CHAPTER FOUR QUIZ
In which year was manganese nodules discovered during the voyage of HMS challenger? 1850 1863 1872 1880 1894
1872
How many major extinctions has the Earth experienced? 1 2 3 4 5
5
Which of the following is the most dominant sediment in the deepest ocean basin — the North Pacific? Siliceous ooze Other (gravel, sand, silt, mud) Calcareous ooze Abyssal clay
Abyssal clay
Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes? Biogenous Lithogenous Cosmogenous Hydrogenous
Biogenous
Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Lithogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Biogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
When looking at the world ocean totals combined, which is the most dominant sediment worldwide? Calcareous ooze Siliceous ooze Other (gravel, sand, silt, mud) Abyssal clay
Calcareous ooze
Which of the following sediments contain at least 30% of the hard remains of calcareous-secreting organisms? Radiolarian Calcareous ooze Diatom & calcareous ooze Radiolarian & diatom Abyssal clay
Calcareous ooze
Which one of the following is not considered a fundamental process of the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor? Construction Dilution Productivity Destruction
Construction
Where are the thickest marine sediments located? Deep ocean basin Submarine canyon Continental rise Abyssal plain Continental shelf
Continental shelf
Which of the following is not an environmental condition for calcareous oozes? -Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes -Calcareous ooze dissolves below the CCD -Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes along the mid-ocean ridges -Cool surface water temperature
Cool surface water temperature
Which type of marine sediments include space dust and meteors? Lithogenous Hydrogenous Biogenous Cosmogenous
Cosmogenous
The extinction of the dinosaurs marks the boundary between which two periods? Jurassic and Triassic Jurassic and Cretaceous Cretaceous and Tertiary Cretaceous and Permian Cretaceous and Jurassic
Cretaceous and Tertiary
Which state has large phosphorite deposits and supplies about one-quarter of the world's phosphates? New York South Carolina Georgia Alabama Florida
FL
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? Radiolarians Foraminiferans Glauconite Diatoms Phosphorites
Foraminiferans
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. rare-earth elements wind power ethanol coal gas hydrates
GAS HYDRATES
Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? Fossil Fuels Soil Peat Gas hydrates Living organisms
Gas hydrates
Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? Dredge Gravity corer Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk
Gravity corer
The K—T boundary contained an unusual clay layer with high proportions of which element? Gold Iridium Mercury Platinum Rhodium
Iridium
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? Large particles such as gravel Cosmogenous sediments Clay-sized particles Silt-sized particles Manganese nodules
Large particles such as gravel
Volcanic ash is considered to be which type of marine sediment? Cosmogenous Biogenous Hydrogenous Lithogenous
Lithogenous
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Ethane Hydrogen sulfide Methane Carbon dioxide Propane
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Dinosaurs Peat and coal Land based plants Microscopic organisms Fish and amphibians
Microscopic organisms
________ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands, whereas, ________ deposits are found in deep-ocean basins and are fine grained. Pelagic; neritic Neritic pelagic Continental shelf; beach Beach; continental shelf
Neritic pelagic
Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth? -South Pacific -North Pacific -South Indian -North Atlantic -South Atlantic
North Atlantic
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Rare-earth elements Petroleum Gas hydrates
PETROLEUM
Which of the following sediments are produced in areas of high primary productivity? Abyssal clay Radiolarian & diatom Diatom Radiolarian Diatom & calcareous ooze
Radiolarian & diatom
Which of the following sediments are biogenous? Abyssal clay Radiolarian, diatom, calcareous ooze, & continental Radiolarian & diatom Radiolarian & calcareous ooze Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze
Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? Phosphorites Coccolithophores Foraminiferans Corals Radiolarians
Radiolarians
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? Porosity reduction Grain lithification Sediment compaction Paleooceanography Suspension settling
Suspension settling
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? -They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years. -They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. -They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. -They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. -They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. warmer; higher warmer; lower colder; higher colder; lower
colder; higher
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________. hydrogenous lithogenous biogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic
cosmogenous
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. fecal pellets wind deposit feeders carbonate dissolution precipitation
fecal pellets
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. silt and sand than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters shell fragments than in temperate waters coral debris than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters
gravel than in tropical waters
Rocks that are composed primarily of calcium carbonate are called ________. siltstone coal brecca shale limestone
limestone
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________. cosmogenous volcanogenic hydrogenous biogenous lithogenous
lithogenous
Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________. lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. abyssal clays and evaporites microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris biogenous oozes and evaporites microscopic spherules and abyssal clays biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris
Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. pelagic estuarine neritic oceanic continental
neritic
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________. neritic siliceous sediment deposits pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits abyssal clay deposits manganese nodule deposits neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? -Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures. -Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. -Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments. -Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. -At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits.
-Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Deep-sea hotsprings Clathrate formation Groundwater leaching Sea floor methane seeps Nodule and crust creation
Deep-sea hotsprings
Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? Glacial deposits Beach sand Volcanic particles Diatom ooze Clays
Diatom ooze
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Dredge Gravity corer Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk
Dredge
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? Low pressure and colder temperatures Low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures Lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures Low pressure and warmer temperatures
Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Dredge Gravity corer Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk
Rotary corer
The largest unexplored potential for metallic minerals in offshore sand deposits may exist along the west coast of ________. North America Asia Australia Africa South America
SOUTH AMERICA
Which country initially financed the oceanographic research program? -United States -West Germany -Japan -United Kingdom -France
United States
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. continental shelf continental rise abyssal plain far from a continent crest of a mid-ocean ridge
abyssal plain far from a continent
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. biogenous cosmogenous hydrogenous lithogenous volcanogenic
hydrogenous
Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________. hydrothermal vent areas regions of upwelling estuaries continental shelf waters mid-ocean ridges
regions of upwelling
The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. biogeochemistry historical oceanography plate tectonics climatology paleoceanography
paleoceanography
One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________. feldspar fluorite gypsum quartz plagioclase
quartz
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Manganese nodules and crusts Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Phosphorite
Rare-earth elements
Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? Rare-earth elements Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts Phosphorite
Rare-earth elements
Chemical reactions within seawater cause certain minerals to come out of solution, or precipitate, they change from the ________ state to the ________ state. solid; dissolved liquid; solid dissolved; solid liquid; gas solid; liquid
dissolved; solid
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Lithogenous Sediment Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________. biogenous hydrogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic terrigenous
biogenous
