Chapter Two Terms from Powerpoint
Polymers are....
"many molecules" chain of repeating monomers that are identical or similar in chemical structure
When water spontaneously dissociates it forms two ions:
(hydronium (H3O+)/hydrogen (H+) ion and hydroxide ion (OH-).
Water mixtures are placed into three categories based on the size of the substance mixed with it. The categories include...
1. suspensions 2. colloids. 3. solutions
Two defining features of mixtures
1. the substances that are mixed are not chemically changed. 2. the substances in the mixture can be separated by physical means such as evaportation or filtering.
Innermost electron shell holds
2 electrons
Water composes ____ of the human body:
2/3
three components of a nucleotide monomer
A sugar A phosphate functional group a nitrogenous base
Biomolcules are... A. Polymers B. Monomers
A. Polymers
Base or "Proton Acceptor":
Accepts H+ when added to a solution
Lipolysis
Adipose connective tissue breaks down triglycerides and release the products in blood when stored nutrients are needed
Two distinct secondary levels of protein organization
Alpha Helix Beta Sheet
Phosphate ion PO4~ O II -O-P-O- | O-
As Ca3(PO4)2 it hardens bone and teeth component of phospholipids (membranes) Component of nucleotides, including ATP and nucleic acids (DNA RNA) Most common intracellular anion intracellular buffer
Mass of an atom
Atomic Mass Unit (amu) or dalton
(Water in the body) Neutral pH
Body fluids are altered in pH with the addition of either an acid (stomach) or base (small intestine).
end of protein that has a free carboxyl group
C-terminal end
hardness of bone and teeth muscle contraction exocytosis (including release of neurotransmitter) blood clotting second messenger in hormonal stimulation of cells
Calcium Ion (Ca2+)
Examples of isotopes
Carbon 12, Carbon 13 Carbon 14
determined by an elements name. C for carbon, O for oxygen He for helium Cl for chlorine.
Chemical symbol
alters nerve cell responsiveness to stimulation component of stomach acid (HCl) chloride shift in erythrocytes
Chloride Ion Cl-
Most common anions in the human body
Chloride ion (Cl-) Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) Phorphate ion (PO4~)
Nonpolar amino acids
Contain R groups with either hydrogen or hydrocarbons
Polar Amino acids
Contain R groups with elements in additions to carbon and hydrogen
Bicarbonate Ion HCO3- O II HO-C-O
Conversion of CO2 gas to HCO- which is transported in blood buffering of pH in blood
When the biological activity of a protein is disturbed or terminated, causing it's conformation to change. (usually irreversible)
Denaturation
Modified 20-carbon fatty acids. Synthesized as needed from arachidonic acid, a common component of plasma membrane.
Eicosanoids
Universal Solvent (water in the body)
Electrolytes dissolve and dissociate nonelectrolytes dissolve and remain intact. Water molecules force out nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules so proteins are require for their transport within the body. Amphipathic molecules: polar portion dissolves, nonpolar portion is excluded. Amphipathic molecules form chemical barriers (cell membranes)
Water in the body Lubricates
Fluid serves as a lubricant to decrease friction (pericaridal sac/fluid.)
Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outer shell. By Gaining 1 electron it becomes stable. When chlorine gains that one electron it has 17 protons and 18 electrons, making it have a charge of -1.
Formation of anion Cl-
Transports Substances are dissolved in water and moved throughout the body in water-based fluids Lubricates: Water based fluids located between body structures decrease friction Cushions The force of sudden body movements is absorbed by water-based fluids Excretes waste Unwanted substances are eliminated in the body dissolved in water
Four functions of liquid water:
polar and able to form hydrogen bonds, make biomolecules hydrophillic
Functional Group
Examples of tertiary structure
Globular proteins fibrous proteins
Six carbon carbohydrate that is the most common monosaccharide
Glucose
______is crucial to life processes because it is the primary nutrient supplying energy to cells
Glucose
Polar, Hydrophilic parts of the phospholipid that make up the head
Glycerol, phosphase and organic groups
lipid molecules with carbohydrate attached. Serves several roles, including cellular binding to form tissues
Glycolipids
Water regulates Body temperature
High specific heat and high heat vaporization, the body cools by the sweats evaporation process.
Most common elements of the human body that form covalent bonds
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
Two processes associated with synthesis and breaking down molecules
Hydrolysis dehydration synthesis
Polar molecules and other charge substances (ions) are ______
Hydrophilic, dissolve in water
Functional Group Examples
Hydroxyl Carboxyl (carboxylic acid) Amine Phosphate
different atoms of the same element that have the same numbers of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
Isotopes
The only biomolcules that are not polymers, because they are not formed from repeating monomer:.
Lipids
Classes of Biological Macromolecules (biomolecules)
Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins
Dehydration synthesis of Triglycerides is called ______and its hydrolisis is called_____
Lipogenesis lipolysis
Absorb excess glucose
Liver and skeletal muscle tissue
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules within cells that store and transfer genetic or hereditary information
Amphipathic Molecules:
Molecules large enough to contain one major part that is non polar and another major part that is polar.
Sodium Ion (Na+) Potassium Ion (K+) Calcium Ion (Ca2+) Magnesium Ion (Mg2+) Hydrogen Ion (H+)
Most common cations in the human body
end of a protein that has a free amine group
N-terminal end
Determining Nonpolar and Polar Molecules:
Nonpolar molecules contain nonpolar covalent bonds, which are formed between the same elements C-H bonds or both. Polar molecules contain polar covalent bonds which are bonds formed between different elements.
Single Covalent Bond
One pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. Ex: Hydrogen gas H2
most common intracellular cation Participant in conducting electrical signals in nerves and muscle role in glycogen storage in liver and muscle function in pH balance
Potassium Ion K+
Amino acids with special functions
Proline Cysteine Methionine
Examples of eicosanoids
Prostaglandins, prostacyclins thromboxanes leukotrienes
single-ringed nucleotides— cytosine, uracil, thymine
Pyrimidines
Present only in those proteins with two or more polypeptide chains
Quaternary structure
Classes of Nucleic Acids
RNA DNA
Radioisotopes unstable because they contain an excess number of neutrons. They lose nuclear components in the form of high-energy radiation.
Radioisotopes
Waters Roles in the body
Regulates Body Temperature Cushions Transports Lubricates High Surface Tension Neutral pH Universal solvent
Protein Functions
Serve as catalyst (enzymes) in metabolic reactions of the body Act in defense Aid in transport contribute to structural support cause movement perform regulation provide storage
most common extracellular cation participant in conducting electrical signals in nerves and muscle most important in osmotic movement of water sodium gradient involved in co-transport of other substances across plasma membrane
Sodium Ion (Na+)
Three phases of water: ____, ___, & ____ are dependent on ______
Solid (ice) Liquid (water) gas (water vapor) temperature
Water is the universal ____.
Solvent; most solutes can dissolve in it.
the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of substance 1 degree celsius (water has a high specific heat).
Specific heat:
Three Types of Carbon Skeletons:
Straight chain Branched chain Ring
What happens to amphipathic molecules in water?
The polar portion dissolves while the nonpolar part dissociates. Ex: phospholipid bilayer.
True or false phospholipids are similar in structure to triglycerides
True
Dehydration Synthesis
Two small become one big. The process of joining two molecules together following the removal of water. One subunit loses -H and the other loses a -OH which form a water molecule while a new covalant bond is produced.
involve nonpolar molecules. When electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom of a nonpolar molecule distribute unequally for a brief instant. This happens when two atoms come within 5 nanometers of each other, causing them to interact slightly.
Van der waals forces:
Why does water have no net charge? I.E Why is it neutral?
Water dissociates into an equal number of positively charged hydrogen ions and negatively charged hydroxide ions.
Suspension
a material larger than 100 nm is mixed with water. *does not remain mixed unless in motion (blood cells with plasma. sand in water)
Monomer
a single molocule
Acid or "Proton Donor":
a substance that dissociates in water to produce an H+ and an anion. (negative ion).
Double ringed nucleotides
adenine guanine
Radioisotopes lose nuclear compenents in the form of high radiation that includes _____ ______ _____ as they break down into a more stable isotope.
alpha particles beta particles gamma rays
High Surface Tension (in the body)
alveoli in lungs are prevented from collapsing and adhering by surfacant.
Proteins are polymers composed of one or more linear strands of ______ _____ monomers
amino acid
Phospholipids
amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes, including plasma membranes
Each Amino acid has
an amine (--NH2) functional group A carboxyl (--COOH) functional group a hydrogen atom a side chain structure called a "R" group
Organic molecules
associated with living organisms
inorganic molecules
associated with nonliving substances
Number of protons
atomic number
number of neutrons
atomic number(protons)- atomic mass (protons and neutrons)
atomic mass
atomic weight or heaviness of an atom determined by protons and neutrons
Cohesion:
attraction between water molecules
Adhesion:
attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water
Nitrogenous base has either a single ring or double ring structure and contains both ____ and ____ with the ring
carbon nitrogen
Buffers that keep blood pH at 7.35-7.45
carbonic acid (H2CO3) Bicarbonite (HCO3-)
Proline
cause a bend in the protein chain
Water in the body Cushions
cerebrospinal fluid cushions brain from hitting skull.
Steroid examples
cholesterol steroid hormones bile salts
mixture
combining or mixing two or more substances.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
compose of adenine base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups covalently linked. Energy currency of the cell
hydrogen Ion (H+)
concentration determines pH of blood and other fluids of body
protein folds into its three dimensional shape; crucial for proper function
conformation
Atomic nucleus
core of atom containing the protons and neutrons
Amino acids are linked _______ by peptide bonds that form during _________ ___________
covalently dehydration synthesis.
Two monosaccharides form a
disaccharide
Suspensions composed of water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) liquid substances:
do not mix unless shaken or agitated.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
double-stranded deoxyribose sugar Thymine nitrogen base
outer shell of electron
eight electrons
maintaining homeostatic blood concentration of ions (critical to health)
electrolyte balance
Substances that dissolve and dissociate in water:
electrolytes
Ex: hydrogen is larger and thus more electronegative, which gives it a slightly negative charge, since the electron is spending the most time with it. Due to its size it takes longer for the electrons to orbit hydrogen than the two small oxygens. Since the oxygen atoms are without electrons for so long,(less electronegative) they become slightly positive.
example of polar covalent bond
Teritiary structure
final three dimensional shape exhibited by one completed polypeptide chain
has one electron in its outer shell. It donates that electron in order to become stable. It then has 11 protons, but only 10 electrons turning it into Na+ because of the +1 charge.
formation of cation Na+Sodium (Na)
Hydrogen bond:
forms between polar molecules. Weak attraction between partially positive hydrogen atom within a polar molecule and a partially negative atom within a polar molecule
Triglycerides are formed from a ______ molecule and ___ ___ ___
glycerol three fatty acids
Polysaccharides
glycogen starch cellulose
When blood glucose levels drop between meals, the liver hydrolyzes some of the glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood
glycogenolysis
The process of the liver and skeletal muscle tissue absorbing excess glucose, binding the monomers together to form a polysaccharide (glycogen).
glycogensis
Neutral substances:
have an equal concentration of H+ and OH. ex: pure water Acidic Solutions: pH below 7.
solution
homogenous mixture with a substance smaller than 1 nm. the substance (solute) dissolves in water (solvent). (salt or sugar water)
Hydrophobic and not soluble in water
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
hydrogen atoms that attach to biomolecules of a single carbon atom or a carbon skeleton. Hydrophobic and not water soluble
Nonpolar molecules are ______: they do not dissolve in water:
hydrophobic
Functions of Eicosanoids
inflammatory responses of the immune system and communication within the nervous system.
Surface tension:
inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water
atoms or groups of atoms with with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electron.
ions
Methionine
is always the first amino acid positioned when a protein is synthesized
Triglycerides are the most common form of ___ in living things.
lipids
Functions of Triglycerides
long term energy storage in adipose connective tissue structural support cushioning insulation of the body
Temperature:
measure of kinetic energy (movement) of atoms or molecules within a substance
pH scale:
measurement of how much H+ a solution contains. 0-14 with a neutral of 7.
Colloid
mixture of protein in water. Protein ranges 1-100 nm. remains mixed when not in motion. (cytosol, plasma)
Least complex carbohydrate
monosaccharides
electron
negative charge insignificant mass
Anion
negatively charged ion
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of
nucleotide monomers
normally indirectly determined by number of protons
number of electrons
Hydrolysis
one big becomes two small. breakdown of biomolecules. An -H is added to one subunit and an -OH is added to another subunit in the complex molecule. The chemical bond is broken between them.
Electrons are located in
orbitals (electron cloud)
12 Major elements that make up 98% of the body (in order greatest-least)
oxygen (65%) carbon (18%) hydrogen (10%) nitrogen (3%) calcium phosphorus sulfur potassium sodium chlorine magnesium iron
Basic Solutions:
pH above 7
acidic solutions
pH below 7
Beta Sheet
planar pleat shape
Water is a______and forms____hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecules.
polar molecule four
Many monosaccharides linked together
polysaccharides
a fatty acid with two or more double bonds
polyunsaturated
Proton
positive charge amu 1
A Protein sequence composed of linear sequence of amino acids that are bonded together through covalent peptide bonds.
primary structure
Three subatomic particles atoms are compose of
protons neutrons electrons
Electronegativity:
relative attraction of electrons between atoms
Magnesium Ion (Mg2+)
required for ATP production
Monosaccharides Ex:
ribose deoxyribose
A fatty acid that lacks double bonds (every carbon as max number of hydrogen atoms) is called
saturated
Patterns within a protein that may repeat several times
secondary structures
Polar Covalent bond:
sharing of electrons unequally between different types of atoms do to different sizes and electronegativity.
Triple Covalent bond:
sharing of three pairs of electrons between three atoms: nitrogen gas (N2)
Double covalent bond
sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms. Ex: oxygen gas
monosaccharides
simple sugar monomers
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
single stranded located within the cell nucleaus and the cytoplasm Ribose Sugar Uracil base
Buffer:
single substance or group of substances that helps prevent pH changes if either excess acid or base is added. Accepts or donates H+ in order to neutralize solution.
Atom
smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element.
Matter is present in the body in three forms
solid (bone) liquid (blood) gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Two properties of water that influence temperature:
specific heat, heat of vaporization
Alpha Helix
spiral coil shape
Lipid Functions
stored energy components of cellular membrane hormones
Matter
substance that has mass and occupies space
Solutes:
substances that dissolve in water
"Electrolytes":
substances that dissolve in water and can readily conduct an electric current: salts, acids, bases
non electrolytes
substances that remain intact when introduced to water and do not conduct electric current. Ex: glucose.
Disaccharides
sucrose lactose maltose
The tertiary structure of the protein is disrupted if
the protein is heated (temperature) or chemically altered (pH)
(CH20)n What does N symolize?
the amount of carbon atoms in a carbohydrate molecule
Hydrophobic exclusion:
the attraction between polar water molecules (cohesion) that causes them to simultaneously "force out" nonpolar molecules. (oil floating on water)
Covalent Bond
the bond formed when atoms share electrons, in order for them to become more stable.
Emulsion
the combination or water and a nonpolar liquid when forcibly mixed. (breast milk in body)
Heat of vaporization:
the energy required for the release of molecules from liquid phase into gaseous phase for 1 gram of substance. (water has a high heat of vaporization value).
Atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
Steroid has four attached carbon rings.....
three have six carbon atoms one has five carbon atoms
Four examples of lipids
triglyercides phospholipids steriods eicosanoids
Nonpolar covalent bond:
two atoms of the same element that have equal attraction, thus sharing electrons equally.
Cysteine
two cyesteine amino acids can form disulfide bonds
NonPolar, Hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid are made from
two fatty acids attaching to the glycerol
condensation reaction
two molecules are condensed and water is lost to form a large molecule (dehydration synthesis).
Functional group
two or more atoms that display specfic chemical characteristics Polar and able to form hydrogen bonds, make biomolecules hydrophillic
Neutron
uncharged amu 1
A fatty acid with double bonds
unsaturated
Water in the body Transports
water is the fluid medium to transport substances in blood and other body fluids (lymph, urine).
Intermolecular attractions:
weak chemical attractions between molecules. Ex: hydrogen bond, van der waals forces.
average atomic mass
weighted average of the atomic mass for all isotopes of an element
neutralization:
when a solution that is either acidic or basic is returned to neutral (pH7)
Lipogenisis
when excess nutrients cause adipose connective tissue to bind fatty acids to glycerol in order to create triglycerides.