Chapters 11-13

What is the role of trompomyosin in muscle contraction?

To prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament

The diaphragm contractions are regulated by what nerve?

phrenic nerve

The extensor muscles of the hand are controlled by what nerve?

radial nerve

the space between two Z lines constitutes the

sarcomere

What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? sacral

sciatic

The three type of muscles

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Which characteristic describes both skeletal and cardiac muscle?

striations

Skeletal muscle contraction is triggered to begin when calcium is released from?

terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Why would cardiac muscles have longer refractory periods than skeletal muscles. Choose the best answer?

to perserve the normal rhythm of the heart and prevent fatigue

How do tracts differ from nerves?

tracts are parallel nerve fibers in the CNS nerves are parallel nerve fibers in the PNS

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as

twitch contraction

In the diagram, which structure moves towards the center of the sarcomere (closer together) when the fiber contracts?

A

Which of the following structures are made of dense regular connective tissue

A

The subarachnoid space is filled with what fluid?

cerebrospinal fluid

What energizes the myosin head?

ATP hydrolysis reaction

what energies the myosin head

ATP hydrolysis reaction

In the diagram, where are troponin, tropomyosin, and nebulin located

B

In the diagram what structure contains motor proteins that convert the energy in ATP into mechanical movements

C

On the diagram, which layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and surrounds the entire muscle?

C

Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolonged presence of ...... in the muscle cell's cytosol?

Calcium ions

Which division of the nervous system consists only of the brain and spinal cord?

Central nervous system

Which area of the brain focuses on fine-tuning motor skills and maintaing balance and coordination with the body?

Cerebellum

In the diagram, how do action potentials penetrate the outside of the muscle fiber?

D

In the diagram, what are is composed of only thick filaments?

D

Which component of a neuron receives information from neighboring neurons?

Dendrites

In the diagram, which structure helps return a stretched sarcomere to its resting lenght?

E

Which of the following correctly identifies muscle components in order from largest to smallest?

Fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril

Which area of the brain focuses on critical thinking, comprehesion, and logical processing skills?

Frontal lobe

In the diagram, what area contains both thick and thin filaments?

H

What is the medullary cone?

It is the terminal portion of the solid part of the spinal cord at the level of about L1-L2

Which component of the brain primarily controls the interpretation of emotions, storage of long-term memories, and behavior?

Limbic system

During muscle contraction, thin filaments are pulled towards the

M Line

What type of signal (sensory/motor travels through the:

Motor: Anterior horn/descending Sensory: Posterior horn/ ascending

Which division of the nervous system focuses on resting and digesting when the body feels that the environment is safe?

Parassympathetic

Which area of the brain contains the motor and somatosensory cortex,and is primarily involved in initiaiting movement and processing touch and taste?

Parietal lobe

A spinal nerve belongs to what division of the nervous system?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? Cervical

Phrenic nerve

What type of response reroutes an input signal to act upon muscles to issue a faster response than processing by the brain?

Reflex arc

What is the role of acetylcholine in calcium release?

Stimulates postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors to release intracellular calcium

Which of the followimg structures represents a meeting point between two neurons?

Synapse

Which component of an axon acts as the output?

Terminal branches

In function, how does the posterior spinal root differ from the anterior spinal root? Is the below answer correct? The posterior spinal root carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord and the anterior spinal root carries motor impulses from the spinal cord.

True

Which of the following is accurate regarding type I and type II muscle fibers?

Type I fibers store much of their energy as triglycerides, whereas Type II fibers store energy as ATP or creatine phosphate

The opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by

all choices are correct

Which ATP production would be sufficient to run in place for one minute?

anaerobic cellular respiration

A neuron has three main parts. What are they?

axon, dendrite, neurosoma

Which region of a sarcomere contain thin filaments?

both I and A band

The muscular system is responsible for?

breathing, heart regulation balance, and movement

At the neuromuscular junction,..... must enter the synaptic end bulb to stimulate the release of......., which binds to ligand gates so ..... can enter the muscle fiber

calcium ions, ACh, sodium ions

Which type of muscle tissue contracts when excited by their own autorhythmic muscle fibers?

cardiac muscle

What is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord?

central commissure

What does CNS stand for?

central nervous system

Which protein is used to reinforce the sarcolemma and help transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons?

dystrophin

Which property of muscle gives it the ability to strecth without damage?

extensibility

World class shot-putters will have a higher percentage of ______in their arm muscles.

fast glycolytic fibers

What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? lumbar

femoral and obturator

Motor unit recruitment occurs when there is..... in the number of active motor units within skeletal muscle

increase

Which microscopic structures is found only in the cardiac muscle fiber?

intercalated discs

Cardiac muscles are

involuntary, striated, uni-nucleated or bi-nucleated

smooth muscles are

involuntary, un-stratified and uni-nucleated

What is a mixed nerve?

it carries both sensory and motor information

Which term describes a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates?

motor unit

Which function do all three muscles perform?

moving and storing material throughout the body

What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? brachial

musculotaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar

We would expect to find smooth muscle in all of the following except

myocardial tissue

Which function as a motor protein in all three types of muscle fibers?

myosin

What kind of cell performs the main function of the nervous system?

neuron

The nucleus is found in what specific part of the neuron?

neurosoma

Which regions of the sarcomere contain thick filaments?

zone of overlap, A band, H zone