chemistry 105 final
rank the penetrating power of nuclear radiation from the least to most penetrating. Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
(most penetrating) Gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles (least penetrating fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into small particles fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger nucleus both release large amounts of energy
The label which indicates that a substance is a gas is A) (g) B) (l) C) (s) D) (aq)
A (g)
The number of electrons in a sodium ion, Na+, is A) 10. B) 11. C) 12. D) 23.
A 10
The energy content of foods is stated on food labels in Calories. The Calorie is equal to A) 1000 calories. B) 1000 kilocalories. C) 1000°C. D) 1000 joules.
A 1000 calories
Use the ideal gas law to calculate the temperature when 0.300 mol of nitrogen gas at 1.40 atm pressure occupies a volume of 11.2 L. R = 0.0821 L* atm/(K*mol). A) 490 K B) 637 K C) 780 K D) 157 K
A 490 K
Avogadro's number is A) 6.02 × 1023 B) 6.02 × 10-23 C) 3.02 × 1026 D) 2.06 × 1032
A 6.02 × 1023
Which philosopher believed that matter was continuous and was not made up of atoms? A) Aristotle B) Dalton C) Democritus D) Lavoisier
A Aristotle
Which of the following is correct, according to Avogadro's hypothesis? A) At 0°C and 1 atm pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal masses. B) At 0°C and 1 atm pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. C) At 0°C and 1 atm pressure, equal volumes of gases have the same density. D) At 0°C and 1 atm pressure, 1 L of oxygen gas and 1 L of liquid water contain the same number of molecules.
A At 0°C and 1 atm pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal masses
Water is the common name for which molecule? A) H2O B) HO2 C) HO D) H2O2
A H2O
Which substance has ionic bonds? A) K2S B) SO3 C) CI4 D) N2
A K2S
All of the following species are isoelectronic to Mg2+ EXCEPT A) Li+. B) Na+. C) Ne. D) O2-.
A Li+
What is the formula of ammonium nitrate? A) NH4NO3 B) (NH4)2NO3 C) NH4(NO3)2 D) NH4N
A NH4NO3
Thorium-234 undergoes beta decay: Th → e + Q What is Q? A) Pa B) Ac C) Th D) Th
A Pa
Identify the particle that is the least penetrating. A) alpha, α B) beta, β C) gamma, γ D) delta, δ
A alpha
Which of the following processes involves the removal of energy (heat)? A) condensation B) melting C) sublimation D) vaporization
A condensation
Under conditions of limited oxygen, carbon burns to form carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. In conditions with unlimited oxygen, carbon burns to form carbon dioxide. This illustrates the Law of A) Conservation of Mass. B) Definite Proportions. C) different chemical reactions. D) Multiple Proportions.
A conservation of mass
The process of electron capture can be considered as the A) conversion of an electron and a proton to a neutron. B) conversion of an electron and a neutron to a proton. C) conversion of a proton to a neutron and an electron. The electron is emitted. D) conversion of a neutron to a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted.
A conversion of an electron and a proton to a neutron
Elements in the same period generally have A) different properties. B) similar properties. C) similar number of neutrons. D) similar chemical symbols.
A different properties
When magnesium combines with bromine, the bond formed is best classified as A) ionic. B) polar covalent C) metallic. D) nonpolar covalent.
A ionic
In the SI system of measurement the unit of mass is the A) kilogram. B) kilometer. C) liter. D) yard.
A kilogram
If a central atom has a total of two electron sets and no lone pairs attached to it, the geometry about the central atom is A) linear. B) trigonal planar. C) tetrahedral. D) pyramidal.
A linear
In reactions to form ionic compounds, metals generally A) lose electrons. B) gain electrons. C) become non-metals. D) do not react.
A lose electrons
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas is called the A) melting point. B) boiling point. C) sublimation point. D) decomposition point.
A melting point
Which of the following particles has a mass of 1 amu and a charge of 0? A) neutron B) proton C) electron D) positron
A neutron
Matter is more likely to exist in the ________ state as the temperature is lowered. A) solid B) liquid C) gaseous D) elemental
A solid
the physical state that remains both shape and volume is A solid B liquid C gas D element
A solid
The process by which a liquid is converted to a gas is called A) sublimation. B) condensation. C) melting. D) vaporization.
A sublimation
Which is NOT a characteristic of bases? A) taste bitter B) turn litmus red C) react with acids to form salts D) produce hydroxide ions when added to water
A taste bitter
Atom economy is A) the calculation of the number of atoms conserved in the desired product rather than in waste. B) counting the atoms in the starting material and product. C) having green by-products. D) having green starting materials.
A the calculation of the number of atoms conserved in the desired product rather than in waste
Critical mass is A) the minimum amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction. B) the maximum amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction. C) the amount of fissionable material that produces the most energy when split. D) the largest amount of fissionable material that can be obtained from isotopic enrichment.
A the minimum amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction
A gas is enclosed in a 15.0 L tank at 600 mm Hg pressure. Which of the following is a reasonable value for the pressure when the gas is pumped into a 3.00 L vessel? A) 1000 mm Hg B) 120 mm Hg C) 3000 mm Hg D) 1200 mm Hg
B 120 mm Hg
A piece of fossilized wood has a carbon-14 radioactivity that is 1/4 that of new wood. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. How old is the cloth? A) 1 × 5730 = 5730 years B) 2 × 5730 = 11,460 years C) 3 × 5730 = 17,190 years D) 0.25 × 5730 = 1432 years
B 2 x 5730 =11460 years
A balloon is inflated outdoors on a cold day in North Dakota at a temperature of -35°C to a volume of 3.0 L. The pressure remains constant. What is the volume of the balloon indoors at a temperature of 25°C? A) 2.4 L B) 3.8 L C) 3.2 L D) 2.1 L
B 3.8 L
Which of the following contains Avogadro's number of atoms? A) 15.5 g of phosphorus B) 39 g of potassium C) 40 g of bromine D) 100 g of mercury
B 39 g of potassium
When 5 liters of hydrogen gas and 2.5 liter of oxygen gas react to form water at a constant temperature and pressure, how many liters of water vapor (steam) will be formed? HINT: write the balanced equation (H2 + O2 makes H2O) A) 2.5 B) 5 C) 3 D) .5
B 5
Calcium reacts with chloride to form A) CaCl. B) CaCl2. C) Ca2Cl. D) Ca2Cl3
B CaCl2
The element with the ground state electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 is A) Ar. B) Cl. C) S. D) Br.
B Cl
Which element is in the fourth period of the periodic table? A) N B) Ni C) Cd D) Si
B Ni
Which of the following postulates of Dalton's atomic theory has been modified in light of later discoveries? A) All matter is made up of very small particles called atoms. B) All atoms of an element are identical. C) Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms. D) Compounds are formed from atoms.
B all atoms of an element are identical
A compound that changes color when it is placed into an acidic or a basic solution is A) amphiprotic. B) an acid-base indicator. C) a buffer. D) protonated.
B an acid-base indicator
One difference between a chemical reaction and a nuclear reaction is that in a nuclear reaction A) atoms retain their identity. B) atoms often change from one element to another. C) only the valence electrons are involved. D) only small amounts of energy are absorbed or emitted.
B atoms often change from one element to another
Liquid hydrogen (H2) is used as one part of the booster fuel in the space shuttle. What type of forces exist between hydrogen molecules in liquid hydrogen? A) hydrogen bonding B) dipole forces C) dispersion forces (London forces) D) ionic bonds
B dipole forces
The name of the compound S2O3 is A) disulfur oxide. B) disulfur trioxide. C) sulfur oxide. D) sulfur trioxide.
B disulfur trioxide
________ is the measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract a shared pair of electrons to itself. A) Ionization B) Electronegativity C) Polarity D) Precipitation
B electronegativity
When barium reacts with iodine, barium ions, Ba2+, and iodide ions, I-, are formed. In this reaction, iodine atoms A) lose electrons. B) gain electrons. C) lose protons. D) gain protons.
B gain electrons
From the periodic table, the number of valence electrons for most of the main group elements may be determined directly from the A) atomic number. B) group number. C) period number. D) nucleon number.
B group number
Atoms that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are A) radioactive. B) isotopes. C) impossible. D) ions.
B isotopes
The total number of each type of atom must be the same on both sides of an equation in order to satisfy the A) Law of Combining Volumes. B) Law of Conservation of Matter. C) Law of Constant Composition. D) Law of Multiple Proportions.
B law of conservation of matter
Hydrogen is a diatomic molecule, H2. The bond holding the hydrogen atoms together is A) ionic. B) nonpolar covalent. C) polar covalent. D) metallic.
B non polar covalent
A lone pair of electrons A) occupies a smaller volume than a bonding pair. B) occupies a larger volume than a bonding pair. C) occupies the same volume as a bonding pair. D) will cause the bond angles to be larger.
B occupies a larger volume than a bonding pair
A one molar solution is a solution that contains one mole of solute in A) one mole of solvent. B) one liter of solution. C) one kilogram of solvent. D) one kilogram of solution.
B one liter of solution
The process by which a solid is converted to a gas is called A) liquefaction. B) vaporization. C) sublimation. D) condensation.
B vaporization
The volume of one mole of krypton at STP is A) 12.4 liters. B) 22.4 liters. C) 12.4 gallons. D) 6.02 × 10^23 liters.
C 12.4 gallons
Which one of the following reactions is NOT balanced? A) 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 B) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 C) 2 KNO3 + 10 K → 5 K2O + N2 D) SF4 + 3 H2O → H2SO3 + 4 HF
C 2 KNO3 + 10 K → 5 K2O + N2
How many electrons are there in a double bond? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6
C 4
For which of the following is hydrogen bonding NOT a factor? A) H2O B) NH3 C) CI4 D) CH3OH
C CI4
Which of the following represents a compound? A) Co B) Mn C) CO2 D) Na
C CO2
The process of beta decay results in what change in the atomic number? A) a decrease of 2 B) a decrease of 1 C) an increase of 1 D) no change
C an increase of 1
Which element is a nonmetal? A) calcium B) magnesium C) chlorine D) chromium
C chlorine
In which group do all atoms have seven valence electrons in the ground state? A) alkali metals B) alkaline earth metals C) halogens D) noble gases
C halogens
A piece of cloth is dated using carbon-14. The cloth is determined to be 1400 years old. The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years. The C-14 radioactivity in the cloth will be ________ the radioactivity in a new cloth. A) greater than B) the same as C) less than D) Radioactivity cannot be predicted from the above information.
C less than
According to the kinetic-molecular theory, gas molecules have A) strong interactions between molecules. B) weak interactions between molecules. C) little distance between molecules. D) less energy than molecules of a solid.
C little distance between molecules
A sodium ion, Na+, has the same electron configuration as a(n) A) sodium atom. B) chlorine atom. C) neon atom. D) argon atom.
C neon atom
Which of these is a chemical change A the hair stylist cuts your hair B bleaching power dissolves in water C silkworms convert mulberry leaves into silk D will is spun into yarn
C silkworms convert mulberry leaves into silk
Which state of matter is characterized by having molecules far apart and moving randomly? A) gas B) liquid C) solid D) all of these
C solid
A chemist dissolves 9 g of NaCl in 225 mL of water. Water is the A) solution. B) solute. C) solvent. D) solubility.
C solvent
Which of the following statements about nuclear power plants is NOT true? A) They generate some of the electricity used in the United States and Europe. B) The uranium fuel used contains about 3% of 235U. C) The uranium fuel used contains over 90% of 235U. D) They generate a considerable amount of radioactive waste.
C the uranium fuel used contains over 90% of 235U
Which of the following properties are NOT a characteristic of ionic compounds? A) They have low boiling points. B) They are composed of a metal and a nonmetal. C) They tend to be solids at room temperature. D) They may be soluble in water.
C they tend to be solids at room temperature
The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called A) group electrons. B) core electrons. C) valence electrons. D) orbital electrons.
C valence electrons
A sample of gas at a temperature of 350 K has a volume of 4.00 L. The pressure remains constant. What is the volume of the gas at a temperature of 175 K? A) 8.00 L B) 6.50 L C) 3.75 L D) 2.00 L
D 2.00 L
A solution contains 20 mL of ethanol in a total volume of 100 mL. The concentration of this solution is A) 2.0 M. B) 2.0 % by mass. C) 20 % by mass. D) 20 % by volume.
D 20% by volume
The amount of a radioactive isotope that remains after two half-lives have passed is A) 98%. B) 75%. C) 50%. D) 25%.
D 25%
Which orbital will have the lowest energy? A) 3d B) 3p C) 4s D) 2p
D 2p
Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of 10 minutes. How much of a 128 mg sample would remain after 20 minutes? A) 0 mg B) 4 mg C) 16 mg D) 32 mg
D 32 mg
The melting point of fluorine, F, is -220°C. What is this temperature on the Kelvin scale? A) 320 K B) 120 K C) 493 K D) 53 K
D 53k
The formula of iron(II) phosphate is A) FePO4. B) Fe2PO4. C) Fe2(PO4)3. D) Fe3(PO4)2.
D Fe3(PO4)2
When radium-223 undergoes alpha decay, what other product is formed? A) radium-219 B) radium-224 C) actinium-224 D) radon-219
D Radon-219
Which of the following ranks the three states of matter from most to least ordered? A) gas > liquid > solid B) gas > solid > liquid C) solid > gas > liquid D) solid > liquid > gas
D Solid > liquid > gas
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of acids? A) taste sour B) turn litmus red C) react with bases to form salts D) All are characteristics of acids.
D all are characteristics of acids
Radioisotopes have been used as tracers in a variety of applications because A) radioactive isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties as nonradioactive isotopes. B) it is easy to follow the movement of a radioactive isotope. C) the decay products are easily detected. D) All of the above are true.
D all of the above are true
in nuclear fusion, A) large unstable nuclei are fused together, and then split with the release of binding energy. B) large, relatively unstable, nuclei are split releasing binding energy. C) small, relatively stable, nuclei are split releasing binding energy. D) smaller, relatively stable, nuclei are forced together to create a larger nucleus with the release of binding energy.
D all of the above are true
Alpha particles can be stopped by a A) sheet of paper. B) block of wood. C) thin sheet of aluminum. D) all of these
D all of these
The name of the compound with the formula AlCl3 is A) aluminum(III) chloride. B) aluminum trichloride. C) monoaluminum trichlorine. D) aluminum chloride.
D aluminum chloride
An anion is A) an element that has lost protons. B) an element that has gained protons. C) an element that has lost electrons. D) an element that have gained electrons.
D an element that have gained electrons
Which of the following pairs is isoelectronic? A) Ar and Ne B) Ar and Na+ C) Ar and F- D) Ar and S2-
D ar and S2-
With the discovery of nuclear reactions, and particularly transmutation, which postulates of Dalton's atomic theory must be modified? A) Matter is composed of atoms. B) Atoms of the same element are the same; atoms of different elements are different. C) Atoms combine with other atoms in fixed, whole number ratios. D) Atoms may not be changed into other atoms.
D atoms may not be changed into other atoms
What is the name of the compound with the formula CF4? A) carbon fluoride B) carbon(IV) fluoride C) fluorine carbonide D) carbon tetrafluoride
D carbon tetrafluoride
Which element is a very good conductor of electricity? A) oxygen B) bromine C) selenium D) gold
D gold
A hydrogen ion, H+, is the same as a(n) A) hydronium ion. B) proton. C) electron. D) hydrate.
D hydrate
Kim Chemist proposes that increasing the proportion of butadiene in her glue formulation will make the glue stickier. Her proposal is called a(n) A theory B experiment C law D hypothesis
D hypothesis
When atoms lose or gain electrons in chemical reactions they form A) new atoms. B) noble gases. C) nucleons. D) ions.
D ions
Molasses is a by-product of the refining of sugar from sugar cane. The specific composition of molasses varies depending upon the source of the sugar cane. Which one of the following is the best classification of molasses? A) pure substance B) element C) compound D) mixture
D mixture
Covalent bonds generally form between A) ions. B) metals. C) metals and nonmetals. D) nonmetals.
D nonmetals
The inertness of the noble gases is due to A) the outermost shell has six electrons. B) the number of protons and neutrons. C) the bonds they form with other elements. D) the outermost shell has an octet of electrons, except for helium which has two electrons.
D the outermost shell has an octet of electrons except for helium which has two electrons
The temperature at which a liquid boils is the boiling point of the liquid. The boiling point is an indication of the intermolecular forces that hold the matter in the liquid state. Water, H2O, boils at 100°C. Ethanol, C2H6O boils at 78°C. Ammonia, NH3, boils at -33°C. Which one of the following ranks the intermolecular forces in these liquids from the strongest to the weakest? A) Water > Ammonia > Ethanol B) Ammonia > Ethanol > Water C) Ethanol > Water > Ammonia D) Water > Ethanol > Ammonia
D water> ethanol> ammonia
The symbol for the prefix micro is ________. A) M B) m C) mm D) μ
D μ
A d sublevel can hold a maximum of A) 2 electrons. B) 6 electrons. C) 10 electrons. D) 14 electrons.
c 10 electrons
Refined white table sugar is usually derived from either sugar cane or sugar beets. Irrespective of the source of table sugar, after refining it always has the same composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sugar is best classified as which one of the following? A) ideal mixture B) element C) compound D) mixture
c compound
The lines in an atomic line emission spectrum are due to A) nuclear transitions in atoms. B) movement of electrons from lower energy states to higher energy states in atoms. C) movement of electrons from higher energy states to lower energy states in atoms. D) the presence of isotopes.
c movement of electrons from high energy states to lower
comment on three peacetime uses of nuclear energy
nuclear power plants are used to generate energy medical uses include diagnostic tests, imaging, and radiation of tumors and cancer cells radioisotopes are used as tracers in biological expiriments food can be irritated to kill microorganisms
