Chapters 7-9

Who became the ruler of the west Frankish lands under the terms of the Treaty of Verdun?

Charles the Bald

What did the officials known as missi dominici do for Charlemagne?

Checked up on his counts

What did the first bishop of Rome's successors become known as?

Popes

Which Viking group dominated the Baltic Sea?

Swedish

Why did the bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch have special power in church affairs?

The churches in those cities claimed to have been founded by apostles.

What element of classical education did Alcuin adopt?

The liberal arts

In the Middle Ages, monastic hospitality to travelers was

a sacred duty

In the three-field system, one field was planted with winter grains, a second with spring grains and vegetables, and the third field was

allowed to lie a fallow

The word "Islam" means

submission to the will of Allah.

Islam emphasizes the need to submit to the will of Allah.

true

By 1100 charters of liberties granted townspeople such privileges as

written urban law that guaranteed their freedom.

In the High Middle Ages, European society was dominated by the aristocracy, best described as

"men of war"

Viking "dragon ships" carried how many men?

50

By the ninth century, about what percent of the population of western Europe had become serfs?

60

By 1300, the population of London was about

80,000

What was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

A library that contained works of Plato and Aristotle

What is the Arabic name for Spain?

Al-Andalus

The English king who helped establish a unified Anglo-Saxon monarchy by defeating the Danish army was

Alfred the Great.

What was the subject of The City of God?

An ideal view of relations between those who loved god and those who were focused on earthly pursuits

What resulted from the division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious?

An incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories

What was the main political repercussion of frequent Viking raids in Western Europe?

An increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection

What was a consequence of the Council of Nicaea?

Arianism was condemned.

The recovery of which scholar's works spurred the revival of Classical Antiquity in Europe after 1150?

Aristotle

Which philosopher was at the center of most scholastic thought?

Aristotle

Who developed the basic rule for western monastic living?

Benedict

Where was the first university in Europe established?

Bologna

Which counts sponsored the most important six-times-a-year trade fair during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

Champagne

Who was Alcuin?

Charlemagne's adviser on ecclesiastical affairs

Who was the founder of the Frankish kingdom?

Clovis

What was Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization?

Codification of law

What was the Edict of Milan?

Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.

Which city was Europe's greatest commercial center until the twelfth century?

Constantinople

After Constantinople, what was Europe's largest city?

Córdoba

What city became the capital of the Umayyad Dynasty?

Damascus

What was accomplished at the signing of the Treaty of Verdun in 843?

Division of the Carolingian empire

Who wrote Charlemagne's biography?

Einhard

Which famous Viking discovered Greenland?

Erik the Red

When it came to consuming alcoholic beverages, what was true of Carolingians?

Everyone drank heavily and often to excess.

What characteristics help to account for the success of the Vikings?

Experience as warriors and sailors

Blanche of Castile served as regent of

France

Where did the Gothic style of architecture emerge and reach perfection?

France

Vassalage was derived from

Germanic practices.

The Byzantine Empire was both a Christian and a(n)

Greek state.

What administrative change did Diocletian institute for the Roman Empire?

He divided the empire into four regions, each with its own prefect while he maintained authority.

What was a major accomplishment of Gregory I?

He initiated missionary efforts throughout Western Europe.

How did Charlemagne try to limit the power of counts?

He required them to serve outside of their own family lands.

What best describes Charlemagne?

He was a patron of learning and scholarship

Eleanor of Aquitaine was married to two kings, first Louis VII of France, and then

Henry II of England

In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected whom of the following as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries?

Hugh Capet

What best describes the state of the Byzantine Empire by the early eleventh century?

It had achieved a new brilliance of power and influence under the Macedonians.

What was an advantage of the three-field system?

It kept more land in cultivation at any given time

What was the heresy of Arianism?

It questioned the divinity of Jesus.

What best describes the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans in 800?

It symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.

What was the lord-vassal relationship in the Germanic practice of medieval Europe?

It was an honorable relationship between free men.

What happened to the Frankish kingdom after Clovis' death in 510?

It was divided among Clovis' sons, and each ruled a separate area.

Which statement best describes the expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne?

It was most successful against the German tribes to the east.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the revival of Roman law?

It was short-lived, as the orderliness of Roman law no longer appealed to Europeans.

What area assumed the leading role in the revival of trade in the Early Middle Ages?

Italy

What contributed to the emergence of Venice as a major commercial city?

Its close trading ties the Byzantine Empire

The University of Bologna was most famous for teaching which of the following subjects?

Law

In what city was Muhammad born?

Mecca

What is demonstrated by a comparison of Islam and Western Civilization in the eighth and ninth centuries?

Muslim creation of a brilliant and sophisticated urban culture

Which statement exemplifies a component of Islamic teaching?

Muslims are forbidden to drink alcohol.

In which of the following places was significant land "reclaimed" from the sea?

Netherlands

Who were the Slavs?

Originally a single people in central Europe

Which city was home to the first university in northern Europe?

Paris

What best describes the Carolingian diet?

People of all classes consumed large quantities of bread

Who were the Magyars?

People originally from western Asia who migrated into eastern and central Europe

The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was

Pepin

What is one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

Prayer five times a day

What led Justinian to flee Constantinople in the year 532?

Riots

What was the dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

Romanesque

Between 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe

Roughly doubled

What did Charlemagne depend on for the resources he needed to govern his empire?

Royal estates

Which holy man created the first community of monks in Egypt and laid the foundations for the monastic movement?

Saint Anthony

Where did the most successful Muslim raids in the ninth century occur?

Sicily

Medieval cities typically had

Streets that were dedicated to specific crafts

What did Muhammad believe?

That Allah had revealed himself in part through Moses and Jesus

What helped bring about the downfall of the Umayyad Dynasty?

The Umayyad's own corruption

What best describes Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius?

The con quests gains were short-lived.

To what did medieval urban society devote most of its surplus resources?

The construction of castles and churches reflecting its basic preoccupations, warfare and God

What most closely describes the practice of feudalism in the Early Middle Ages?

The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service.

the song of roland is an example of what type of literature?

The medieval chanson de geste

What was a social and cultural outcome of the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage?

The nuclear family developed at the expense of the extended family.

What was a primary preoccupation of scholasticism?

The reconciliation of faith with reason

What was the primary cause of the renaissance of the twelfth century?

The reintroduction of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by Muslim scholars

What is the main reason for the growing independence of medieval urban areas?

The revival of commerce

What presented the most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire in the seventh century?

The rise of Islam

What was a major cause of pollution in medieval cities?

The smell and waste of animals and humans

Which statement best describes students in medieval universities?

They often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.

Which statement best describes serfs?

They were bound to the land and required to provide labor and pay rent to a lord

Which statement best describes combative tournaments involving knights?

They were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare.

How did the Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians respond to German incursions?

They were greatly influenced by assimilation into the Catholic church and Latin culture.

Which statement best describes medieval cities?

They were relatively undemocratic with the wealthy usually ruling and voting in civic elections

How did the Muslims treat non-Muslims in conquered territories?

They were required to submit to Muslim rule.

The church figure who tried to reconcile faith with reason in his Summa Theologica was

Thomas Aquinas.

What was the first step for a person who wanted to learn a trade in a medieval city?

To become an apprentice

Why did the counts of Champagne in northern France establish a series of annual fairs?

To encourage trade between Flanders and Italy

What was the main aim of Summa Theologica?

To reconcile faith and reason

What was the main job of the village priest?

To teach villagers the basic elements of Christianity

Who was the ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire?

Vladimir

The electoral process in medieval cities ensured that which of the following groups would monopolize political power?

Wealthy merchants

What was the relationship between Charlemagne and the counts?

While the counts administered his kingdom at a local level, Charlemagne sought to limit their power.

What was the carruca?

a heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow.

What was the most common drink of the medieval peasant in northern European countries?

ale

What was the manor in feudal Europe?

an agricultural estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants

Guilds were organizations of

artisans who directed almost every aspect of the production process of certain trades.

Constantine's support for Christianity supposedly began

before the Battle of Milvian Bridge.

What was the basic staple of the peasant diet?

bread

The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as

caliphs

The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists

centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality.

All of the following is true of the ideal of civilized behavior known as chivalry EXCEPT

chivalry was developed without the influence of the church

The curriculum of the medieval university

consisted of the trivium and quadrivium

Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was

defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern Europe.

Roman law and religion acted together to

deny that there was any distinction between homosexual and heterosexual eroticism.

At the synod of Whitby in 664, the English church accepted the Irish practices rather than the Roman.

false

Augustine wrote that marriage and the rejection of celibacy allowed for the perfect form of Christian living.

false

Beginning with Justinian, the center of the Byzantine presence in Italy was Rome.

false

Byzantine armies from Constantinople were responsible for the destruction of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.

false

Justinian established a Byzantine foothold in Italy that lasted nearly two centuries.

false

Pope Gregory I accepted the notion that the church should have no temporal power.

false

The Frankish Kingdom held power for less time than any of the Germanic kingdoms.

false

The Slavic people of the Rus are best known for

founding the state that became known as Russia.

Jerome is known for all of the following EXCEPT

his final return to pagan heresy and rejection of key Christian doctrines.

The eighth-century controversy that set the Latin and Greek Orthodox Christians apart was over

iconoclasm, or the destruction of icons.

The role of peasant women in the medieval economy is best described as

important, with a variety of contributions

Many agricultural improvements in the Middle Ages depended on the production of tools made from what material?

iron

What was the basic mode of instruction in the medieval university?

lecture

What does the word "vernacular" mean?

local language

Medical practice in Carolingian times stressed the use of

medicinal herbs and bleeding.

For the most part, the revival of classical studies during the Carolingian period took place in

monasteries

Flanders played a key role in the revival of trade in

northern Europe

The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to

perform military service.

During the reign of Louis the Pious, the Catholic Church formally

prohibited divorce.

The major obligation of a lord to his vassal was to

protect him

Which system of law grew increasingly influential in Europe after 1100?

roman law

The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in

russia

With which people did the Swedish Vikings - the Varangians - become associated or assimilate?

russians

In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who

served another as a warrior

Constantine's most enduring reform came in the creation of

the "New Rome."

The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defeated which of the following near Poitiers in 732?

the Muslims

Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations EXCEPT

the addition of a transept.

Romanesque architecture was typically characterized by

the barrel vault.

Merchant cities in northern Europe, frequently ending in "-burg" or "-borough", grew up in the 1100s around

the castles of noblemen.

What did troubadour poetry emphasize?

the courtly love of nobles, knights, and ladies

All of the following were consequences of the revival of trade EXCEPT

the final abandonment of old Roman cities.

the song of roland is one of the finest examples of

the medieval chanson de geste.

What allowed for a more diversified and intelligent use of farmland?

the three-field system

What was true of almost all medieval castles?

they served as residences for noble families

After Constantine's death, the Roman Empire began to divide into western and eastern parts and by the end of the fourth century had become virtually two independent states.

true

Arranged marriages were common in Germanic society.

true

At its height, the area under Islamic rule stretched from one end of the Mediterranean Sea to the other.

true

Benedictine monks owed unquestioning obedience to the will of the abbot.

true

By the second half of the fourth century, German tribes, known as "federates," were incorporated into the Roman army.

true

Constantine declared toleration for Christians but did NOT make Christianity the official Roman religion.

true

Muslims regard Muhammad as a Prophet but not as divine.

true

The author of the Ecclesiastical History of the English People was the monk known as the Venerable Bede.

true

The "new agriculture" of the High Middle Ages

was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system

The expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne

was most successful against the German tribes to the east.

Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages

was unable to enforce clerical celibacy.

Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages

were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth.

Where did Alcuin establish his school for the revival of learning during Charlemagne?

york