Chemistry Chapter 1
Identify the isotope that has atoms with (a) 63 neutrons, 48 protons, and 48 electrons; (b) 46 neutrons, 36 protons, and 36 electrons; (c) 6 neutrons, 5 protons, and 5 electrons.
a. ^111Cd b. ^82Kr c. ^11Br
Explain difference between a law and a theory.
A law is a statement about a basic relationship in nature for which there are no known expectations. Theories are tested explanations or formal explanations of a law.
See textbook for 1.5 and 1.6
book
List the names, chemical symbols, and atomic numbers of the alkali metals. Describe their reactions with water.
lithium, Li, 3; sodium, Na, 11; potassium, K, 19; rubidium, Rb, 37; cesium, Cs, 55; francium, Fr, 87. The alkali metals react vigorously with water to form a basic solution and hydrogen gas.
Rank the following according to increasing credibility among scientists and explain your reasoning: (a) theory; (b) premonition; (c) hypothesis.
theory, hypothesis, premonition
Bergamol contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 6:10:1. Its molecules each have 2 oxygen atoms. Write the chemical formula.
C12H20O2
Melamine contains carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the ratio 1:2:2. Its molecules each have 3 carbon atoms. Write the chemical formula.
C3H6N6
Name the elements (a) P; (b) Sb; (c) Fe; (d) Ag. Give their group numbers in the periodic table and identify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or a metalloid.
a. Phosphorous, group 15, nonmetal b. Antimony, group 15, metal c. Iron, group 8, metal d. Silver, group , metal
Write the symbol of the isotopic ion that has a. 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons; b. 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons; c. 52 protons, 76 neutrons, and 54 electrons; d. 37 protons, 49 neutrons, and 36 electrons.
a. 19F- b. 24M2+ c. 128Te2- d. 86Rb+
Give the chemical symbol and atomic number of (a) arsenic; (b) sulfur; (c) palladium; (d) gold
a. As, 33 b. S, 16 c. Pd, 46 d. Au, 79
Give the chemical symbol and atomic number of (a) bromine; (b) barium; (c) bismuth; (d) boron
a. Br, 35 b. Ba, 56 c. Bi, 83 d. B, 5
Write the chemical symbol of (a) carbon; (b) zinc; (c) barium; (d) germanium. Classify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. C, nonmetal b. Zn, metal c. Ba, metal d.
Write the chemical symbol of (a) chlorine; (b) cobalt; (c) arsenic. Classify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. Cl, nonmetal b. Co, metal c. As, metalloid
What characteristics do carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 atoms have in common? In what ways are they different?
a. Each isotope has 6 protons and 6 electrons b. Each isotope has a different number of neutrons
What characteristics do argon-40, potassium-40, and calcium-40 have in common? In what ways are they different?
a. Each isotope has the same number of neutrons b. Each isotope has a different number of protons and electrons and are different elements
Who proposed the existence of a nucleus in an atom? What experimental evidence motivated the proposal?
a. Ernest Rutherford b. Platinum foil experiment, some particles deflected more than 90 degrees and few particles bounced straight back in the direction that they came from
Write the chemical symbol of (a) iodine; (b) chromium; (c) mercury; (d) aluminum. Classify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. I, nonmetal b. Cr, metal c. Hg, metal d. Al, metal
Write the chemical symbol of (a) neon; (b) bismuth; (c) tungsten. Classify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. Ne, nonmetal b. Bi, metal c. W, metal
What is the charge and mass of the particle in cathode rays? Who first determined the charge of the electron?
a. Negatively charged particles. (came from inside the atoms that made up one of the electrodes) Mass=9.109 X 10^-28g b. J.J Thompson
Name the ions a. PO4-; b. SO4^2-; c. N^3-; d. SO3^2-; e. IO2^-; f. BrO^-.
a. Phosphate ion b. sulfate ion c. nitride ion d. sulfite ion e. iodite ion f. iodide ion
Identify the isotope that has atoms with (a) 78 neutrons, 52 protons, and 52 electrons; (b) 108 neutrons, 73 protons, and 73 electrons; (c) 32 neutrons, 28 protons, and 28 electrons.
a. ^130 Te b. ^181 Ta c. ^60 Ni
State whether each of the following is more likely to form a cation or an anion and write the formula for that ion: a. sulfur; b. potassium; c. strontium; d. chlorine.
a. anion, S^2- b. cation, K^+ c. cation, Sr^2+ d. anion, Cl^-
Name the ions a. Cl-; b. O^2-; c. C^4-; d. P^3-
a. chloride ion b. oxide ion c. carbide ion d. phosphide ion
Name the elements (a) Li; (b) Ga; (c) Xe; (d) K. Give their group numbers in the periodic table and identify each one as a metal, nonmetal, or a metalloid.
a. lithium, group 1, metal b. gallium, group 13, metal c. xenon, group 18, nonmetal d. potassium, group 1, metal
In the following list of element names and their corresponding symbols, mistakes have have been made. Correct any name or symbol that is in error. (a) krypton, Kr; (b) molybdenum, M; (c) ytrium, Y; (d) strontium, St.
a. no error b. molybdenum, Mo c. yttrium, Y d. strontium, Sr
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are present in a. 2H+; b. 9Be2+; c. 80Br-; d. 32S2-
a. p=1, n=1, e=0 b. p=35, n=45, e=36 c. p=4, n=5, e=2 d. p=16, n=16, e=18
State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of (a) tritium, ^3H; (b) ^60Co; (c) oxygen-16; (d) ^204 Pb
a. p=1, n=2, e=1 b. p=27, n=33 ,e=27 c. p=8, n=8 ,e=8 d. p=84, n=120 , e=84
State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of (a) carbon-13; (b) ^37Cl; (c) chlorine-35; (d) ^235U
a. p=6, n=7, e=6 b. p=17, n=20, e=17 c. p=17, n=18, e=17 d. p=92, n=143, e=92
In the following list of element names and their corresponding symbols, mistakes may have been made. Correct any name or symbol that is in error: (a) radon, Rd; (b) galium, Ga; (c) chromium, Ch; (d) boron, Bo.
a. radon, Rn b. Gallium, Ga c. chromium, Cr d. boron, B
List the names, chemical symbols, and atomic numbers of the halogens. Identify the normal physical state of each.
fluorine (F) 9, chlorine (Cl) 17, bromine (Br) 35, iodine (I) 53, and astatine (At) 85. Fluorine and chlorine gasses, bromine liquid, and bromine, iodine and astatine are solids.