chem 103/SB 07

Which of the following are potential adverse effects of nitrogen compounds on the environment? Select all that apply.

- Acid rain - Algal blooms due to fertilizer runoff - Increase in tropospheric ozone levels

Which of the following options correctly describe aspartame? Select all that apply.

- Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. - Aspartame is a dipeptide.

Which of the following options correctly describe biodegradable polymers? Select all that apply.

- Biodegradable polymers contain monomers that create weak spots in the polymer chain. - Some biodegradable polymers do not degrade in landfills due to the lack of oxygen and microorganisms.

Which of the following statements correctly describe polystyrene? Select all that apply.

- Crystal polystyrene is hard and brittle. - Expandable polystyrene is light and a good thermal insulator.

Which of the following are ways to lower your food carbon footprint? Select all that apply.

- Eat everything that you buy. - Eat foods that are in season. - Recycle food packaging.

Which of the following options correctly describe respiration? Select all that apply.

- Glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water during respiration. - Glucose is "burned" as fuel in the body during respiration.

Which of the following options correctly describe high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)? Select all that apply.

- High-fructose corn syrup is obtained by treating corn syrup with enzymes. - A typical blend of high-fructose corn syrup is about 55% fructose and 45% glucose.

Which of the following functional groups and structural characteristics are found in all amino acids? Select all that apply.

- Hydrogen atom - A side chain designated as R - Carboxylic acid - Amine

How does food production impact global water supply and quality? Select all that apply.

- Irrigation may deplete aquifers. - Water is polluted with excess nutrients such as nitrates due to fertilizer runoff. - Groundwater may be contaminated by insecticides.

The basal metabolism rate is the minimum amount of energy required to support which of the following on a daily basis? Select all that apply.

- Keep all major organs working - Keep the lungs pumping air - Keep the body temperature at 37oC - Keep the brain active - Keep the heart beating

Which of the following are essential amino acids?

- Lysine - Histidine - Leucine - Isoleucine

Which of the following options correctly describe micronutrients? Select all that apply.

- Micronutrients are substances that are required in miniscule amounts. - Vitamins are micronutrients. - Micronutrients are substances that are essential to life.

Which of the following are micronutrients? Select all that apply.

- Minerals - Vitamins

Which of the following options correctly describe fats, carbohydrates, and proteins as fuels for the body? Select all that apply.

- Monosaccharides are more oxygenated than fatty acids. - Proteins and carbohydrates can provide approximately the same amount of energy per gram. - Fats contain approximately 2.5 times as much energy as carbohydrates on a per gram basis.

Which of the following options correctly describe the mineral iodine? Select all that apply.

- Most of the body's iodine is found in the thyroid gland. - Most of the body's iodine is incorporated into the hormone thyroxine. - Iodine is a trace mineral.

Which of the following options correctly describe plasticizers? Select all that apply.

- PVC commonly contains plasticizers. - Plasticizers disrupt the regular packing of polymer molecules.

Which of the following options correctly describe proteins? Select all that apply.

- Proteins are polyamides. - Proteins are polymers. - Proteins are constructed from amino acid monomers.

Which of the following options correctly describe the functions of proteins in the human body? Select all that apply.

- Proteins are the main component of hair. - Many hormones are proteins. - Proteins are a major component of muscle.

Which of the following options correctly describe source reduction and its advantages? Select all that apply.

- Source reduction involves using less material. - Source reduction helps to reduce pollution.

Which of the following options correctly describe addition polymers? Select all that apply.

- The formation of an addition polymer often involves a radical initiator. - The monomers of addition polymers usually contain a C=C double bond.

Which of the following do proteins and nylon have in common? Select all that apply.

- The monomers of both polymers are linked through amide linkages. - Both polymers are copolymers. - Both polymers are formed through condensation polymerization.

Which of the following options correctly describe how amino acids link together to make peptides? Select all that apply.

- The order of the amino acids in a peptide has important consequences for its behavior. - A dipeptide with the amino acid sequence glycine-alanine is different from an dipeptide with the sequence alanine-glycine. - Three amino acids may combine to produce a variety of different peptides.

Which statements describe respiration? (Select all that apply.)

- The process occurs in all living organisms. - The process converts glucose to CO2 and H2O. - The process releases energy.

Which of the following options correctly describe steps in the nitrogen cycle? Select all that apply.

- The process of nitrification converts NH4+ ions to NO2- and NO3- ions. - Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N2 to NH3 and NH4+. - Plants assimilate nitrogen in the form of NO2- and NO3- ions.

Which of the following options correctly describe essential amino acids? Select all that apply.

- These amino acids are required for protein synthesis. - Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body. - Essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds.

Which of the following options correctly describe vitamins? Select all that apply.

- Vitamins are essential for preventing disease. - Vitamins are essential for proper metabolic functioning. - Vitamins are organic compounds with a wide range of physiological functions.

Which of the following options correctly describe the levels and the roles of the minerals K+ and Na+ in the body? Select all that apply.

- Within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+. - K+ and Na+ have similar chemical properties and physiological functions. - K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart.

Fertilizers typically provide a source of ________. (Select all that apply.)

- carbon - phosphorous - nitrogen

The plasticizer DEHP is potentially dangerous to humans, because it is suspected of being a(n) _____. Select all that apply.

- carcinogen - endocrine disruptor

Which of the following substances are sweeter than pure glucose? Select all that apply.

- fructose - table sugar - honey

The practice of tillage rotation _______. (Select all that apply.)

- involves plowing the land but leaving it unplanted in alternate years - increases the loss of topsoil by erosion

Minerals required for proper metabolism include ______. (Select all that apply.)

- iron - calcium

Insulin _______. (Select all that apply.)

- is a hormone secreted by the pancreas - controls the uptake and storage of glucose in cells

Foodborne illnesses may be caused by _______. Select all that apply.

- parasites - bacteria - chemical toxins

Which of the following may be legislated to ensure food safety? Select all that apply.

- processing by the manufacturer - transportation - handling during manufacture and transport - food production

A dipeptide is produced when the _____ group of one amino acid reacts with the _____ group of a second amino acid. The resulting bond between the two is known as a _____ bond.

-COOH; -NH2; peptide

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a _____ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of _____ containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

2:1; rings

Which of the following correctly and fully defines a fertilizer?

Any natural or synthetic material that is applied to soil or plants to supply nutrients for plant growth

Which form of sugar is the healthiest choice in a balanced diet?

Complex polysaccharides

Which system of land management for planting crops is considered the most favorable for productivity and soil quality in modern farming?.

Crop rotation with different types of crop each year

Which of the functional groups shown joins all the monomers in a polyester?

D

What type of forces are a result of an attraction between molecules due to a distortion in the electron cloud, which causes an uneven distribution of negative charge?

Dispersion forces

Which vitamins are lipid-soluble? Select all that apply.

E D A K

Why must labeling indicate the quantity of trans fats in a particular food?

Eating trans fats has been found to increase the risk of heart disease.

What molecule is depicted in the illustration?

Ethylene

True or false: High doses of Vitamin A have no effect on the body because it is water soluble and excreted through sweat or urine if it is in excess.

False

Which type of vitamin is more likely to cause damage if ingested in excess?

Fat-soluble vitamins

What forces cause polyethylene to be a solid material?

London dispersion forces

________are the major components of hair, skin, and muscle in the body.

Proteins

True or false: Many foods that are low in fat are also high in sugar because it is used to improve the taste of the product.

True

True or false: Reducing meat and dairy consumption helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

True

_____ are organic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. They are essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease.

Vitamins

Five of the "big six" polymers undergo _____ polymerization.

addition

The structure shown in the accompanying figure is a(n) _____.

amino acid

The artificial sweetener composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine is called ______.

aspartame

The overuse of synthetic fertilizers can cause destructive algal blooms in lakes because _______.

fertilizer runoff increases the NO3- concentration in lakes and rivers

A fatty acid has _____ oxygen atoms per molecule than a sugar containing the same number of carbon atoms and will therefore release _____ energy when converted to CO2 and H2O during respiration.

fewer; more

Many poor neighborhoods are described as being "food deserts", meaning that the only food sources are convenience stores or fast food. This is an example of which primary issue for food security?

food access

The primary sugar in corn syrup is _____, which is converted to _____ by treatment with enzymes to obtain HFCS.

glucose; fructose

Ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions are called ______.

minerals

The root of the word monomer means _____.

one unit

A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a _____ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group.

peptide

The bond between one amino acid and another (shown) is called a(n) _____ bond. This type of bond is an example of the _____ functional group.

peptide; amide

The term _____ is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic polymer.

plastic

A compound that is added in small amounts to make a polymer more soft and pliable is called a(n) _____.

plasticizer

The backbone of both proteins and nylon are linked by the same functional group making them both _____.

polyamides

Condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units are called

polysaccharides

A _____ is a polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers.

protein

A ___________-____________ product is fabricated from different percentages and types of recycled materials.

recycled-content

The identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the_____of the amino acids in the peptide chain.

sequence

The term _____ is used to describe processes that produce less material and therefore less waste.

source reduction

Covalent bonds, which govern chemical changes in molecular substances, consist of shared electron pairs. These bonds are ______ than intermolecular forces, which govern the physical changes of molecular substances.

stronger

The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is defined as _____.

the minimum amount of energy required daily to support basic body functions

In most natural fatty acids the hydrogen atoms attached to the two carbons of the C=C double bond are on _____ side(s). This bonding arrangement is called _____.

the same; cis

Food labels in many countries must list the amount of _____ fats present in foods as these fats have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.

trans

The molecule shown here is ______.

triglyceride

Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce _____.

triglycerides

Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as _____.

triglycerides

Mammal enzymes are unable to catalyze the breaking of _____ linkages in cellulose.

β

Which of the following options correctly describe eco-friendly polymers? Select all that apply.

- Eco-friendly polymers have been used in automobile parts. - Eco-friendly polymers are made from materials such as wood, cotton, starch, and sugar. - Eco-friendly polymer waste decomposes easily.

Which of the following options correctly describe the properties of ethylene? Select all that apply.

- Ethylene is flammable. - Ethylene is produced at oil refineries. - Ethylene is a colorless gas.

Triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

- Glycerol - Three fatty acids

Which of the following is/are considered municipal solid waste (MSW)? Select all that apply.

- Grass clippings - Banana peel - Old microwave

Which of the following polymers are formed through addition polymerization? Select all that apply.

- HDPE - PS - PVC - PP - LDPE

Which of the following options correctly describe insulin and glucagon? Select all that apply.

- Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels. - Both are hormones that control glucose production and storage in the body.

Which of the following structural properties are associated with LDPE? Select all that apply.

- Molecules of this polymer consist of 500 monomeric units. - The polyethylene chain is branched.

Which of the following options correctly describe monosaccharides? Select all that apply.

- Monosaccharides are single sugars. - A monosaccharide ring contains an oxygen atom.

Which of the following options correctly describe oils and fats? Select all that apply.

- Most oils are liquids at room temperature. - Many oils are of plant origin. - Oils and fats have similar chemical structures.

Glycerol ______. (Select all that apply.)

- is an alcohol - combines with fatty acids to produce triglycerides - is used in manufacturing soaps and lotions

Which of the following foods are rich sources of linoleic and linolenic acids? Select all that apply.

- plant oils - leafy vegetables - fish

Which of the following options correctly describe condensation polymerization? Select all that apply.

- Nylon is an example of a condensation polymer. - When the monomers of a condensation polymer combine a small molecule is eliminated.

Which of the following options correctly describe the recycling of plastics? Select all that apply.

- Once sorted, plastics are melted. - Codes on plastic containers help to separate different types of polymers.

Which of the following options correctly describe the hydrogenation of C=C double bonds in fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- One or more C=C double bonds are converted into C-C single bonds. - Hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a metallic catalyst.

Which of the following options correctly describe the applications of the big six polymers? Select all that apply.

- PP is used in the manufacture of carpeting. - PS is used to fabricate food wrap.

Which of the following statements correctly describe/define the word plastic? Select all that apply.

- Plastic is both an adjective and a noun. - Plastic is sometimes used a synonym for synthetic polymer.

Which of the following are advantages of recycling? Select all that apply.

- Recycling helps us to conserve natural resources such as petroleum, timber, and water. - Recycling may contribute to lower pollution of air, water, and soil during manufacture. - The amount of waste in landfills is reduced.

Which of the following options correctly describe saturated fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- The hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms. - Saturated fatty acids possess a CO2H group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain.

What is the most common monomer arrangement for PVC, PP, and PS?

Repeating head-to-tail

Ethylene is not classified as a pollutant but it can nonetheless still be categorized as which of the following?

VOC

Fatty acids include a nonpolar _____ chain and a polar _____ group.

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as _______.

lipids

The coefficient "n" preceding a reactant in a polymerization reaction (see illustration) represents the number of _______ of monomer that react. See equation for a representation of a general polymerization reaction.

molecules

At least two or more different _____ are required to form a copolymer.

monomers

The small repeating units used to synthesize polymers are called

monomers

Which of the following options correctly describe "n" in any polymerization reaction? Select all that apply. See the accompanying equation for a representation of a general polymerization reaction.

- "n" indicates the number of molecules of monomer that react. - "n" specifies the length of the polymer.

Which of the following options correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

- A hydrocarbon chain that is typically made of 12-24 carbon atoms - A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain

Triglycerides always contain three _____ functional groups.

ester

Dispersion forces are a type of _____ force that causes an attraction between molecules that results from a distortion of the _____ cloud that causes an uneven distribution of charge.

intermolecular; electron

Which of the following statements correctly describes the peptide bond? Select all that apply.

- A peptide bond is formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. - Each amino acid can form at least two peptide bonds.

Polysaccharides ________. (Select all that apply.)

- are made by the condensation of thousands of monosaccharide units - include starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Which of the following options correctly describes a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is a double sugar.

Which two functional groups are condensed to form a polyester?

- Carboxylic acid - Alcohol

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural make-up of triglycerides? (Select all that apply.)

- The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may all be different. - The three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated.

Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

- They are mostly derived from animal sources. - They are solid at room temperature.

Which of the following reasons do manufacturers use to justify adding sugar to many different types of processed foods? Select all that apply.

- To improve the taste - To improve the shelf life - To improve the texture

What concerns about sugars should be addressed when planning your daily dietary intake? (Select all that apply.)

- Too much sugar in the diet can cause health issues such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. - The total amount of sugar consumed is more important than the type of sugar consumed.

Which of the following options correctly describe the properties of cis and trans fatty acids? Select all that apply.

- Trans fatty acids are solids at room temperature. - Trans fatty acids are similar in shape to saturated fatty acids and behave in a similar manner in the body.

Lipids include _______. Select all that apply.

- Triglycerides - Oils - Steroids - Fats

Which of the following statements correctly describe true recycling? Select all that apply.

- True recycling requires synergy by many different people and agencies. - True recycling involves a closed loop where materials are collected, sorted, and converted into consumer products that are later recycled. - True recycling needs to be marketed in order to have a consumer base for the products produced.

Which of the following options correctly describe amino acids? Select all that apply.

- Twenty amino acids occur naturally. - An amino acid has an amine group and a carboxylic acid functional group bonded to a carbon.

True or false: A recycled-content product must be composed entirely of one type of recycled plastic.

False

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life is called

Metabolism

Which of the following starting materials is NOT used to synthesize eco-friendly polymers?

Petroleum

Which of the following options correctly describes plastics in landfills?

Plastics are not readily biodegradable.

Which type of unsaturated fats are likely to pack well together and thus have higher melting points?

Trans fats

True or false: It is possible to be overweight and malnourished.

True

An amino acid contains a(n) _____ and a(n) _____.

amine and carboxylic acid

The waste most produced in the United States is of _____ origin.

biological

Polymers that are formed by a combination of functional groups such that a small molecule (e.g., water) is eliminated are known as ______ polymers.

condensation

A polymer that is a combination of two or more different monomers is called a(n) _____.

copolymer

The repeating head-to-tail monomer arrangement is the most common for PVC, PP, and PS. This arrangement provides more _____ regions in the polymer.

crystalline

Polymers can possess different regions, which are characterized by the degree of order in the polymer chains. Regions of the polymer that are very ordered are called _____ regions, whereas regions of the polymer that are very disordered are called _____ regions.

crystalline; amorphous

A _____ is formed by joining two monosaccharide units together.

disaccharide

The intermolecular forces that cause polyethylene to be a solid material are_____forces

dispersion

Plastics in landfills are problematic because they _____.

do not readily biodegrade

An addition polymer is formed when two monomers containing_______bonds react in the presence of a(n)_____ initiaor

double; radical

Ethylene is the smallest member in the family of _____ containing a carbon-carbon _____ bond.

hydrocarbons; double

Hydrogenation of an oil _____ its degree of saturation and _____ its melting point.

increases; raises

In a molecular substance, the covalent bonds between the atoms hold the individual molecule together as a unit and may be referred to as ______ forces. The nonbonding forces of attraction between one individual molecule and another are called ______ forces.

intramolecular; intermolecular

Since a plasticizer such as DEHP is not chemically bonded to the plastic that contains it, it will slowly______ into the environment over time

leach

Our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are _____ and _____ acids.

linoleic; linolenic

A single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a _____.

monosaccharide

Waste such as leftover lasagna, old toaster ovens, and grass clippings are considered to be _____ solid waste.

municipal

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural features of nylon? Select all that apply.

- Adipic acid is a monomer of nylon. - Nylon is formed from two different monomers. - Nylon is an alternating copolymer.

Which of the following options correctly describe carbohydrates? Select all that apply.

- Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. - Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Which of the following are different forms of polystyrene? Select all that apply.

- Crystal - Expandable

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

Why are biodegradable polymers not currently widely employed?

The environmental impacts of degrading biodegradable polymers are unclear.

Why is grass not a viable food source for humans?

The human digestive system is unable to break down the β-linkages that characterize cellulose.