Chapters 15-18 Sociology Exam Review

Of the three primary forms of crowd behavior, ________ is a large group of people in close proximity.

A crowd

Power in ________ is held by a single person, or a very small group, that wields complete and absolute authority over a government and population.

A dictatorship

Together, the suburbs, exurbs, and metropolitan areas often all combine to form ________ as the city continues to sprawl.

A metropolis

The increase in our senior population as baby boomers begin to retire, which will in turn change the way many of our social institutions are organized, reflects ________ that impacts all other aspects of society.

A population trend

________ are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. T

Alternative movements

________ focuses on collective action rather than collective behavior addressing the processes associated with crowd behavior and the life cycle and various categories of gatherings.

Assembling perspective

The ________, which replaces workers with technology, is another cause of the changes in the job market.

Automation of the workplace

As ________ began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.

Capitalists

________ is non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.

Collective behavior

________ seek to preserve existing norms and values.

Conservative movements

Garbage creation and control are major issues for most ________, and it is quickly becoming one of the most critical environmental issues faced in the United States.

Core and industrializing nations

________ states the problem in a clear, easily understood way.

Diagnostic framing

The ________ of a society is a measure noting the number of children born.

Fertility rate

Some groups find it best to join together to maximize their impact. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a ________ occurs.

Frame alignment

Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

Global commodity chain

The world's most densely populated cities are now largely concentrated in the ________ a marked change from several decades ago when the biggest cities were found in the ________.

Global south; global north

________ refers to the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.

Globalization

________ is part of a structural-functionalist field of study that looks at on the relationship between people and their built and natural physical environments. Sociologists have noted that urban land use and urban population distribution occur in a predictable pattern once we understand how people relate to their living environment.

Human ecology

Voter turnout has ________ in the past 12 years.

Increased dramatically

________ believed that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.

Karl Marx

________ is the movement of people into and out of an area and may take the form of movement into an area to take up permanent residence, or movement out of an area to another place of permanent residence.

Migration

The ________ is a measure of the number of people who die.

Mortality rate

________ encompasses all interactive forms of information exchange. These include social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, wikis, and virtual worlds.

New media

In any given election year roughly ________ of the population does not vote.

One half

________ describes what happens when contaminants are introduced into an environment (water, air, land) at levels that are damaging.

Pollution

The ________ is a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population.

Population composition

During the Industrial Era, there was a ________ worldwide. The development of factories brought people from rural to urban areas, and new technology increased the efficiency of transportation, food production, and food preservation.

Population growth spurt

________ affects more than personal relationships, it shapes larger dynamics like social groups, professional organizations, and governments.

Power

The ________ produces ideas, including the research that leads to new technologies, the management of information, and a society's highest levels of education and the arts.

Quaternary sector

According to Weber, power which is made valid by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed ________. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale system, or ideology, and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine. A nation that follows a constitution applies this type of authority.

Rational-legal authority

A functionalist views the cyclical nature of the economy as natural and believes what should be allowed to take place in theory?

Recession and depression

Although real poverty exists In the United States, we tend to have what is called ________, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country.

Relative poverty

________ is a way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.

Resource mobilization theory

The ________ turns those raw materials into finished goods.

Secondary sector

The focus in ________ is on benefitting society, whereas ________ seeks to benefit the individual.

Socialism; capitalism

________ refers to how a certain amount of unemployment is a direct result of the relative inflexibility of the labor market, and there is a mismatch between people seeking jobs and the available jobs.

Structural unemployment

________ focus attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent government, power and authority. They are most interested in the interaction between small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all.

Symbolic interaction theorists

The increase in computer use and robots to do many rote tasks are representative of the ________, also known as the information era. Those who have the means to produce, store, and disseminate information are leaders in this type of society.

The post-industrial revolution

________ is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities.

Urban sociology

Evidence suggests that legal protection of ________ does not directly translate into equal voting power.

Voting rights

________ have been entering the workforce in ever-increasing numbers for several decades. They have also been finishing college and going on to earn higher degrees at a higher rate than ________ do.

Women; men

According to Karl Marx, struggles between groups are necessary for the development of...

a more egalitarian society.

When someone has fled their home because of persecution but has not left their country, they are known as...

an internally displaced person.

On average, every ________ a child dies from lack of access to clean drinking water. Many of the major diseases that peripheral countries battle, such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, are caused by contaminated water.

fifteen seconds

The digital divide refers to...

gap between who have access to technology and those who do not have access to technology.

Social organizations worldwide take stands on such general areas of concern as poverty, sex trafficking, and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are examples of a...

global level social movement.

Contracting a job or set of jobs to an external corporation or nation is called...

outsourcing.

The U.S. government has a great deal of influence on private companies through the laws it passes and the regulations enforced by government agencies. Through taxes, regulations on wages, guidelines to protect worker safety and the environment, and financial rules for banks and investment firms, the government exerts a certain amount of control over how all companies do business in an attempt to reduce...

predatory capitalism.

Over-tilling soil in an attempt to expand agriculture has resulted in the disappearance of large patches of topsoil. Soil erosion and desertification are two of the many forms of...

soil pollution.

Max Weber developed a classification system for authority. His three types of authority were defined as...

traditional authority, charismatic authority and legal rational authority.

Native Americans are unquestionably victims of environmental racism. The Commission for Racial Justice found that about 50 percent of all American Indians live in communities with...

uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.

Historically, African Americans and other minorities have been underrepresented at the...

voting polls.