.

oral stage

(first 18 months) The infant's pleasure centers on the mouth. Chewing. sucking, and biting are the chief sources of pleasure that reduce tension in the infant.

Carl Jung

1875-1961 He shared Freud's interest in the unconscious, but he believed that Freud underplayed the unconscious mind's role in personality. In fact, he believed that the roots of personality go back to the dawn of human existence.

Phillip Zimbardo the Stanford Prison Experiment

1971 obedience

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A famous projective test that was developed in 1921 by swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach.

stereotype

A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Stanley Milgram Experiment

A series of experiments (1965, 1974) that demonstrated the profound power of obedience.

Trait Theory

According to this theory, personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. We can describe people in terms of the ways they behave, such as whether they are outgoing, friendly, private, or hostile.

Solomon Asch Study

An experiment on conformity conducted in 1951. Volunteer participants conformed to the answers 25 percent of the time.

Discrimination

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to the group.

Projection

Another defense mechanism. In projection, we see on others those impulses that we most fear or despise in ourselves. For instance, our negative attitudes towards individuals who are different from us may express our unconscious beliefs about ourselves. Projection has been used to explain prejudice.

Erogenous Zones

Are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development.

Archetypes

Carl Jung posited that the collective unconscious contains archetypes, emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people.

Factors In Prejudice

Competition between groups

Electra complex

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Sublimation

Displacement provides the foundation for another defense mechanism, sublimation. It is a special form of displacement in which the person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way, such as a boxer who sublimates his aggressive drive in the ring.

Explicit/implicit Racism

Explicit racism is a person's conscious and openly shared attitude Implicit racism refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level

Penis Envy

Freud believed that girls experience "castration completed," resulting in penis envy- the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son.

Carl Rogers

He began his career as a psychotherapist struggling to understand the unhappiness of the individuals he encountered in therapy.

Alfred Adler

He was one of Freud's earliest followers, but his approach to personality was drastically different from Freud's. Individual psychology.

Social Contagion

Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

In this, social expectations cause an individual to act in ways that make their expectations come true.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Is the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. 1940's

Deindividuation

One process that sheds light on the behavior of individuals in groups. It occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility.

psychosexual stages of development

Oral stage(first 18 months) Anal stage(18-36 months) Phallic stage(3-6 years) Latency period(6 years- puberty) Genital stage(adolesence and adulthood)

attitudes

Our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas-how we feel about the world.

individual psychology

People are motivated by purposes and goals-thus, perfection, not pleasure is their key motivator. This argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance and their environmental experiences and act upon them creatively to become the person they want to be.

Improving intergroup relations

People to come to know one another better so that they can get along.

Karen Honey

She rejected the classical psychoanalytic concept that anatomy is destiny and cautioned that some of Freud's most popular ideas were only hypotheses. She insisted that these hypotheses be supported with observable data before being excepted as fact.

Oedipus conflict

The Greek tragedy in which Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother. The boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

Big five factors of personality

The broad traits that are though to describe the main dimensions of personality- are neuroticism (which refers to the tendency to worry and experience negative emotions), extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Sociocultural factors in prosocial behavior & aggression

The culture of honor Gender Media

Defense Mechanism

The ego has strategies for dealing with this anxiety for the ego. Defense mechanisms are tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Freuds daughter Anna introduced and developed many different kinds of defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are unconscious; we are not aware that we are calling on them. When used in moderation or on a temporary basis, defense mechanisms are not necessarily unhealthy.

Ego

The ego is a Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

elaboration likelihood model

The model identifies two pathways of persuasion: a central route and peripheral route.

Self Report Tests

The most commonly used method of measuring personality characteristics. It directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Repression

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. It pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind.

Denial

The most primitive defense mechanism is denial, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.

Bystander Effect

The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups.

social ficilitation

This occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Was developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan in the 1930s and is designed to elicit stories that reveal a person's unconscious motivations.

Fundamental Attribution Error

When observers make attributions about behaviors, they often overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person's behavior.

Conditions of Worth

are the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

cognitive dissonance

concept introduced by Festinger(1957), and is the psychological discomfort(dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. That we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

ID

consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. This "it" is a pool of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression.

Attribution Theory

identifies the important dimensions at work in attributions. States that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior. Attributions vary along three dimensions.

Peripheral route

involves factors such as attractiveness of the person giving the message or the emotional power of an appeal. is effective when people aren't paying close attention or lack the time or energy to think about the message.

collective unconscious

is Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

Conformity

is a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Personality

is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

prejudice

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

Superego

is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. The superego is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

Displacement

means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

Altruism

means giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Egoism

means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Psychodynamic

perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness.)

Projective tests

presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it- to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.

Social Loafing

refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort. This effect lowers group performance.

Agression

refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally.

self-serving bias

refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own success and to deny responsibility for one's own failures. To make external attributions.

Social Identity

refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.