Chemistry 110 - Chapter 4

Which of the following solutes will dissolve in water? Why? 1) Na2SO4 2) gasoline 3) I2 4) HCl

1) Na2SO4 Yes, polar (ionic) 2) gasoline No, nonpolar 3) I2 No, nonpolar 4) HCl Yes, polar

What are the 6 rules for assigning oxidation numbers?

1. Elements: The oxidation number of an atom in an element is zero. 2. Monatomic ions: The oxidation number of an atom in a monatomic ion equals the charge on the ion. 3. Oxygen: The oxidation number of oxygen is −2 in most of its compounds. (An exception is O in H2O2 and other peroxides, where the oxidation number is −1.) 4. Hydrogen: The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 in most of its compounds. (The oxidation number of hydrogen is −1 in binary compounds with a metal such as CaH2.) 5. Halogens: The oxidation number of fluorine is −1. Each of the other halogens (Cl, Br, I) has an oxidation number of −1 in binary compounds, except when the other element is another halogen above it in the periodic table or the other element is oxygen. 6. Compounds and ions: The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a compound is zero. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the charge on the ion.

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions?

1. Precipitation reactions: a solid ionic substance forms from the mixture of two solutions of ionic substances. 2. Acid-base reactions: reactions that involve the transfer of a proton (H+) between reactants. 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions: reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.

What are the 3 steps to predicting precipitation reactions

1. Predict the products 2. Determine the state of each product: S, I, G, aq) 3. If all products are aqueous, no net reaction occured.

What are the 4 steps to writing a net ionic equation?

1. Write a balanced molecular equation. 2. Dissociate all strong electrolytes. 3. Cross out anything that remains unchanged from the left side to the right side of the equation. 4. Write the net ionic equation with the species that remain.

What are the 8 solubility rules?

1.Group IA and ammonium compounds are soluble. 2.Acetates and nitrates are soluble. 3.Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble. Exceptions:AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2;AgBr, HgBr2, Hg2Br2, PbBr2, AgI, HgI2, Hg2I2, PbI2 4. Most sulfates are soluble. Exceptions:CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4, PbSO4. 5.Most carbonates are insoluble. Exceptions:Group IA carbonates and (NH4)2CO3 6.Most phosphates are insoluble. Exceptions:Group IA phosphates and (NH4)3PO4 7.Most sulfides are insoluble. Exceptions:Group IA sulfides and (NH4)2S 8.Most hydroxides are insoluble. Exceptions: Group IA hydroxides, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

What makes a strong base a strong base? give 6 examples

A base that ionizes completely in water. It is present entirely as ions; it is a strong electrolyte. LiOH NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2 SR(OH)2 Ba(OH)2

What makes a weak base a weak base?

A base that is only partly ionized in water. It is present primarily as molecules and partly as ions; it is a weak electrolyte. These are often nitrogen bases such as NH3:

What is a nonelectrolyte (Definition)?

A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions when it does so.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A reaction of an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound (a salt) and possibly water.

When does reduction occur?

A reduction occurs when an atom or ion gains electrons.

What does a strong electrolyte do when dissolved in water?

A strong electrolyte dissociates completely when dissolved in water.

What is an arrehenius acid?

A substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when it dissolves in water.

What is an arrhenius base?

A substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH−, when it dissolves in water.

What does a weak electrolyte do when dissolved in water?

A weak electrolyte only dissociates partially when dissolved in water.

Review oxidation reduction reactions with vinay also ask vinay about determining molar ratios while looking at balanced equations... Ie, do we look at product or reactant side to determine ratio? Review slide 46 with jake Ask Vinay to review chapter 4 slide 70 with you. ask vinay how to determine charge of compounds other than just wrote memorization.. Ie.) Charge of H2SO4 Review slide 72 with vinay Review slide 73 with vinay Review polar solution question early in Q-cards Review slide 56 with jake Review slide 60 with jake, how to identify if reactions are reversable.

ADD THIS TO YOUR TO DO LIST

What is an acetate?

An acetate /ˈæsɪteɪt/ is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid C2H3O2 - with an alkaline, earthy, or metallic base. "Acetate"

What makes a strong acid a strong acid? Give 6 examples of a strong acid.

An acid that ionizes completely in water. It is present entirely as ions; it is a strong electrolyte. HNO3 HCL H2SO4 HCIO4 HI HBr

What makes a weak acid a weak acid

An acid that only partly ionizes in water. It is present primarily as molecules and partly as ions.

What is an electrolyte (Definition)?

An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

When does oxidation occur?

An oxidation occurs when an atom or ion loses electrons.

What is a carbonate?

Definition: Carbonate is an ion consisting of one carbon and three oxygen atoms. The molecular formula for the carbonate ion is CO32-.

In aqueous solutions (aq).... What is the solvent? What is the solute?

In aqueous solutions (aq) *solvent is water *solute can be ionic compounds, aqueous acids, bases, or molecular compounds

What occurs during displacement reactions?

In displacement reactions, ions oxidize an element. The ions, then, are reduced.

What is done in the ionic equation? Why?

In the ionic equation all strong electrolytes (strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic salts) are dissociated into their ions. This more accurately reflects the species that are found in the reaction mixture:

What does "metathesis" mean?

Metathesis comes from a Greek word that means "to transpose." It appears as though the ions in the reactant compounds exchange, or transpose, ions:

What are the 7 strong acids?

Refer to attached image

What are the 8 strong bases? What are there groups?

Refer to attached image

What are the four species?

Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous

Describe the 3 electrolytic behaviors... Answer the following for each... Are they ionic? What type of molecule is it?

Soluble ionic compounds tend to be electrolytes... Molecular compounds tend to be nonelectrolytes, except for acids and bases... Refer to attached diagram..

What are solutions defined as? What is the solvent? What is the solute?

Solutions are defined as homogenous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is present in greatest abundance. All other substances are solutes.

What are the 3 strong electrolytes (general)

Strong acids Strong bases Soluble ionic salts

What 3 acid base reactions produce gas? Solve the following questions (Review attached photo).

Sulfides, carbonates, sulfites react with acid to form a gas.

What does the molecular equation do?

The molecular equation lists the reactants and products in their molecular form:

What is a Brønsted-Lowry Base

The species (molecule or ion) that accepts a proton from another species in a proton−transfer reaction.

What is a Brønsted-Lowry Acid

The species (molecule or ion) that donates a proton to another species in a proton−transfer reaction.

What are spectator ions?

Those things that didn't change (and were deleted from the net ionic equation) are called spectator ions:

How do you create a solution of a known molarity?

To create a solution of a known molarity, one weighs out a known mass (and, therefore, number of moles) of the solute. The solute is added to a volumetric flask, and solvent is added to the line on the neck of the flask.

How do we determine if an oxidation reduction reaction has occured?

To determine if an oxidation-reduction reaction has occurred, we assign an oxidation number to each element in a neutral compound or charged entity.

How do you form the net ionic equation?

To form the net ionic equation, cross out anything that does not change from the left side of the equation to the right:

How can you dilute a more concentrated solution? Which equation would you use to determine the molarity of the new solution?

Using a pipet to deliver a volume of the solution to a new volumetric flask, and Adding solvent to the line on the neck of the new flask. Mc x Vc = Md x Vd, where Mc and Md are the molarity of the concentrated and dilute solutions, respectively, and Vc and Vd are the volumes of the two solutions.

What is the most common solvent?

Water is one of the most common solvent It's a polar molecule

What is dissociation? Describe the 3 steps of dissociation.

When an ionic substance dissolves in water, the solvent pulls the individual ions from the crystal and solvates them. This process is called dissociation. 1. Water molecules separate Na+ and Cl- ions from solid NaCl 2. H2O molecules surround Na+ and Cl- ions 3. Na+ and Cl- ions disperse throughout solution.

What is a nitrate?

a salt or ester of nitric acid, containing the anion NO3− or the group —NO3.

What is a phosphate?

a salt or ester of phosphoric acid, containing PO43− or a related anion or a group such as —OPO(OH)2.

Classify the following as strong or weak acids or bases: a. KOH b. H2S c. CH3NH2 d. HClO4

a. KOH is a strong base. b. H2S is a weak acid. c. CH3NH2 is a weak base. d. HClO4 is a strong acid.

What is an ammonium compound?

t's a compound ion, with composition H 4 N +