Chapters 22 and 23

Five Power Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy it was discussed in the Washington Conference, it put limitations on weapons and military in US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933. 1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies. An act of Congress in 1933 that created the federal deposit insurance program and separated the activities of commercial and investment banks.

National Origins Act

(CC) 1924 was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians, first was from 3% Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

New Deal

(FDR) , , President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM (1) FDR's programs that sought relief & recovery (first one) and later reform (second one) during the Depression; (2) FDR had no specific plan, but he used many trial-and-error methods to increase faith in the economy, avoid radicalism/riots, and apply Keynesian principles (of using government spending to jumpstart the private sector)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

(HH) 1930 , charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliatio, HIGHEST EVER 1930 Tariff which put the highest taxes in history of foreign goods, hoping to protect American products from foreign competition. Foreign countries retaliated by placing high tariff of US goods, which reduced trade for all nations, furthing damaging their economies. FAILURE.

Red Scare

(HT) , Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed. A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition 1st female cabinet member Roosevelt's secretary of labor (1993-1945); the first woman to serve as a federal Cabinet officer, she had a great influence on many New Deal programs, most significantly the Social Security Act.

National Recovery Admin

- Child labor was forbidden, and Section 7A of the NIRA guaranteed labor unions the right to organize and bargain collectively. Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. 1933: June 13th, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Washington Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from europe and japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect china's independence (WH), was a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.

Four Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain. The four countries agreed to respect the rights of each other's Pacific island possessions and pledged themselves to settle disputes over these areas by joint negotiation.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 act that sharply increased tariffs on imported goods; most Republican leaders of the 1920s firmly believed in "protectionist" policies that would increase profits for American businesses. (WH) 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60% 1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Dawes Plan

1924 Created by Charles Dawes, a banker-A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success until the stock market crash of 1929. A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 agreement in which many nations agreed to outlaw war (1928)-Document, signed by fifteen countries, that "condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy." Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defence.

Teapot Dome Scandal

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "____________" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there. A group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given a "bonus" from the government for their services. In 1932 the deadline for the veterans was pushed back by the government thus causing the group to march onto Washington to demand their money. Excessive force was used to disband these protesters, and because they were veterans and heroes of this country, Hoover's popularity plummeted because of it.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. "Indian New Deal" partially reversed the Dawes Act and restored the tribal status and Indian reservation system Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Social Securities Act

1935; Insurance fraud was paid for by employers and employees. public assistance- a form of welfare provided to the elderly, the disabled, and dependent children. unemployment insurance provided assistance to laid off workers. It set up a payment plan for old age, the handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents.The payments were funded by taxes placed on workers and employers, then given to the groups above.

Franklin D Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII Became president. Important cause in his elections blacks beaame more democratic. Helped a lot with the Great depression. He had polio, which eventually made him a stronger person. 1937-The Judiciary reorganization bill. 1945- dies while in office. Temporary closure on all banks. Decided to serve four terms.

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. A group of poker-playing, men that were friends (in lesser offices) of President Harding.Scandals; hurt Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. Friends and political supporters of President Harding who were given government jobs. Many of the appointees were unqualified and corrupt.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished A flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American. 1920s black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs. (FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Charles Coughlin

A religious priest and demagogue who spoke over the radio and constantly contradicted himself, praising and then attacking FDR on a constant basis. When he was revealed as an anti-Semitist, his popularity fell and he resigned soon after. A Roman Catholic priest and a popular radio host, Coughlin was an outspoken opponent of FDR. In 1935 Coughlin formed an organization called the National Union for Social Justice with the goal of issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His broadcasts grew increasingly anti-Semitic and Facist and eventually his superiors in the Catholic church ordered him to stop his broadcasts.

Federal Securities Act

AKA "Truth in Securities Act", this act was created to protect the public against fraud.Before securities could be offered for sale they had to be accompanied by full and true information. Misleading information or the absence of pertinent information could result in prosecution. 1933; FDR; honest reporting of companies in financial numbers

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. ..., Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. 1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness. United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Stock market crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. (1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

A Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter." attorney general during the height of the Red Scare (1919-1920) who led raids against suspected radicals; reacting to terrorist bombings, fear of Bolshevism, and his own presidential aspirations, Palmer arrested 6,000 people and deported over 500.

Parity

Equality, as in amount, status or value

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers. 1929 act championed by Herbert Hoover that authorized the lending of federal money to farmer's cooperatives to buy crops to keep them from the over saturated market; program hampered by lack of adequate federal financial support

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women "No one can make you feel inferior without your consent." 1882-1945 possibly most influential wife , wrote "Universal declaration of Human Rights" , wrote a book and daily newspaper column -possibly most influential wife -wrote "Universal declaration of Human Rights" -wrote a book and daily newspaper column

Normalcy

Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I. After a long reign of high morality, outrageous idealism, and "bothersome do-goodism", people longed for the "normalcy" of the old America, and were ready to accept a lower quality president who would not force them to be so involved. Harding coined the phrase a "return to normalcy". It won the presidential election for Warren G. Harding in 1920: normalcy, a word that he rescued from obscurity. After the disruption of the World War, Harding said on the campaign trail, it was time to get back to normal

Albert B Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal. The Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal secretary of the interior, close friend of various oil executives, got oil reserves transferred from navy to the interior departmetn. then leased te land to two private companies, later found guilty of bribery and first american convicted of felony while holding cabinet post

Charles R Forbes

In 1923 he resigned as head of the Veteran's Bureau. He swindled $200 million from the government in building Veteran's hospitals. He was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. This was part of the Harding scandal and the "Ohio gang" head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.

Immigration Restriction Act

In the 1890's the federal government assumed sole jurisdiction to monitor immigration, a task that had previously been delegated by contract to states with port cities. The government built a depot on Ellis Island in New York Harbor, through which all immigrants were to be processed. Outbreaks of smallpox, typhus and cholera in New York between 1882 and 1892, heightened concern about the possibility of alien contagion prompted the adoption of individual health inspections for each arriving immigrant - especially for the contagious eye disease trachoma. A Nativist group who wanted to restrict immigration into the U.S. to certain groups they deemed desirable. Because of them congress passed a bill in 1897 requiring a literacy test for immigrants.

Court Packing Scheme

Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½. FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional

Works Progress Admin

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. *drought* ruined Great Plains crops. bad farming practices and high winds blew away millions of tons of dry topsoil and turned farms into dust ..., Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Passed by Congress in 1934, this act gave full self-government to the Philippines, except for the control of its foreign policy by Washington for 10 more years. Washington would provide protection and independence was promised in 1944, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. (FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines.

Three Rs

Roosevelt essentials of the New Deal: Recovery, Relief, and Reform Relief for people out of work, recovery for business and economy, reform of American economic institutions

Alfred M Landon

The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man". KS; Rep nominee of 1936 election; emphasized nostalgic appeal to traditional Am values Republican who carried only 2 states in a futile campaign against "The Champ" in 1936

Hundred Days

The special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. 100 days after FDR was sworn into office. Congress passed into law every request of FDR enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

Civilian Conservation Corps

a public work relief program for unemployed men so they have jobs. the men worked on jobs related to conservation and development of natural resources Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people. 1933 youth went to countryside to build roads and cabins which helped the older ppl get more jobs in the industry since the youth were out the city

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

gave 2 billion to states, banks, and insurance companies for self liquidating projects. Plan worked but 2 billion wasnt enough Created under the presidency of Herbert Hoover, was designed to give out loans to banks, railroads, and monopolistic companies in order to pump money back into the economy during the years of the Depression. (RFC), Corp created by Hoover designed to give out loans to banks, railroads, and monopolistic companies in order to pump money back into the economy

Huey P Long

nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid. A presidential candidate in the 1936 election known for his Share the Wealth program. He and other demagogues pushed FDR to move the New Deal to help people directly.

Frances E Townsend

proposed a social-security like system before it came to exist: grant pensions to the older and they were to spend the money within 30 days and pump money into the economy Critic, proposed government pay $200 to retired citizens a month, had to be spent

Adkins v Children's Hospital

reversed the muller v oregon decision. invalidated a minimum wage law for women court case reversed Muller v. Oregon that declared women as needing special protection in workplace and invalidated the minimum wage, since women can vote they were equals of men minimum wage for women and children not allowed

Sacco and Vanzetti

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly "victims" of nativism and "Americanism"