Chapters 8 and 9 LearnSmart

Rotation of the tibia relative to the femur is greatest at approximately ______ of flexion.

90°

When a disc is loaded in compression, a chemical equilibrium is achieved and ______.

internal disc pressure is equal to external pressure

Match the main abdominal muscles (in the left column) with the type of spine rotation they cause when tension develops (in the right column).

internal obliques: rotation of the spine toward the same side external obliques: rotation of the spine toward the opposite side

Researchers hypothesized that __________ __________ works like a balloon inside the abdominal cavity to support the adjacent lumbar spine by creating a tensile force that partially offsets the compressive load.

intraabdominal pressure

If acute compartment syndrome is not treated, it can result in ______.

tissue death

Horizontal abduction and adduction of the femur occur when the hip is in ______ of flexion.

90°

A typical geriatric intervertebral disc in the human spine has a fluid content that is reduced by approximately ______ percent in the second decade of life.

35

Both medial and lateral rotators are able to exert more tension when the hip is in ______ of flexion than when it is fully or partially extended.

90°

In the context of the movements of the spine, identify a true statement about hyperextension.

It is the extension of the spine backward past anatomical position.

In the context of spinal injuries, identify a true statement about a whiplash injury.

It typically occurs during automobile collisions with the neck undergoing sudden acceleration and deceleration.

In the context of spinal injuries, identify a true statement about a disc herniation.

Its treatment includes medications, physical therapy, and lumbar injection.

Identify the features of different spinal abnormalities. (Check all that apply.)

Kyphosis can result from a congenital abnormality, a pathology such as osteoporosis, or Scheuermann's disease. Causes of lordosis include congenital spinal deformity, weakness of the abdominal muscles, and poor postural habits.

In the intervertebral disc of the human spine, degenerative changes are the most common at ______, which is the disc subjected to the most mechanical stress by virtue of its position.

L5-S1

______ enables the active lumbar extensor muscles to partially offset the anterior shear produced by body weight and uniformly loads the lumbar discs rather than placing a tensile load on the posterior annulus of these discs.

Maintaining a normal lumbar curve

In the context of the effects of loads on the spine, identify a true statement about intraabdominal pressure.

Pressure in the lumbar discs increases when intraabdominal pressure increases.

______, which is an abnormality in the spinal curvature, may appear as either a C- or an S-curve involving the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, or both.

Scoliosis

______ causes shear stress in the intervertebral discs of the human spine.

Spinal rotation

What happens when the spine is in full flexion?

Tension in the interspinous ligament contributes significantly to anterior shear force.

Identify a true statement about the incidence of low back pain according to studies.

The incidence of low back pain increases with age.

Which of the following is true about the lumbar vertebrae?

The lumbar vertebrae are larger and thicker than the vertebrae in the superior regions of the spine.

Which of the following statements are true about the different spinal abnormalities?

Thoracic kyphosis tends to increase in both genders with age. Obese individuals display increased anterior pelvic tilt and an associated increased lumbar lordosis.

True or false: According to studies, nonathletes have a much higher incidence of low back pain than do athletes.

false

The source of approximately one to five percent of back pain is ______ that consists of the protrusion of part of the nucleus pulposus from the annulus in the human spine.

a herniated disc

Identify a posture in which compression on the lumbar spine is the maximum.

a slouched sitting position

True or false: As a unit, the human spine allows motion only in one plane of movement and it does not allow circumduction.

false

In the context of injuries of the hip, the condition in which internal bleeding causes a build-up of pressure in the muscle compartment causing compression of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle is called ______.

acute compartment syndrome

A thick, fibrocartilaginous ring that forms the exterior of the intervertebral disc is known as ______.

annulus fibrosus

Match the kinds of tension development in the prominent sternocleidomastoid muscle in the lateral aspect of the neck (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

bilateral tension development: results in either flexion of the neck or extension of the head unilateral contraction: produces lateral flexion to the same side or rotation to the opposite side

True or false: The bands of the deltoid ligament rupture easily when subject to excessive eversion.

false

In whiplash injuries, the ______ spine assumes an S-shape with the upper segments in flexion and the lower segments in extension.

cervical

Spinal rotation in the transverse plane is freest in the ______ region of the human spine with up to 12° of motion allowed at C1-C2.

cervical

The largest range of motion for lateral flexion occurs in the ______ region of the human spine with approximately 9-10° of motion allowed at C4-C5.

cervical

The major anterior muscle groups of the ______ region are the prevertebral muscles, including the rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, and longus colli, and the eight pairs of hyoid muscles.

cervical

The supraspinous ligament is prominently enlarged in the ______ region of the human spine where it is referred to as ligamentum nuchae or ligament of the neck.

cervical

True or false: In the human spine, the weaker anterior longitudinal ligament and the powerful posterior longitudinal ligament separate the vertebral bodies in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.

false

True or false: Resistance-training exercises should always be performed in a quick, jerking fashion.

false

Tracking of the patella against the femur is dependent on the ______.

direction of the net force produced by the attached quadriceps

For the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to rupture, there must be ______.

excess anterior translation or rotation of the femur on the tibia

In the context of the abnormalities in the spinal curvature, identify the characteristics of severe scoliosis. (Check all that apply.)

extreme lateral deviation of the spine localized rotation of the spine

The condition in which, when the spine is in full flexion, the spinal extensor muscles relax and the flexion torque is supported by the spinal ligaments is known as the __________ __________ phenomenon.

flexion relaxation

Match the types of acute fractures in the spine (in the left column) with the activities that may cause them (in the right column).

fractures of the cervical vertebrae: gymnastics or trampolining activities without appropriate supervision fractures of the vertebral end plates: gymnastics or trampolining activities without appropriate supervision transverse or spinous process fractures: participation in contact sports that leads to hard blows to the back of the spine

Match the types of acute fractures in the spine (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

fractures of the cervical vertebrae: result from impacts to the head when people dive into shallow water fractures of the vertebral end plates: result from large compressive loads transverse or spinous process fractures: result from extremely forceful contraction of the attached muscles

Match the movements of the spine (in the left column) with their characteristics (in the right column).

hip flexion: anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the femur with respect to the pelvic girdle anterior pelvic tilt: anteriorly directed movement of the anterior superior iliac spine with respect to the pubic symphysis

Frontal plane movement of the spine away from the anatomical position is termed ______.

lateral flexion

Unilateral tension development by the main abdominal muscles produces ______.

lateral flexion of the spine toward the tensed muscles

Which of the following activities will most likely cause deformation in the intervertebral discs of the spine and predispose an individual to low back pain?

lifting heavy boxes for more than 30 minutes

The yellow ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae in the human spine, which is distinguished by its elasticity, is known as the ______.

ligamentum flavus

Match the abnormalities in the curvature of the human spine (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

lordosis: associated with weakened abdominal muscles and anterior pelvic tilt kyphosis: results from a congenital abnormality in which one or more wedge-shaped vertebrae develop because of abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior scoliosis: coupled with rotational deformity of the involved vertebrae with the condition ranging from mild to severe

Match the abnormalities in the curvature of the human spine (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curvature kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curvature scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine

Individuals whose sports or positions require repeated hyperextension of the ______ spine are prime candidates for stress-related spondylolysis.

lumbar

Maximizing the smoothness of the motion pattern of the external load minimizes the peaks in the compressive force on the ______ in the human spine.

lumbosacral joint

In contact sports such as football, the ______ is the most frequently injured knee ligament.

medial collateral ligament

The cartilaginous discs located between the tibial and femoral condyles are known as ______.

menisci

The old adage to lift with the legs and not with the back refers to the advisability of ______.

minimizing the torque generated on the spine by body weight

Andrew, a 40-year-old man, stood in a queue for one hour in the morning to book his bus ticket. He caught the bus and sat on the bus for an hour to reach home. In the evening, he drove his car for 20 minutes to pick his daughter up from school. At night, he met some of his friends and had dinner with them. In this scenario, Andrew would have experienced the most disc shrinkage during the ______.

morning

Rita, a 35-year-old woman, vigorously exercises every day in order to lose weight. She exercises early in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night before bed for one hour each. In this scenario, a risk for spinal injury is most likely in the ______.

morning

In the thoracic spine, the range of motion increases from only approximately 4° at T1-T2 to approximately 10° at T11-T12 due to the ______.

orientation of the facets

Match the posterior muscles in the spine (in the left column) with their features associated with movement (in the right column).

posterior cervical muscles: laterally flex or rotate the head toward the side of the contracting muscles when they develop tension on one side only posterior trunk muscles: contribute to extension and hyperextension when contracting bilaterally and to lateral flexion when contracting unilaterally

The tension experienced by the ligamentum flavum in the human spine creates a slight, constant compression in the intervertebral discs. This compression is known as ______.

prestress

Match the types of spinal curves (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

primary spinal curves: present at birth secondary spinal curves: develop from supporting the body in an upright position after young children begin to sit up and stand

Match the types of spinal curves (in the left column) with the spinal curves they include (in the right column).

primary spinal curves: thoracic and sacral curves secondary spinal curves: lumbar and cervical curves

Identify the muscles in the lumbar region that function bilaterally to flex and unilaterally to laterally flex the lumbar spine. (Check all that apply.)

psoas major quadratus lumborum

Motion at the ankle occurs primarily in the ______ plane.

sagittal

When an intervertebral disc in the human spine is loaded in compression, the disc tends to ______.

simultaneously lose water and absorb sodium and potassium

Primarily, coactivation of ______ serves to increase the stiffness of the motion segments in the spine and enhance spinal stability.

spinal agonists and antagonists muscles

Spinal muscles must generate large forces to counteract the torques produced about the spine by the weights of body segments and external loads because the ______.

spinal muscles have extremely small moment arms with respect to the vertebral joints

Identify the primary cervical extensors in the muscles of the spine. (Check all that apply.)

splenius capitis splenius cervicis

Match the types of stress fractures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

spondylolysis: presence of a fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral neural arch spondylolisthesis: complete bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis resulting in the anterior slippage of the vertebra

In the context of the abnormalities in the spinal curvature, match the types of scoliosis (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

structural scoliosis: inflexible curvature that persists even with lateral bending of the spine nonstructural scoliosis: flexible and are corrected with lateral bending of the spine

In the context of the abnormalities in the spinal curvature, match the types of scoliosis (in the left column) with their causes (in the right column).

structural scoliosis: occurs due to congenital abnormalities and selected cancers nonstructural scoliosis: occurs secondary to a leg length discrepancy or local inflammation

The main function of the hyoid muscles, which is a major anterior muscle group of the cervical region in the human spine, appears to be to move the hyoid bone during the act of ______.

swallowing

Match the joints in the vertebrae (in the left column) with their features based on motion (in the right column).

the atlanto-occipital joint: flexion/extension of about 14-15° permitted with virtually no motion occurring in any other plane the atlanto-axial joint: averages around 75° of rotation, 14° of extension, and 24° of lateral flexion

Movements in the human spine always involve a number of motion segments because ______.

the motion allowed between any two adjacent vertebrae is small

In which of the following regions of the spine is the range of motion for flexion/extension of the motion segments the lowest?

thoracic

In the context of the common injuries of the back and neck, McGill advocates ______ as a prophylactic for low back injury.

training the trunk muscles for endurance

As tension in the major spinal extensors of the spine increases, both compression and shear on the vertebral joints and facet joints increase because ______.

very few of the fibers of the major spinal extensors lie parallel to the spine

Measurements of articular cartilage deformation on the tibial plateau during weight-bearing show that stress at the joint is maximal from ______ degrees of flexion.

180 to 120

______ in the proximal femur is protective against hip fractures.

A high percentage of cortical bone

Identify a true statement about the hip as a major weight-bearing joint.

As gait speed while walking increases, the load on the hip increases during both swing and support phases.

Why does patellofemoral compression increase with knee flexion during weight bearing? (Check all that apply.)

As knee flexion increases, a larger amount of quadriceps tension is required to prevent the knee from buckling against gravity The increase in knee flexion increases the compressive component of force acting at the joint.

Which of the following is true of the load on the hip joint while walking?

Compression on the hip is approximately the same as body weight during the swing phase of walking.

Identify a true statement about the tibiofemoral joint.

Compressive force at the joint is slightly greater than three times body weight during the stance phase of gait.

Which of the following is a function of the patellofemoral joint?

It increases the angle of pull of the quadriceps tendon on the tibia.

Which of the following is true of the pelvic girdle?

It positions the hip joint for effective limb movement.

Identify a feature of hamstring strains.

The do not heal quickly.

Identify a true statement about the structure of the hip.

The hydrostatic pressure within the labrum is greater than the hydrostatic pressure outside of it.

Identify a true statement about the lumbar vertebrae in the human spine.

The increased surface area of the lumbar vertebrae reduces the amount of stress to which these vertebrae would otherwise be subjected.

Which of the following is true of the muscles involved in horizontal abduction and adduction?

The muscles located on the posterior aspect of the hip are stretched when the femur is in 90° of flexion.

Which of the following are true about the loads on the foot? (Check all that apply.)

The structures of the foot are anatomically linked such that the load is evenly distributed over the foot during weight-bearing. Impact forces sustained during gait increase with body weight and with gait speed.

Identify a true statement about the tibiofemoral joint.

The tibia rotates laterally on the femur during the last few degrees of extension to produce "locking" of the knee.

Identify a true statement about patellofemoral joint motion.

The vastus lateralis tends to pull the patella laterally.

Which of the following are true about anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries? (Check all that apply.)

Women are 1.7 more times likely to sustain a noncontact ACL injury than men. Research has shown that during running, cutting, and landing, women, as compared to men, tend to have less knee flexion.

Match the movements of the ankle (in the left column) with their terms (in the right column).

ankle flexion: dorsiflexion ankle extension: plantar flexion

Match the components of the intervertebral disc in the human spine (in the left column) with their mechanical roles (in the right column).

annulus fibrosus: acts like a coiled spring and holds the vertebral bodies together nucleus pulposus: acts like a ball bearing composed of an incompressible gel

A feature of the menisci is that they ______.

assist with load transmission and shock absorption at the knee

The first cervical vertebra that provides a reciprocally shaped receptacle for the condyles of the occiput of the skull is known as the ______.

atlas

Match the following ligaments (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

collateral ligaments: major ligaments that cross the medial and lateral aspects of the knee cruciate ligaments: major ligaments that cross each other in connecting the anterior and posterior aspects of the knee

Match the following ligaments (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column).

collateral ligaments: resist rotational forces acting on the knee cruciate ligaments: limit the forward and backward sliding of the femur on the tibial plateaus

A feature of adductor muscles is that they ______.

contribute to flexion and lateral rotation at the hip

The ______ is the weakest component of the femur.

femoral neck

The ______ is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

femur

Match the movements of the knee (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

flexion: the femur must slide forward on the tibia extension: the femur must slide backwards on the tibia

Identify the flexors of the toes. (Check all that apply.)

flexor digitorum brevis flexor digitorum longus quadratus plantae lumbricals

Match the varus and valgus conditions (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

forefoot varus and valgus: refer to inversion and eversion misalignments of the metatarsals rearfoot varus and valgus: refer to inversion and eversion misalignments at the subtalar joint

The first digit in the human foot is referred to as the ______, or great toe.

hallux

The biceps femoris, the semimembranosus, and the semitendinosus are the three ___________.

hamstrings

Match the athletes (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

high-arched runners: exhibit an increased vertical loading rate low-arched runners: exhibit increased range of motion and velocity in rearfoot eversion

The term _____ refers to the psoas major and iliacus muscles with a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur.

iliopsoas

Match the muscles of the hip (in the left column) with their distal attachments (in the right column).

iliopsoas: lesser trochanter of the femur rectus femoris: patella pectineus: medial, proximal femur

A low-arched runner is most likely to experience ______.

increased incidences of general knee pain

Identify a mechanism for Achilles tendinitis.

increased tensile load on the Achilles tendon during relaxation of the muscle

Match the movements of the foot (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

inversion: medial rotation of the sole of the foot toward the midline of the body eversion: lateral rotation of the sole of the foot away from the body

A feature of compressive force at the patellofemoral joint is that it ______.

is one-half of one's body weight during normal walking gait

Match the knee movements (in the left column) with the muscles that bring about these movements (in the right column).

knee flexion: the gracilis, sartorius, popliteus, and gastrocnemius knee extension: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

When the foot is planted and a lateral blow of sufficient force is sustained, the result is sprain or rupture of the ______.

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

The ______ is composed of two adjacent vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the spine and the associated soft tissues.

motion segment

The ______ is considered the functional unit of the human spine.

motion segment

A typical vertebra consists of a body, a hollow ring known as the ______, and several bony processes.

neural arch

The colloidal gel with a high fluid content, located inside the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is known as ______.

nucleus pulposus

The ______ consists of the articulation of the triangularly shaped patella, encased in the patellar tendon, with the trochlear groove between the femoral condyles.

patellofemoral joint

The two hip bones plus the sacrum, which can be rotated forward, backward, and laterally to optimize positioning of the hip joint, form the ______.

pelvic girdle

A ______ condition tends to reduce the load on the forefoot, with ______ (relatively high arch) significantly increasing the load on the forefoot.

pes planus; pes cavus

The ________ muscle is known as the unlocker of the knee because its action is the lateral rotation of the femur with respect to the tibia.

popliteus

______ serves to reduce the magnitude of the ground reaction force sustained during gait by increasing the time interval over which the force is sustained.

pronation

Match the hip muscles (in the left column) with their respective functions (in the right column).

sartorius: assists with flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation pectineus: assist with flexion, adduction, and medial rotation

In the context of movements of the foot, match the following terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

supination: the combined conditions of inversion, plantar flexion, and adduction of the foot pronation: the combined conditions of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction of the foot

Identify the most frequently ruptured tendon in the body.

the Achilles tendon

Identify the hip adductors. (Check all that apply.)

the adductor longus the adductor magnus the adductor brevis the gracilis

Identify the muscle that is solely responsible for lateral rotation of the tibia.

the biceps femoris

Match the joints present in the ankle (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

the distal tibiofibular joint: It is a syndesmosis where dense fibrous tissue binds the bones together. the tibiotalar hinge joint: It is the joint in which most motion at the ankle occurs, where the convex surface of the superior talus articulates with the concave surface of the distal tibia.

Which of the following muscles produces flexion of the hallux?

the flexor hallucis longus

During ballet practice, Emily has to stand on her left leg and raise her right leg up to her waist. Which of the following muscles contracts to prevent the right side of the pelvis from being pulled downward by the weight of the right leg?

the gluteus medius

Which of the following muscles is the major abductor acting at the hip?

the gluteus medius

Identify the bones in the human body that form the ball-and-socket joint of the hip.

the head of the femur and the concave acetabulum

Match the muscles responsible for flexion at the hip (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

the iliopsoas: It hypertrophies on the non-dominant side in tennis players. the sartorius: It is the longest muscle in the body.

Inversion sprains involving stretching or rupturing of the lateral ligaments are much more common than eversion sprains of the medial ligaments because ______.

the joint capsule and ligaments are stronger on the medial side of the ankle

Match the arches in the foot (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

the medial and lateral longitudinal arches: stretch from the calcaneus to the metatarsals and tarsals the transverse arch: formed by the bases of the metatarsal bones

Identify a true statement about posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries.

the most commonly result from sports participation or motor vehicle accidents

Match the muscles (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column).

the piriformis: lateral rotation the gluteus minimus: medial rotation

Which of the following muscles involved in knee extension crosses the hip joint?

the rectus femoris

Identify the hip extensors. (Check all that apply.)

the semimembranosus the semitendinosus the biceps femoris the gluteus maximus

Match the joints in the foot (in the left column) with their features (in the right column)

the subtalar joint: essentially uniaxial, with an alignment slightly oblique to the conventional descriptive planes of motion the tarsometatarsal and the intermetatarsal joints: required for the foot to function as a semirigid unit or to adapt flexibly to uneven surfaces during weight-bearing the metatarsophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints: required for maintaining stability during weight-bearing by pressing against the ground when necessary

Which of the following is the largest bursa in the body?

the suprapatellar bursa

Match the following knee bursae (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

the suprapatellar bursa: It is positioned between the femur and the quadriceps femoris tendon. the subpopliteal bursa: It is located between the lateral condyle of the femur and the popliteal muscle. the semimembranosus bursa: It is situated between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and semimembranosus tendons.

Identify the joints present in the ankle. (Check all that apply.)

the tibiotalar joint the fibulotalar joint the distal tibiofibular joint

Which of the following is true of hamstring strains in athletes?

they have a high incidence rate

The tarsal and metatarsal bones of the foot form ______ arches.

three

The condyles of the tibia are known as the ______.

tibial plateaus

Identify the main muscle involved in the inversion of the foot.

tibialis posterior

True or false: Fractures of the femoral neck frequently occur during the support phase of walking among elderly individuals with osteoporosis.

true

True or false: Isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are usually treated nonoperatively.

true

Match the anomalies of the foot (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

varus: condition of inward lateral deviation of a body segment valgus: condition of outward lateral deviation of a body segment

The neural arches and posterior sides of the bodies and intervertebral discs form a protective passageway for the spinal cord and associated blood vessels known as the ______.

vertebral canal