CHEM UNIT: 1 OBSERVATION AND HYPOTHESIZING

Theory-

A generalized model used to explain how something happens and is used to predict answers to related evidence and problems.

Deductive reasoning-

A prediction made or a conclusion drawn from insight gained from an established principle or law.

Which statement is not true about a scientific law?

A scientific law is always verified by a mathematical equation.

Law-

A statement that explains what something does under similar conditions and is broadly agreed upon by the science community.

A hypothesis is made:

After gathering initial data and defining the research.

Hypothesis-

An initial proposed explanation for the phenomenon.

Scientific predictions based on laws are formulated using:

Deductive reasoning.

Quantitative-

Description based on numbers, mathematics or measurements.

Inductive reasoning-

Drawing a conclusion from many observations concerning a possible common cause and forming a general rule.

All scientists observing the same event will record identical descriptions.

FALSE

Computers are capable of inductive reasoning.

FALSE

Qualitative-

Generalized descriptions based on senses.

The initial explanation for a phenomenon prior to experimentation is called a(n):

Hypothesis.

Subjective-

Ideas resulting from the personal feelings, emotions, bias of a person.

Forming a hypothesis is accomplished through_____________ reasoning.

Inductive.

Presupposition-

Initial idea which is believed to be true and is used as a basis (starting point) from which further reasoning and conclusions are made.

A theory which repeatedly fails to confirm the expected predictions after extensive research:

Is probably incorrect.

Descriptions based on measurement or reasoning free of bias are:

Objective.

An observation which is descriptive is considered:

Qualtitative.

An observation which requires measurement is called:

Quantitative.

Objective-

Real reasoning based on data or facts

To ensure accurate recall of the experimental data, at minimum one should:

Record the data in writing.

A published hypothesis:

Should be tested by the scientific community.

Conclusions drawn from personal beliefs are:

Subjective.

A theory should be able to explain the relevant data and lead to correct predictions.

TRUE

Absolute proof about the origin of a crater on the moon or the "star of Bethlehem" cannot be determined using the scientific method.

TRUE

Conclusions related to historical events are limited to evaluating the existing evidence.

TRUE

Hypotheses about historical singular events are not testable by the scientific method because they are not repeatable.

TRUE

In forming a hypothesis one must carefully review his presuppositions to be sure they are not biased.

TRUE

Inductive reasoning requires creative thinking.

TRUE

A hypothesis which appears to be verified by multiple experiments and/or researchers may become a:

Theory.

When conducting an experiment, a scientist should:

proceed without specific goals.