Chapters 7 & 9

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass. Multiple choice question. 80% 60% 20% 40%

80%

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is ___________.

Calcitonin

Select all that apply Which statements characterize bone remodeling? Multiple select question. It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. It stops between the ages of 25 and 35. It occurs at the same rate everywhere in the skeleton. It can be stimulated by stress on a bone. It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone.

It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. It can be stimulated by stress on a bone. It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone.

Select all that apply Which statements characterize periosteum? Multiple select question. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. It is directly beneath articular cartilage. It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

Select all that apply Which characterizes the process of bone resorption? Multiple select question. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix. Calcium ions are added to bone matrix. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Red blood cells are lysed.

Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone.

Select all that apply Which statements characterize the effects of exercise on bones? Multiple select question. Lack of mechanical stress strengthens bone. Regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass. Exercise promotes bone remodeling. Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin.

Regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass. Exercise promotes bone remodeling. Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin.

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

True

Glucocorticoids are released from the ______. Multiple choice question. kidneys bone adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

A bone's growth in diameter is called _______ growth.

appositional

a bone's growth in diameter is called ______ growth

appositional

Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _______ cartilage.

articular

Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the ________ cartilage.

articular

The end of a long bone is covered with ______. Multiple choice question. adipose tissue red bone marrow articular cartilage

articular cartilage

Select all that apply Functions of bone include ______. Multiple select question. secretion of insulin blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) mineral storage support protection

blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) mineral storage support protection

Connective tissue that contains osteoblasts and osteocytes is _________.

bone

Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______. Multiple choice question. organs cartilage blood bone

bone

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______. Multiple choice question. endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification bone resorption bone remodeling

bone remodeling

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______. Multiple choice question. insulin and glucagon calcitriol and parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone and growth hormone

calciltrol and parathyroid hormone

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity? Multiple choice question. calcitonin thyroid hormone growth hormone parathyroid hormone

calcitonin

Osteoclasts are ______. Multiple choice question. cells that break down bone bone forming cells

cells that break down bone

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______. Multiple choice question. chondroblasts chondroclasts chondrogenitor cells chondrocytes

chondroblasts

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______. Multiple choice question. chondroclasts chondrogenitor cells chondroblasts chondrocytes

chondroblasts

Chondrocytes are ______. Multiple choice question. chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix cartilage destroying cells cartilage forming cells

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

Bone is a type of ______ tissue. Multiple choice question. muscle connective nervous epithelial

connective

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______. Multiple choice question. decreased bone mass overly dense bone disorganized bone

decreased bone mass

Ligaments and tendons are made of ______ connective tissue. Multiple choice question. dense irregular dense regular areolar hyaline cartilage

dense regular

Ligaments and tendons are made of ______ connective tissue. Multiple choice question. hyaline cartilage dense irregular areolar dense regular

dense regular

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ________.

diaphysis

The primary ossification center is located in the ______ of a long bone. Multiple choice question. perforating canal diaphysis distal epiphysis proximal epiphysis central canal

diaphysis

What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called? Multiple choice question. diaphysis metaphysis epiphysis cartilage

diaphysis

The ______ epiphysis is the end of a long bone that is farthest from the trunk of the body. Multiple choice question. distal proximal

distal

Bone remodeling begins during ______. Multiple choice question. childhood embryologic development adulthood the teenage years

embryologic development

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through ______ ossification.

endochondrial

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______. Multiple choice question. epiphyseal membrane periosteum epiphyseal line endosteum

epiphyseal line

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate? Multiple choice question. periosteum yellow bone marrow medullary cavity epiphyseal line

epiphyseal line

Lengthwise bone growth is complete when ______. Multiple choice question. periosteal bone collars become cartilage articular cartilage ossifies epiphyseal lines form epiphyseal plates become cartilage

epiphyseal lines form

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______. Multiple choice question. medulla epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis

epiphysis

Which hormones promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure? Multiple choice question. glucocorticoids calcitonin and thyroid hormone growth hormone and parathyroid hormone estrogen and testosterone

estrogen and testosterone

True or False: Typically bones of athletes become noticeably thinner as a result of repetitive and stressful exercise.

false

The type of cartilage that forms intervertebral discs is ______. Multiple choice question. fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to _________ hormone.

growth

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation? Multiple choice question. growth hormone calcitonin thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone

growth hormone

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation? Multiple choice question. growth hormone thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone calcitonin

growth hormone

Select all that apply Serotonin is a ______. Multiple select question. rare mineral hormone neurotransmitter essential amino acid

hormone neurotransmitter

The epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of ______. Multiple choice question. compact bone hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage

High levels of cortisol ______ bone loss. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

increase

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______. Multiple choice question. decrease blood calcium levels increase blood calcium levels promote vitamin D production stimulate the secretion of growth hormone

increase blood calcium levels

Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone. Multiple choice question. superficial internal

internal

A long bone's growth in length is called ______. Multiple choice question. interstitial growth appositional growth

interstitial growth

The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification. Multiple choice question. endochondral intramembranous

intramembranous

Select all that apply Which statements describe an osteon? Multiple select question. it contains a central canal it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it runs perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone it is also called a Haversian system it is microscopic

it contains a central canal it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it is also called a Haversian system it is microscopic

Select all that apply Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone? Multiple select question. it contains concentric lamellae it contains many osteons it contains no osteons it contains parallel lamellae

it contains no osteons it contains parallel lamellae

Select all that apply Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone? Multiple select question. it contains concentric lamellae it contains no osteons it contains parallel lamellae it contains many osteons

it contains no osteons it contains parallel lamellae

Select all that apply Which statements correctly describe compact bone? Multiple select question. it forms the external walls of a long bone it is porous in flat bones, it is called diploe it is solid and relatively dense it contains trabeculae

it forms the external walls of a long bone it is solid and relatively dense

Select all that apply Which statements characterize articular cartilage? Multiple select question. it functions to reduce friction in joints it is composed of hyaline cartilage it is composed of fibrocartilage it covers an epiphysis it covers a diaphysis

it functions to reduce friction in joints it is composed of hyaline cartilage it covers an epiphysis

Select all that apply Which statements are true of hyaline cartilage? Multiple select question. it contains osteocytes it is avascular it contains chondroblasts it contains calcium

it is avascular it contains chondroblasts

Select all that apply Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage? Multiple select question. it provides a model for the formation of bones it is the site of blood cell formation it covers the ends of long bones it secretes hormones related to bone formation

it provides a model for the formation of bones it covers the ends of long bones

Select all that apply Which statements describe an osteon? Multiple select question. it runs perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it contains a central canal it is microscopic it is also called a Haversian system

it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it contains a central canal it is microscopic it is also called a Haversian system

Mature cartilage ______ blood supply. Multiple choice question. has a very rich lacks a

lacks a

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called __________.

lacuna

______ connect bone to bone. Multiple choice question. Tendons Aponeuroses Ligaments

ligaments

Select all that apply Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification. Multiple select question. flat bones of the skull lower limb bones vertebrae mandible upper limb bones

lower limb bones vertebrae upper limb bones

Osteocytes are ______. Multiple choice question. mature bone cells bone destroying cells bone forming cells

mature bone cells

Select all that apply Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification. Multiple select question. maxilla flat bones of the skull mandible vertebrae upper and lower limb bones

maxilla flat bones of the skull mandible

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification. Multiple select question. maxilla mandible upper and lower limb bones flat bones of the skull vertebrae

maxilla mandible flat bones of the skull

What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called? Multiple choice question. medullary cavity epiphyseal plate endosteum lacuna

medullary cavity

Another name for the calcification of bone is _________.

mineralization

Select all that apply Serotonin is a ______. Multiple select question. rare mineral essential amino acid neurotransmitter hormone

neurotransmitter hormone

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue. Multiple choice question. osseous adipose dense areolar

osseous

The process of bone formation is called _________.

ossification

Serotonin affects ______ differentiation. Multiple choice question. osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte

osteoblast

Bone resorption is a function of ______. Multiple choice question. osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells osteocytes osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Bone resorption is a function of ______. Multiple choice question. osteoprogenitor cells osteoclasts osteocytes osteoblasts

osteoclasts

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone. Multiple choice question. Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______. Multiple choice question. osteoprogenitor cells osteoclast osteocytes osteoblasts

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______. Multiple choice question. osteocytes osteoid osteoclasts

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______. Multiple choice question. osteoid osteoclasts osteocytes

osteocytes

Calcitonin is produced by the ________ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

The release of _______ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______. Multiple choice question. articular cartilage bone marrow periosteum endosteum

periosteum

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______. Multiple choice question. endosteum periosteum articular cartilage bone marrow

periosteum

Select all that apply Bone formation requires ______. Multiple select question. vitamin B1 phosphate calcium vitamin D

phosphate calcium vitamin D

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _________ ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation.

primary

Osteoblasts function to ______. Multiple choice question. produce osteoid destroy blood cells synthesize new blood cells break down bone matrix

produce osteoid

Osteoblasts function to ______. Multiple choice question. synthesize new blood cells break down bone matrix destroy blood cells produce osteoid

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone? Multiple choice question. storage of glycogen nerve cell regeneration filtration of blood protection of organs

protection of organs

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______. Multiple choice question. platelets white blood cells red blood cells

red blood cells

In the structure of the epiphyseal plate, the zone farthest away from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is the zone of ______. Multiple choice question. hypertrophic cartilage proliferating cartilage ossification resting cartilage calcified cartilage

resting cartilage

In the structure of the epiphyseal plate, the zone farthest away from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is the zone of ______. Multiple choice question. ossification hypertrophic cartilage calcified cartilage resting cartilage proliferating cartilage

resting cartilage

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called __________ bone.

spongy

A major role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling is to ______. Multiple choice question. stimulate bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoclasts stimulate the liver to produce somatomedin stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells promote closure of epiphyseal plates

stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

The role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to ______. Multiple choice question. stimulate osteoblasts and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure stimulate the liver to produce somatomedin activate osteoclast activity dramatically decrease the rate of bone formation

stimulate osteoblasts and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

Select all that apply Calcium is required for ______. Multiple select question. stimulation of the heart initiation of muscle contraction blood clotting stimulation of digestion

stimulation of the heart initiation of muscle contraction blood clotting

What type of fracture is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads? Multiple choice question. stress fracture spiral fracture pathologic fracture compound fracture

stress fracture

Select all that apply Which statements characterize osteocytes? Multiple select question. they break down bone matrix they maintain bone matrix they reside in lacunae they secrete osteoid

they maintain bone matrix they reside in lacunae

True or false: By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.

true

Bone formation requires ______. Multiple select question. vitamin D calcium phosphate vitamin B1

vitamin D calcium phosphate

In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow. Multiple choice question. yellow red

yellow

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _______ bone marrow into _______ bone marrow.

yellow, red