Chapters 5-9 Exam Review
Layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale (Come Lets Gets Sun Burnt)
What is a corn (skin)
A large, cone shaped callous. Friction increases the rate of epidermal cell division
You are examining a gland in a histology sample from a patient's armpit. In the sample you notice that it is directly connected to a hair follicle and that there is an oily substance in the hair follicle. What kind of gland is in your histology sample?
Apocrine gland
What is a callous
Area of thickened skin
Goosebumps form when
Arrector pili contracts and pulls hair up in response to being cold
Directly prevents the breakdown of ends of long bones
Articular cartilage
Six features of synovial joints
Articular cartilage Joint (synovial) cavity Articular (joint) capsule Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments Nerves & blood vessels
A way to remember apocrine gland locations is by the first letter of the regions
Axillary and Anogenital
Where is elastic cartilage found?
Ears and esophagus
Bone forms initially from hyaline cartilage
Endochondral
The majority of skeleton forms by this type of ossification
Endochondral
Covers bone internal structures
Endosteum
Where does skin color come from
Epidermal pigmentation (melanin, carotene), dermal circulation (hemoglobin)
True or false: Cartilaginous joints have a fluid-filled cavity located between the articulating bones
False
True or false: Hair is considered alive
False
True or false: Hematopoiesis typically occurs in the disphysis of long bones
False
True or false: Periosteum covers spongy and compact bone
False
True or false: The human skeleton is solely composed of non-living tissue
False
What type of tissue/cartilage absorbs compressive shock most effectively and can be found between your vertebrae and pubic bones
Fibrocartilage
Fontanels are
Fibrous areas between bones
Dense, irregular connective tissue of the articular capsule that provides strength to the joint
Fibrous layer
Three structual classifications of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What types of bones are there
Flat bones Irregular bones Long bones Short bones
What is found in the dermis?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, nervous tissue, blood vessels, muscle tissue
What type of tissue/cartilage cushions the ends of the long bones in joint cavities, but can also be found forming the bridge of the nose and structures supporting the trachea
Hyaline cartilage
Eccrine type of secretion
Hypotonic plasma filtrate (high water content)
Apocrine type of secretion
Hypotonic plasma filtrate with protein and fat added
Bones forms initially in fibrous connective tissue
Intramembranous
The skull bones and clavicle form through this type of ossification
Intramembranous
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
Kyphosis
Provides strength to the join cavity, classified as capsular, intracapsular, or extracapsular
Ligament
Accessory structures of synovial joints
Ligaments Tendons Muscle Meniscus Fat pad Bursae Tendon sheaths
Function of sabaceous gland
Lubricate skin and hair, prevent water loss, antibacterial
Where does melanin come from
Melanocytes transferred to keratinocytes
Female pelvis has a pubic arch of (more/less) than 90 degrees, male pelvis has a pubic arch of (more/less) than 90 degrees
More, less
Provides stability and movement at a joint
Muscle
Bone matrix is non-living or living>
Non-living (calcium phosphate and collagen)
Hypertonic zone
Older cartilage cells enlarge
Cells that are responsible for synthesizing bone matrix
Osteoblasts
What is released if blood calcium is low
PTH
An eccrine gland produces what
Primarily water and some solutes
What does inflamation look like
Reddish skin, vessels dilate, red tones more pronounced
What do bursae do
Reduce friction between ligaments and bone
Function of apocrine gland
Scent glands (sexual)
Abnormal lateral spinal curvature
Scoliosis
Sabaceous type of secretion
Sebum (oily secretion)
Anatomical description of the tissue type of the epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Four rotator cuff tendons
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor
What does your skeleton do for you
Support Movement Protection Store minerals and lipids Blood cell production
Function of eccrine gland
Temperature control, some antibacterial properties
Skin in involved in doing what?
Thermoregulation Vitamin D Productions Excretion Sensation Protection
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Throughout the body, joints
Structure C is a layer of fat that provides insulation to the body
True
Structure F is the dermal papillae
True
True or false: Apocrine glands are found mostly in armpits and groin and produce body odor
True
True or false: Cartilage forms the initial skeleton during embryonic development
True
True or false: Elastic cartilage is the most flexible type of cartilage
True
True or false: Gomphoses are fibrous joints that secure your teeth to the mandible and maxilla
True
True or false: The cells in cartilage tissue are called chondrocytes, which secrete extracellular matrix
True
True or false: The epiphyseal plate is composed of hyaline cartilage in children
True
True or false: The osteon is the functional unit of organization in compact bone
True
What are warts
abormal growth of keratin in epidermis
What does cyanosis look like
bluish color to skin compromised circulatory system (Think cyan - blue)
Yellow marrow
dominated by fat cells, energy storage
a highly stable hinge joint with interlocking bones
elbow
Epiphysis
ends of long bones spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
Nails and hair are produced by cells of the ___________ and are composed of __________
epidermis; keratin
bursitis and tendonitis are clinical conditions often associated with what, resulting in inflammation
excessive friction and/or overuse
Adipose tissue that cushions the joints
fat pad
Synarthrosis are
fixed, immovable, fibrous
What is a blister?
fluid between the dermis and epidermis
Diarthrosis are
freely moveable, synovial joint
Where is fibrocartilage found?
intervertebral discs and insertions of ligaments and tendons
can withstand a lot of vertical force, but vulnerable to force applied horizontally
knee
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
lordosis
Calcification zone
matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating
Fibrocartilage that creates a better fit between articulating bones
meniscus
diaphysis
middle or shaft of the bone thick layer of compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity
Ossification zone
new bone is forming
Cells that secrete enzymes to chemically break-down bone matrix
osteoclasts
Cells that sense changes in bones due to mechanical stimuli
osteocytes
Where is the thickest skin
palms, fingertips, and soles of feet
Hematopoietic tissue (red marrow)
site of blood cell formation
Amphiarthrosis are
slightly moveable, cartilaginous
Perichondrium
surrounds cartilage layer of dense irregular connective tissue resists outward expansion blood vessels for nutrient delivery
Three functional classifications of joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
Secretes plasma-like fluid + hyaluronic acid + phagocytic cells
synovial membrane
What are stretch marks
tearing of the dermal layer of the skin.
anchors muscles to bone
tendons
Endochondral ossification
Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage All bones below the base of the skull except clavicle
Intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane Cranial bones (including mandible) and clavicle
Flat-cells on the bone surface that are located in the endosteum and periosteum and are not mitotically active
Bone-lining cells
Fluid-filled tissue outside of a joint cavity that reduce friction between ligaments, muscles, tendons, and bones
Bursae
What is released if blood calcium is high
Calcitonin
Osseous tissue is composed of what
Calcium mineral matrix and collogen fibers
Proliferation zone
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
What is the bone matrix made of
Collagen and calcium
