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What is the Lewis symbol for As3−?

"As" with eight dots/eight valence electrons

Resultant movement of ribs 7-10?

"Bucket Handle" increases laterally and supeiorly

Resultant movement of ribs 11 and 12?

"Caliper" increases laterally

Resultant movement of ribs 1-6?

"pump handle" increases A to P

What is the chemical formula of the ionic compound ammonium phosphate?

(NH3)3PO4 Ammonium is a polyatomic ion with 1+ charge, and phosphate is a polyatomic ion with 3− charge. Putting these ions together gives the formula (NH4)3PO4, which is named ammonium phosphate.

Ammonium nitride is formed from the NH+4 cation and the N3− anion. What is the correct formula for this compound?

(NH4)3N An ionic compound must be electrically neutral, so it must have the same number of positive and negative charges. Three ammonium ions, each with a charge of 1+, would give us three positive charges, while one nitride ion, with a charge of 3−, would give us three negative charges. Therefore, the formula is three ammonium ions to one nitride ion: (NH4)3N.

If a nitrogen atom has four covalent bonds, what will be its formal charge?

functional vs. structural scoliosis

- functional: flexible deviation that corrects by bending - structural: permanent, hereditary deviation

greater than 90 less than 90 ex: serratus anterior

- if the line of pull at the angle is _____ than 90 degrees that muscle causes action at the joint - if the line of pull at the angle is _____ than 90 degrees that muscle causes stabilization through ROM Ex: the ______ can stabilize and mobilize the joint

Determine Covalent Bond Strength Question H2 (g) + C2H4 (g) -> C2H6 (g) BE(C-H)-413 k] BE(H-H) 43...

-124 kj The enthalpy of the reaction is given by HH= Sum of bonds broken− Sum of bonds formed=[(H-H)+4(C-H)+(C=C)]−[6(C-H)+ (C-C)]=[436+4(413)+614]−[6(413)+348]=−124 kJ Notice that the number of bonds (used as a coefficient) is an exact value, so it does not constrain the number of significant figures. FEEDBACK

what is the negative pressure of the glenohumeral joint?

-42 cm H2O

N2(g)+3H2(g)⟶2NH3(g)Bond energy of(N≡N)=941 kJBond energy of(H−H)=436 kJBond energy of(N−H)=391 kJ

-97 KJ Before solving this problem, be sure to draw out the structures of N2, H2 and NH3. Doing this, you should find that this reaction involves the dissociation of a N≡N bond and three H−H bonds (one in each H2 molecule), as well as the formation of six N−H bonds (three in each molecule of NH3). The enthalpy of the reaction is given by the following: ΔHΔHΔHΔH=∑Dbonds broken−∑Dbonds formed=[(N≡N)+3(H−H)]−6(N−H)=941 kJ+(3×436 kJ)−(6×391 kJ)=−97 kJ Notice that the number of bonds (used as a coefficient) is an exact value, so it does not constrain the number of significant figures.

scientific method in the correct order

-Curiosity leads to observations -Hypothesis is created -Experiment is performed and results are consistent with prediction -Additional testing is conducted and it supports hypothesis -Hypothesis becomes theory

Which of the following are true about electronegativity?

-Electronegativity generally increases as you move across the groups in a period (from left to right) on the periodic table. -Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of a bonded atom to attract electrons towards itself -Atoms with higher electronegativity have a stonger attraction to the electrons in their bonds.

Which of the following will participate in dipole-dipole interactions? C2H6 CO2 H2O H2

-H2O Dipole-dipole attraction is the electrostatic force between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another, and water is the only polar molecule of these choices.

ICl is a polar molecule and Br2 is a non-polar molecule. Which molecule will have a higher boiling point?

-ICl ICl and Br2 have similar masses (∼160 amu) and the same shape (they are both linear molecules). Therefore, these molecules experience similar London dispersion forces. However, ICl is polar and thus also exhibits dipole-dipole attractions, while Br2 is nonpolar and does not. The relatively strong dipole-dipole attractions require more energy to overcome than London dispersion forces, so ICl will have the higher boiling point.

Which of the following is a step in creating a Lewis structure?

-Place all remaining electrons on the central atom. -Draw a skeleton structure of the molecule around the central atom. -Rearrange electrons of the outer atoms to make multiple bonds with the central atom.

What are intermolecular forces?

-The chemical bonds within molecules (ionic, covalent) - attractive forces between molecules and icons

One cast iron pan has a mass of 2.26kg and a second cast iron pan has a mass of 3.54kg. Which of the following statements are true? (select all that apply)

-The two pans will have the same specific heat capacity. -The heat capacity of the larger pan will be greater than the heat capacity of the smaller pan.

What is being illustrated by the dotted lines in the following image?

-This illustrates the electrostatic attraction between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another. Dipole-dipole attraction occurs between partially positive ends of one polar molecule and partially negative ends of another. They are a form of electrostatic attraction like ion-ion attraction, but generally much weaker than those found in ions. Dipole-dipole interactions can be instantaneously attractive or repulsive depending on the orientations of the dipoles, but average out to an attractive effect because the orientations favor the attractive arrangements illustrated in the figure.

What is the VSEPR theory?

-Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion -Model developed to predict the shape of molecules

A student wants to crush a can and needs to double the pressure they are applying to the can. Which action can they take to accomplish this?

-double the force applied and keep the area the same -keep the force the same and decrease the area by 1/2

Which of the following is true regarding diffusion? (select all that apply)

-during diffusion, particles move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration -surface area and distance traveled affect the rate of diffusion -diffusion is the process in which molecules disperse in space due to differences in concentration Diffusion is the process by which molecules disperse in space in response to differences in concentration. Molecules move from regions of higher concentration to those of lower concentration, with lighter gases moving faster than heavier gases. The diffusion rate depends on several factors: the concentration gradient (the increase or decrease in concentration from one point to another), the amount of surface area available for diffusion, and the distance the gas particles must travel.

Hydrogen bonding results in:

-higher boiling points Hydrogen bonding increases a substance's boiling point, melting point, and heat of vaporization. These are all due to the strong intermolecular forces present in such a substance, making the molecules harder to separate.

Which of the below factors contribute to making hydrogen bonds so strong? highly concentrated partial charges large differences in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond strong dispersion forces small size of the atoms

-highly concentrated partial charges -large differences in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond -small size of the atoms The very large difference in electronegativity between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for F, 3.5 for O, or 3.0 for N), combined with the very small size of a hydrogen atom and the relatively small sizes of fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms, lead to areas of highly concentrated partial charge on these atoms. All of these factors create strong hydrogen bonds.

Mean free path increases with:

-increasing temperature -decreasing pressure

Which of the following would result in stronger dispersion forces?

-large and heavy molecules -molecules with higher polarizability In larger and heavier molecules, valence electrons are farther away from the nuclei and can more easily form temporary dipoles. Polarizability is a measure of how easy it is for another electrostatic charge to distort a molecule's charge distribution. If a molecule is polarizable, it is easily distorted and will have large dispersion forces.

A chef is having trouble cutting a large steak. Which of the following actions could the chef take to help cut the steak (increase the pressure)?

-sharpen his knife to make the blade of the knife thinner and decrease the surface area -increase the force of his cut

The ideal gas law makes which of the following assumptions?

-the gas particles are constantly in random motion and have no volume -particles do not interact The ideal gas law assumes that particles are infinitely small points in constant, random motion. It does not consider the identity of the gas (whether a noble gas, a diatomic gaseous element like nitrogen, or a gaseous molecule like carbon monoxide) to affect its behavior at all. It also ignores any interactions of these particles, and assumes that they engage in perfectly elastic collisions.

We can predict the number of bonds an atom can form by counting when?

-the number of additional electrons needed to form an octet -the number of valence electrons

The electron pair geometry is the same as the molecular structure when there is/are _______ lone pair(s) around the central atom.

What value for bond order tells us that a bond will not form?

0 A bond order of zero means that zero bonds will form between the atoms.

what is the ROM for upper extremity elevation?

0-180

What is the range for normal extension(Or hyperextension)?

0-60/80 degrees

How many moles are in 2.3 g of phosphorus? Your answer should have two significant figures.

0.074 mol To calculate the number of moles in 2.3g of phosphorus, divide this mass by the molar mass as follows. 2.3g×1mol/30.974g=0.0743mol Therefore, after rounding to two significant figures, we find that there are about 0.074mol of phosphorus in a 2.3g sample

Draw the Lewis structure for SeO2 (selenium dioxide). How many equivalent resonance structures can be drawn that obey the octet rule?

How many lone pairs must an atom possess to have trigonal pyramidal molecular structure?

Typically an oxygen atom with ____ covalent bond will have a formal charge of −1.

1 If oxygen has one bond and three lone pairs, that would cause a formal negative charge. For example, consider the Lewis structure for the hydroxide anion. [⋅⋅O⋅⋅⋅⋅−H]−−10 Here, oxygen has one bond and three lone pairs. Therefore, the oxygen atom "has control" of 7 electrons, (6 electrons from the three lone pairs and 1 from the O−H bond) and so oxygen has a formal charge of −1.

How many filled molecular orbitals are present in the molecular orbital diagram for H2?

1 Molecular hydrogen consists of two hydrogen atoms, each containing 1 electron in a 1s atomic orbital. Therefore, the molecular orbital diagram for H2 will have 2 electrons, both of which are placed in the lowest energy sigma bonding molecular orbital.

How many electrons does hydrogen need to gain to fill its valence shell?

1 The outermost shell (and, in fact, the only valence shell) of hydrogen is n=1, which can only hold two electrons. So hydrogen needs to gain 1 electron to fill its outermost shell.

The octet rule determines that fluorine will tend to make ____ bond(s).

1 With three lone pairs and one unpaired electron, fluorine will gain an octet by making one covalent bond.

On the resonance hybrid for NO−2, in between the nitrogen atom and each oxygen atom there is:

1 covalent and one partial bond

A liter is equivalent to:

1 dm^3

T10 Spinous process in relation to Transverse Process

1 full segment below

how many vertebrae do T1, T11, and T12 individually articulate with?

1 vertebrae

Kimetic molecular theory POSTULATES

1) Gases are comprised of molecules in continuous motion that are traveling in straight lines, changing directions only when they collide with each other or the sides of the container. 2) The molecules of themselves have negligible volume 3) The pressure that a gas exerts is a result of the gas particles colliding with the container (aka pressure). 4) Gas particles do not interact with one another, their collisions are elastic (ocurring with no loss of kinetic energy). 5) The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional to the temperature of the gas in Kelvin.

the interosseous membrane is the ________, distributes ___, and has ___ ____

1) connective tissue between radius and ulna 2) pressure 3) muscular attachment

the three articulations of the elbow joint are...

1) humerus and ulna 2) humerus and radius 3) ulna and radius

what ribs articulate with the sternum

1-7

6 principles of shoulder abduction

1. 180 degrees of shoulder abduction from simultaneous 120 degrees GH abduction and 60 degrees ST upward rotation 2. scapula upward rotation from SC elevation and AC joint upward rotation 3. clavicle retraction at the SC joint 4. scapula posterior tilt and external rotation 5. clavicle posterior rotation (on its own axis) 6. glenohumeral joint external rotation

Dalton believed

1. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike 2. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed

Rules of binary acid nomenclature:

1. The word "hydrogen" is changed to the prefix hydro- 2. The other nonmetallic element name is modified by adding the suffix -ic 3. The word "acid" is added as a second word.

What are the 5 available motions of the scapula on the thorax?

1. elevation/depression 2. Protraction/retraction 3. upward/downward rotation 4. anterior/posterior tilting 5. medial/lateral rotation

what are the two types of translatory motion at the scapularthoracic junction?

1. elevation/depression 2. protraction/ retraction(abd/add)

what are the 3 mechanical purposes of the scapulohumeral rhythm?

1. increase elevation ROM 2. inferior stability of GH joint 3. maintain optimum length tension relationship for scapulohumeral musculature

What are the two reasons UE elevation requires ER?

1. prevent impoingement of the greater tuberosity on the acromion 2. to provide a greater surface area for humeral head articulation

what are the three rotary motions at the scapulothoracic junction?

1. upward/downward rotation 2. anterior/posterior tilting 3. medial/lateral rotation

How many molecules are in 3 moles of benzene?

1.807x 10^24. Since a mole is a fixed amount, simply multiply the number of molecules in a mole, 6.022×1023, by the number of moles, 3, in order to determine the number of molecules in 3 moles.

The KMT addresses the origin of gas pressure, the relationship between the temperature and kinetic energy of a gas, and the attraction among gas particles:

1.Gases are composed of molecules that are in continuous motion, traveling in straight lines and changing direction only when they collide with other molecules or with the walls of a container. 2.The molecules composing the gas are negligibly small compared to the distances between them. 3.The pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls. 4.Gas molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forces on each other or the container walls; therefore, their collisions are elastic (do not involve a loss of energy). 5.The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas.

T11 Spinous process in relation to Transverse process

1/2 a segment below

what is the max amount of contact the humeral head has with the glenoid?

1/3

A tetrahedral molecule will have what degree angles?

109.5

What will be the mass of one mole of carbon atoms?

12 g

A graduated cylinder initially contains 48.6 mL water. When a piece of jewelry is submerged in the graduated cylinder, the total volume increases to 61.2 mL . What is the volume of the piece of jewelry?

12.6 cm^3

A trigonal planar molecule will have bond angels of what degree?

120

at _____________ degrees of shoulder flexion the scapula will begin to move

120

what is the max range for humerus elevation?

120 degrees

Phase 2b elevation

120-end range ICR fully at AC joint Scapular upward rotation, being coupled with anterior tilting causes depression of the corocoid process, this depression tension loads coracoclavicular ligaments Conoid ligament will be tension loaded causing a posterior roll of the clavicle

humeral head angle of inclination is.......

130-150 degrees

Air pressure at sea level is equal to:

14.7 psi

flexion/extension of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

145-150 degrees

what are the values for SC joint retraction and protraction?

15 degrees for both

A linear molecule will have what degree of bond angles?

180

A molecule with two electron domains will display bond angles of how many degrees?

180

What is the electronic structure of V2+?

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d3 Vanadium's electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3. Vanadium is a d-block transition metal, therefore we remove the two valence electrons from the 4s subshell to form vanadium(II), giving us 1s22s22p63s23p63d3. Alternatively, this can be written using the symbol [Ar] to represent the noble gas core; [Ar]3d3.

Determine the electron configuration of the sulfur ion (S−2).

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 Sulfur has a configuration of 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4 which means it's 2 away from having a noble gas configuration (its charge is −2) so the ion's configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6. Alternatively, this can be written as [Ne]3s23p6 or [Ar].

What is the abbreviated electron configuration of Mn2+?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5

According to the Aufbau rule, what is the electron configuration of iron?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^6

Which would be an invalid listing within an electron configuration?

1s^3

A molecule with square planar geometry but with six electron regions has ______ lone pairs.

Grade ___ sprain or higher will create an elevation of the clavicle at the AC joint

How many bonds would oxygen need to form to obtain an octet?

A molecule with square planar geometry but with six electron regions has ______ lone pairs. Report your answer as an integer (whole number) and do not include decimal places. Do not include units in your response.

2 A molecule with square planar geometry but with six electron regions has two lone pairs. Square planar molecular structure accounts for four bonding pairs. If there are six total electron dense regions, and four are taken up by those bonding pairs, then the remaining two will be lone pairs. These lone pairs will occupy the positions that are opposite from one another in order to accommodate the greater repulsion, giving rise to the square planar geometry.

For a diatomic molecule, how many molecular orbitals will have an n value of 1?

2 For a diatomic molecule there will be a σ1s bonding orbital and a σ∗1s antibonding orbital.

What is the total number of electrons an atom of hydrogen can have in its valence shell?

2 Hydrogen has an outermost shell of n=1, which can only hold two electrons.

A chemical symbol will most often have how many letters?

2 There can be one or two letters in a chemical symbol. Looking at the periodic table, we see that most symbols have two letters.

what forms the T2-T8 facets?

2 concave demifacets on inferior body of 1st vertebrae and on the superior body of the vertebrae below it

why do lower thoracic have increased flexion/extension?

2 degrees of freedom because facets are like lumbar in the sagittal plane

What should the distance between the root of the spine of the scapula and T3 be in static posture?

2 inches

as the elbow flexes past __ degrees, stability decreases

20 degrees

in terms of the transverse plane static posture, what is the clavicular retraction angle?

20 degrees

the degree total gliding and rotational movement of the acromioclavicular ligament is..

20-30 degrees (often known as separated shoulder)

How many bones are in the wrist and hand?

Scapular motion in overhead reach

2:1 ratio after 30 degrees

How many bonds would nitrogen need to form to obtain an octet?

What is the coefficient for O2 in the balanced version of the following chemical equation: C2H4+O2→CO2+H2O

A molecule with linear geometry but five electron regions has ______ lone pairs.

3 A molecule with linear geometry but five electron regions has three lone pairs. Linear geometry accounts for two bonding pairs. If there are five total electron dense regions and two are taken up by bonding pairs, then the remaining three must be by lone pairs

What is the maximum bond order that is possible for a bond between elements in the second row of the periodic table?v

3 No element in the second row can form more than a triple bond.

anterior fibers: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, internal rotation middle fibers: abduction post. fibers: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, external rotation

3 deltoid fibers actions:

how many degrees of freedom for thoracic vertebrae?

3 flexion/extension/sidebening

If a muscle originates at the scapula and inserts into the radius it will act on?

3 joints are acted on(if a muscle originates at the ___ and inserts at ___)

What is the charge of a yttrium cation?

3+ Yttrium has three valence electrons, and it will typically lose all three to become the 3+ ion.

(Controversial) what should the upward scapular rotation be at rest?

3-5 degrees

How many total atoms are present in 32.8 grams of Cu2S?

3.72×10^23 First, use the molar mass of Cu2S and Avogadro's number to determine the number of formula units. 32.8 g×1 molCu2S/159.16 g×6.022×1023 formula units/1 mol=1.24×10^23 formula units Note that we are asked for the total number of atoms, not the number of formula units. Cu2S is an ionic compound with 3 atoms in each formula unit. Therefore, multiply the number of formula units by 3 to find the total number of atoms in the sample. 1.24×10^23 formula units×3 atoms/formula unit of Cu2S=3.72×10^23

What is the average mass in grams of one uranium atom (U)?

3.953 × 10^-22

normal Cervical lordosis angle

30-35 degrees

what is the max rotation for SC joint anterior and posterior rotation?

30-55 degrees

Phase 1B elevation

30-90 degrees of scaption 60-90 for flexion Scapula is upwardly rotating ICR at root of the scapular spine to the SC Joint acromion elevation will elevate outer clavicle

How many electrons will be shown on the molecular orbital diagram for O2?

32 We must show the eight electrons for each oxygen atom in the atomic orbitals to the sides, as well as all sixteen electrons again in the molecular orbitals that are generated.

How many grams of helium are in a balloon with 8.40 mol of helium atoms?

33.6 g

What is the formula mass in atomic mass units, for Al2(SO4)3?

342.14 amu

Aluminum hydroxide is insoluble in water, but can be dissolved by hydrochloric acid in an acid-base reaction. What is the complete ionic equation of this reaction? Include any charges.

3H+(aq) + 3CL-(aq) + Al(OH)3(s) -> 3H2O(l) + Al3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)

According to VSEPR theory, electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form __________.

Four atomic orbitals will combine to give how many hybrid orbitals?

How many molecular geometries are possible for a compound that has a central atom with five regions of electron density (trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry)?

4 The molecular geometry of a compound with trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry is dependent on the number of lone pairs on the central atom. If all five regions of electron density are bonding pairs, then the molecular geometry is the same as the electron pair geometry, trigonal bipyramidal. If there is only one lone pair and four bonding pairs, the compound will have a see-saw molecular geometry. If there are two lone pairs and three bonding pairs, the compound will have a t-shaped molecular geometry. If there are three lone pairs and two bonding pairs, the compound will have a linear molecular geometry. Therefore, 4 different molecular geometries are possible for a compound with a central atom that has five regions of electron density.

How many electrons total will be shown on the molecular orbital diagram for H2?

4 We must show the lone electron from each hydrogen atom in its 1s atomic orbital as well as both electrons in the sigma bonding molecular orbital.

How many electrons are in antibonding molecular orbitals based on the molecular orbital diagram for O2 given that each O electron configuration is (2s22p4)? Do not include electrons from the 1s shell in your count.

4 We must show the six valence electrons for each oxygen atom in the atomic orbitals to the sides, as well as all twelve electrons again in the molecular orbitals that are generated. There are 4 electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals (designated with the *): (σ∗2s)2 and (π∗2py)1(π∗2pz)1.

A prospector panning for gold (Au) in a river collects 15.00 g of pure gold. How many Au atoms are in this quantity of gold?

4.585×10^22 atoms (15/196.97)6.022x10^23

normal Thoracic kyphosis angle

40 degrees

The circumference of the earth is approximately 40 million meters. This is closest to

40 megameters; 1,000,000 meters is equal to 1 megameter. 40,000,000 meters is then equal to 40 megameters.

Humerus external rotation at base position?

40-60

What is external rotation range from base position?

40-60

What is the mass in grams of 1.900×1024 iodine atoms?

400.4 g

a tennis serve is equivalent to holding a __ lb weight on head of racket

What is the mass of a sample of barium carbonate (BaCO3) that contains 21.30mol? Your answer should have four significant figures.

4203 g

injuries account for over ___ million dollars and ___% of hospital admissions

435, 40%

normal lumbar lordosis

45 degrees

what are the values for SC joint elevation and depression ROM?

45 degrees of elevation 15 degrees of depression

what is the internal rotation range from 90 degrees of abduction?

45-60

humerus internal rotation at 90 degrees of abduction?

45-60 degrees

9.693+36.9=

46.6

In a Lewis structure involving iodine and fluorine, if the central iodine atom has exactly one lone pair, how many fluorine atoms must be present?

5 Iodine has 7 valence electrons, and since it is a fifth period element, it can exceed the octet rule when it binds to a more electronegative element like fluorine. Fluorine also has 7 valence electrons, but cannot exceed an octet because it is in the second period. Each fluorine atom can therefore only form a single bond to the central iodine atom, and each single bond between iodine and fluorine accounts for 1 of iodine's valence electrons. Since there is a lone pair (or non-bonding pair) of electrons on the iodine, that means precisely 2 of the 7 valence electrons are not shared with a fluorine atom, and the remaining 5 are each shared with 1 fluorine atom, so there must be 5 fuorine atoms surrounding central iodine atom.

how big is a healthy subacromial space?

5 DIMES HIGH!!!!! :)

Which is NOT a typical cation of chromium?

5+ Most transition metals will readily form 2+ and 3+ ions. The electron configuration for neutral chromium is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5. Chromium is a d-block transition metal, and so the valence electrons are removed from the s subshell before they are removed from the d subshell. Therefore, Chromium would lose its one s electron first and a d electron to form Cr2+, which is only stable in the absence of air. Chromium can also lose its one s electron and two more d electrons to become Cr3+, which is the most stable oxidation state for chromium. Chromium can also lose all the remaining valence electrons to become Cr6+. Chromium is seen in this oxidation state in chromium(VI) sulfide Cr2S3.

there are ___ muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements and they originate on the ____ skeleton and insert on the ____ and/or ____

5, axial skeleton, scapula, clavicle. They do not attach to humerus and do not cause shoulder joint movements

Calculate the number of atoms in 37.1 grams of LiBr.

5.15 × 10^{23} Keep in mind that you need to multiply the number of formula units of LiBr, calculated using Avogadro's number, by the number of atoms in each formula unit (2). 37.1 g(1 mol LiBr/86.844 g LiBr)(6.022×1023 formula units/mol)= 2.573×10^23 formula units 2.573×1023 formula units(2 atoms/formula unit of LiBr)=5.145×1023 atoms Therefore, after rounding the answer to three significant figures, we find that there are 5.15×1023atoms in 37.1g of LiBr.

In terms of transverse plane static posture, what is the scapulo-clavicular angle?

50 degrees

Unintentional injuries are the ___th leading cause of death in the US

5th

An electron in an unknown energy level of a hydrogen atom transitions to the n=2 level and emits a photon with wavelength 410 nm in the process. What was the initial energy level?

how many muscles move the wrist?

A sulfur atom can make up to ____ bonds in a Lewis structure.

6 With six valence electrons, sulfur can make a maximum of six bonds.

Calculate the number of total atoms in 195 grams of Ni(OH)2.

6.33 x 10^24 195 g × 1 mol Ni(OH)/292.707 g Ni(OH)2× 6.022×10^23/ formula units mol=1.27×1024 formula units of Ni(OH)2 Since there are 5 atoms—one Ni atom, two atoms of O and two atoms of H—in each formula unit of Ni(OH)2, we multiply the number of formula units calculated above by 5: 1.27×1024 formula units of Ni(OH)2×5 atoms formula unit of Ni(OH)2=6.33×1024 total atoms

upper fibers of pec major: flexion up to __ degrees, abduction after __ degrees, and adduction below __ degrees

60, 90, 90

the scaphoid is ___ to ___ %

60-70

__% of fractures are humeral fractures

pronation of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

70-90 degrees

How many molecular orbitals will have an n value of 2?

8 The atomic orbitals with an n value of 2 are the 2s orbital and the three 2p orbitals. When these four orbitals from one atom interact with four orbitals from another atom, they generate 8 molecular orbitals, half of which will be bonding and the other half of which will be antibonding.

How many moles of hydrogen atoms are there in 120 g of C6H12O6? Your answer should have two significant figures.

8.0 g

How many moles of hydrogen atoms are there in 120 g of C6H12O6?

8.0 moles Hyrdogen

the biceps brachii is most effective between __ and __ degrees

80-100

supination of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

80-90

how many muscles are primary movers of the phalanges?

What is the maximum wavelength of photon that will eject a ground state electron from a hydrogen atom?

9.13×10^−8 m

An octahedral molecule will have what degree of bond angles?

without scapula movement, shoulder joint would be __ degrees during abduction and flexion

without scapula movement shoulder joint ROM would be..

90 degrees during abduction and flexion

what is the external rotation range from 90 degrees of abduction?

90-100

Humerus external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction?

90-100 degrees

Phase 2A elevation

90-120 degrees of elevation Clavicle elevation tension loads costoclavicular ligaments which limits elevation to 30 degrees ICR shifting to AC joint

How many moles of PCl5 are present in a 100.0 g sample?

=0.4802 mol PCl5

triple bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons

double bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

Which of the following is an example of a chemical (as opposed to physical) change?

A chemical change results from a chemical reaction, while a physical change is when matter changes forms but not chemical identity.

The net dipole of a molecule is always

A combination of the individual bond dipole

lateral epicondylitis

A common problem quite frequently associated with gripping and lifting activities that usually involves the extensor digitorum muscle near its origin on the lateral epicondyle; commonly known as tennis elbow. (overuse injury)

Ion-dipole forces are?

A force of attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole

polarity

A lack of electrical symmetry in a molecule. Charge differences on opposite ends of a structure.

Which of the following factors used in a dimensional analysis calculation have a finite number of significant figures (in other words, they are not exact numbers) that might limit the precision of the calculated value?

A measurement of speed equaling (27.7 km/hour)

Which of the following is equivalent to a mole of carbon atoms?

A mole of carbon atoms is equivalent to 6.022×1023 carbon atoms. In fact, 1 mole of any substance will contain 6.022×1023 items because that is the definition of a mole.

Which of the following best explains what resonance structures are?

A molecule whose Lewis structure could be described by more than one resonance structure possesses an electronic structure equal to that of a combination of the resonance structures, with the more stable structures contributing more to the average structure. Resonance structures all contribute to the overall electronic structure of a molecules. They do not fluctuate over time, and they do not represent exact structures of different compounds. Instead, for any given arrangement of atoms in a molecule, the most stable arrangement of multiple bonds and formal charges may not represent a single Lewis structure, but an average over multiple stable resonance structures.

What type of bond will form between two atoms that have a difference in electronegativety equal to 0.2?

A pure covalent bond.

London Forces are?

A weak force that holds non-polar (symmetric) molecules together when in solid or liquid states

Check rein structures to extension

ALL, Anterio Annulus, Posterior Disk, abdominal muscles, SP

Left lateral rotation of the hip is associated with ___ of left hip and ___ of right hip and ___ at lumbar spine

Abduction of left hip and adduction of right hip lateral flexion right at lumbar spine (what hip movement?)

O: posterior of lateral condyle of the humerus I: posterior of lateral olecranon process and upper 1/4 of ulnar Extension of the Elbow

Aconeus O/I Action:

Most commonly injured in the shoulder

Acromiclavicular joint

What is the formula for aluminum sulfite?

Al2(SO3)3 The sulfite ion has one fewer oxygen than the sulfate ion, so it will be SO2−3. Aluminum forms ions with a charge of 3+. Therefore, the compound will contain 2 aluminum ions and 3 sulfite ions such that the compound has a net charge of zero. The formula is Al2(SO3)3.

Which of the following statement(s) about dispersion forces are correct? Larger and heavier atoms and molecules tend to exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller ones. Dispersion forces are weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized. Dispersion forces are stronger between molecules that are easily polarized. All of the above

All of the above Dispersion forces are present between any two molecules (even polar molecules) when they are almost touching. Dispersion forces are present between all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. Larger and heavier atoms and molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller and lighter ones. In a larger atom or molecule, the valence electrons are, on average, farther from the nuclei than in a smaller atom or molecule. They are less tightly held and can more easily form temporary dipoles. London dispersion forces tend to be stronger between molecules that are easily polarized and weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized.

Which of the following statement(s) about dispersion forces are correct? -Larger and heavier atoms and molecules tend to exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller ones. -Dispersion forces are weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized. -Dispersion forces are stronger between molecules that are easily polarized. -All of the above

medial epicondylitis

An elbow problem associated with the medial wrist flexor and pronator group near their origin on the medial epicondyle; frequently referred to as golfer's elbow. (overuse injury)

Anterior tilting will produce what response in terms of the scapular inferior and superior angles?

Anterior displacement at superior angle and posterior displacement at inferior angle Opposite for Posterior tilting

as you increase _____________ _____________ you decrease the subacromial space

Anterior tilting

When chlorine becomes an ion, it has the same electron configuration as:

Argon (Ar) Argon is the element immediately to the right of chlorine. Chlorine will attain the same electron configuration as argon by gaining one electron.

Aristotle

Aristotle believed that everything was comprised of earth, air, water, and fire, which were infinitely divisible.

HNO2 is called?

As (NO2)− is the nitrite ion, HNO2 is called nitrous acid.

The molar mass of I2 is 254gmol, and that of astatine (At2) is 420gmol. Which one has the higher melting point and why? I2, because it has less molar mass, and, therefore, the dispersion forces between molecules are smaller. I2, because it has the higher molar mass, and, therefore, the dispersion forces between molecules are higher. At2, because it has higher molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces. At2, because it has less molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces.

At2, because it has higher molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces.

What is AMBRI?

Atraumatic multidirectional instability that is commonly bilateral

Adjacent polar covalent molecules will?

Attract each other, resulting in higher melting and boiling points

6.022×1023 is known to be the number of entities composing a mole. This fundamental constant is known as:

Avogadro's constant

Alison observes that when she injects additional gas molecules into a container of gas, the number of collisions in the container (and the pressure inside) increases. She then increases the volume of the container just enough to restore it to its original pressure. Which of the following laws best describes what Alison observed?

Avogadro's law states that increasing the number of gaseous molecules will require a proportional increase in the container volume in order to maintain a constant pressure and temperature.

Which element does not follow the octet rule when forming a molecular compound?

B Unlike most elements with only three valence electrons, boron can form molecular compounds with some non-metals rather than only forming ionic compounds with nonmetals or alloys with metals. Because it only has three valence electrons, it can only form three single bonds by sharing its valence electrons, and does not accept another pair of electrons to satisfy the octet rule because it has a low electronegativity.

Where can you find an incomplete octect most?

B, Al, O, Br covalent compounds in groups 2 and 3 can form stable compounds in which the valence electrons are not in the noble gas structure. However, for these compounds you will find that they do form compounds that minimize formal charge. Hydrogen makes one bond (group 1). Beryllium makes two bonds (it is the only element in group 2 to make covalent compounds). The group 3 elements boron and aluminum make three bonds. How many bonds do carbon (and the other group four elements typically make)? Four.

example of incomplete octect

BI3, BeH2

What will be the molecular structure of SO₂?

Bent

In the equation for the orbital radii in hydrogen-like atoms, a0 is called the:

Bohr radius a0 is equal to 5.292×10−11 m.

Bond angles decrease as more lone pairs are added because

Atoms are bound together by e- pairs called

Bonding pairs

Hybridization

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Which halogen is a liquid at room temperature? -Fluorine -chlorine -Bromine -Iodine

Bromine

BaBr2(aq)+H2SO4(aq)→BaSO4(s)+2HBr(aq) which will NOT be involved in the net ionic equation?

Br−(aq) As the bromide ion is not involved in generating the precipitate, it will be a spectator ion, and therefore does not appear in the net ionic equation.

Which type of group will NOT generate hydrogen bonds? F-H O-H N-H C-H

C-H Only when hydrogen is bonded to one of the three most electronegative elements, fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, will hydrogen bonding occur.

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7; first set of seven bones, forming the neck

Which is a possible molecular formula for a molecule with the empirical formula CH2O?

C12H24O12 or C6H12O6

Order the following hydrocarbons from lowest to highest boiling point: C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10.

C2H6<C3H8<C4H10 All of these compounds are nonpolar and only have London dispersion forces: the larger the molecule, the larger the dispersion forces and the higher the boiling point. The ordering from lowest to highest boiling point is therefore C2H6<C3H8<C4H10.

If compound's formula mass was experimentally determined to be 58, the chemical formula could be: C4H8 C2H6O2 C3H8 C3H6O

C3H6O C3=36 H6=6 O=16 36+6+16=58

If the empirical formula for a compound is C3H8, which of the following are possible molecular formulas?

C3H8 and C6H16 If the empirical formula for a compound is C3H8 then the molecular formula can be a compound with multiples of these numbers of atoms. C3H8 and C6H16 are possible molecular formulas.

Identify the substance that does not show dipole-dipole interactions between molecules. water HCl CCl4 none of the above

CCl4

Which molecule will have no net dipole?

CCl4

Identify the substance that does not show dipole-dipole interactions between molecules water, HCl, CCl4

CCl4 A stronger intermolecular force result when molecules have permanent dipoles. Polar molecules have a partially positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side--a separation of change called a dipole. This attractive force is called a dipole dipole attraction-- the electrostatic force between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another. Dipole-dipole attractions in polar molecules are stronger than the dispersion

Which molecule will have no net dipole?

CCl4 The four polar bonds will cancel out, leaving the molecule nonpolar.

What is the hybridization of the C atom in CF4 ?

CF4 has a tetrahedral structure and carbon in it has a hybridization of sp3. 7

Cyclobutane consists of 4 atoms of carbon and 8 atoms of hydrogen. What is cyclobutane's empirical formula?

CH2 The empirical formula must feature the simplest whole-number ratio of the constituent elements. The simplest form of the carbon: hydrogen ratio, given as 4:8, is 1:2. Therefore, the empirical formula is CH2.

What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 40.0% C, 6.71% H, and 53.28% O?

CH2O

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point? C3H8 CH3COOH CH4 C2H6

CH3COOH

Which molecule will NOT participate in hydrogen bonding? H2O CH3OH CH3OCH3 CH3CH2OH

CH3OCH3

Consider the structural formulas for methanol, CH3OH, and ethane, C2H6. Which has a higher melting point and which statement substantiates the answer?

CH3OH because it has a hydrogen directly bonded to an oxygen.

Consider the structural formulas for methanol, CH3OH, and ethane, C2H6. Which has a higher melting point and which statement substantiates the answer? CH3OH because it has a hydrogen directly bonded to an oxygen. C2H6 because it has hydrogen directly bonded to oxygen. CH3OH because it has a hydrogen directly bonded to a methyl group. C2H6 because all of its hydrogens are directly bonded to carbon.

CH3OH because it has a hydrogen directly bonded to an oxygen. Methanol has a molecular weight of 32 grams per mole and a melting point of −97.8∘C. Ethane has a molecular weight of 30 grams per mole and a melting point of −172∘C. The hydroxyl group on methanol has hydrogen directly bonded to oxygen, so it can hydrogen bond, while ethane cannot. The hydrogen bonding is responsible for its higher melting point.

Which of the following CHBr3, CHCl3 will have a higher boiling point?

CHBr3

Which molecule would exhibit the strongest dipole-dipole interactions? CH4 CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3

CHCl3

Which molecule will engage in the strongest dispersion forces? CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4

CI4 CI4 is the largest molecule, as iodine atoms are larger than the other halogens listed. As the largest molecule, it will have the best ability to participate in dispersion forces.

Which of the following molecules or ions contain an oxygen atom with a positive formal charge?

CO H3O+ Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydronium (H3O+) both have an oxygen atom with a positive formal charge. Consider the Lewis structures for both these species. :C≡O: Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, and the oxygen atom in carbon monoxide has control over 5 electrons (3 bonding electrons and 2 non-bonding electrons) and so has a formal charge of +1.H−O|H⋅⋅−HThe oxygen atom in the hydronium ion has control over 5 electrons (3 bonding electrons and 2 non-bonding electrons) and so has a formal charge of +1.

What bonds have net dipole?

CO, HF

In which molecule are the electron-pair geometry and molecular shape of the same type?

CO2

Out of the following molecules, which has the same electron-pair geometry and molecular structure? SO₂, H₂O, NH₃, or CO₂

CO₂

Which of the following elements is likely to lose two electrons to form a +2 ion?

Ca, group 2

A mole is defined as the number of atoms in an exact mass of which isotope?

Carbon-12

Which facet joints carry more weight thoracic or cervical?

Cervical because of the thoracic vertebrae having a 60 degree horizontal plane creating a greater slope

Arthrokinematics of thoracic vertebrae for flexion, extension, rotation, and sidebending are similar to what?

Cervical vertebrae

Facet angles

Cervical- 45 degrees Thoracis- 60 degrees Lumbar- 90 degrees

- Flexors: Medial Epicodyle of Humerus -Extensors: Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus

Chp 7: ALL three wrist flexors all originate on the _____ ALL threee wrist extensors originate on the _____

Which of the following is an odd-electron molecule?

ClO2 ClO2 is an odd-electron molecule (7+12=19).

Which of the following is an odd-electron molecule?

ClO2, ClO2 is an odd-electron molecule (7+12=19).

What is the formula of cobalt(II) fluoride?

CoF2

What is the formula for cobalt (II) sulfide?

CoS The formula for cobalt (II) sulfide is CoS because sulfide's charge is S2−.

What are the two ligaments that attach to the head of the humerus for stability?

Coracohumeral ligament and Superoglenohumeral ligament

Lewis structures are limited because they do not display the __________.

Correct bond angles In the molecule

Where is the specific articulation of the costotransverse joints?

Costal tubercle of the rib with the costal facet on the Transverse Process

What ligament is responsible for the shift of the Axis of rotation to the AC joint?

Costoclavicular ligament

For an atom, electrostatic potential is also called:

Coulomb potential

What is the chemical formula for chromium(III) phosphate? (hint: phosphate has a 3− charge)

CrPO4

Cesium sulfite is formed from the Cs+ cation and the SO2−3 anion. What is the correct formula for this compound?

Cs2SO3 An ionic compound must be electrically neutral, so it must have the same number of positive and negative charges. Two cesium ions, each with a charge of 1+, would give us two positive charges, while one sulfite ion, with a charge of 2−, would give us two negative charges. Therefore, the formula is two cesium ions to one sulfite ion: Cs2SO3.

Write the correct formula for the following ionic compound: copper (I) fluoride.

CuF Copper (I) has a +1 charge and fluroine will have a −1 charge. The formula for copper (I) fluoride is CuF.

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for: the structure of the DNA backbone DNA base pairing the number of bases in DNA none of the above

DNA base pairing

Dalton

Dalton's formulated the postulates of what is now described as atomic theory: that matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest possible particle of a particular element.

What do the ribs articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae?

Demi-facets at posterolateral vertebral plateaus

Who was the first person to propose the existence of the atom?

Democritus

Postural Deviations

Departures from the ideal, standard vertical alignment

Which of the following scientists published tables with the elements arranged according to increasing atomic mass?

Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer

A(n) __________ is used between resonance forms to indicate that the actual structure exists as an average.

Double headed arrow

What is the first step in predicting the geometry of a molecule?

Draw the Lewis Structure

Is the greater trochanter easy or hard to palpate?

Easy to palpate (what in leg?)

nonpolar molecules

Electrically balanced molecules. Look for symmetry if there is an element around it it isnt polar. N2, O2, Cl2, F2, H2, He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Ch4, C2H6, Ch2=Ch2

Which of the following is very reactive and can readily combine with molecules containing atoms with lone pairs?

Electron deficient electrons

Molecular geometry VS electron geometry

Electron geometry teaches us about the arrangement of different electron groups. Molecular geometry, on the other hand, helps us understand the entire atom and its arrangement. We consider both lone electron pairs and bond electron pairs while determining the shape of a molecule in electron geometry. In molecular geometry, though, we only consider bond electron pairs.2. We calculate the number of total electron pairs in electron geometry and not in molecular geometry.3. Through electron geometry, we get the spatial arrangement of the lone pairs and bond in the molecule. We can determine it through VSEPR theory, according to which, electron domains repel each other.

The number of electron domains surrounding an atom will determine the

Electron pair geometry

VSEPR theory considers which of the following?

Electron pair repulsion. The VSEPR theory assumes that each atom in a molecule will achieve a geometry that minimizes the repulsion between electrons in the valence shell of that atom. ... Repulsion between these pairs of electrons can be minimized by arranging them so that they point in opposite directions.

What does VSEPR theory consider?

Electron-pair repulsions

According to the Bohr model:

Electrons only emit or absorb a photon if they move to a different orbit within the atom.

What is the energy of the He+ electron with n=4? (k=2.18×10−18 J)

En=−(kZ^2/n^2) En=−(2.18×10^−18)(2^2)/(4^2) En=−5.45×10−19 J

If a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry has one lone pair on the central atom, that lone pair will occupy what position?

Equatorial

Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry always occupy which position?

Equatorial

Prior to Bohr, the most updated version of atomic structure came courtesy of:

Ernest Rutherford

Who determined the structure of the atomic nucleus?

Ernest Rutherford

Who developed the wave equation of the electron?

Erwin Schrodinger

Which scientist is primarily responsible for the development of the electron wave equation (represented below)? Ĥ ψ=Eψ

Erwin Schrödinger

Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Pollicis Longus

Extension of Fingers & Thumb(Reposition)

What is functional internal rotation a combination of?

Extension, adduction and internal rotation

T or F: loss of function at the wrist can be replaced by movements at the other joints

F...CANNOT

With scapular dumping what problems will be created?

False positive sulcus test False positive for AMBRI False positive for TUBS

True or false, Scapular upward rotation has a fixed axis

False, the ICR is moving based on the position of the scapula

The chemical formula for iron(III) sulfate is: (hint: the sulfate ion has a 2- charge)

Fe2(SO4)3 If iron is 3+ and sulfate is 2−, they will combine in a 2:3 ratio. It takes two iron (III) ions and three sulfate ions for the charges to balance.

The chemical formula for iron(II) chloride is?

FeCI2

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus

Flexion of Fingers & Thumb(Opposition)

what are the three upper extremity elevations?

Flexion, Abduction, and Scaption

What is functional external rotation a combination of?

Flexion, abduction and external rotation

what plane of motion are ribs 7-10

Frontal plane, inspiration will therefore create a rib expansion M to L

Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the Kinetic Molecular theory?

Gas molecules exert a heavy attractive force on each other or the container walls, meaning that their collisions are inelastic and involve a loss of energy.

what are the component motions of upper extremity ROM?

Glenohumeral Scapulothoracic acromioclavicular Sternoclavicular

The glenoid cavity has greater concavity and dimension where compared to where?

Greater concavity and dimension superior to inferior as opposed to anterior and posterior

normal values for Horizontal abduction and adduction?

H. Abduction - 120-140 H. Adduction - 40-60

Which molecule will have a double bond?

H2CO In H2CO, carbon and oxygen form a double bond in order to satisfy the octet rule. In CO, carbon and oxygen must form a triple bond to satisfy the octet rule. In OF2 and CCl4, there are only single bonds.

Between C2H6, CO2, H2O, H2 which of the following will participate in dipole-dipole interactions?

H2O

Use the figure provided to determine which of the following has bonds with the greatest bond-polarity.

H2O Calculating the difference between the electronegativities for each element of each molecules, we find that H and O have the greatest difference, so H2O has bonds with the greatest polarity.

The hydrogen bond occurring between which two molecules would be the strongest? NH3 and NH3, NH3 and H2O, H2O and H2O, H2O and HF

H2O and HF

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point? CH2O CH3F H2O2 they have the same boiling point

H2O2

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point? Select the correct answer below: CH2O CH3F H2O2 they have the same boiling point

H2O2 Compounds with stronger intermolecular forces will have higher boiling points (ion-ion > hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole > london dispersion). All three compounds are polar, but only hydrogen peroxide has O bonded directly to H so it exhibits hydrogen bonding. This means hydrogen peroxide will have the highest boiling point.

Which molecule will have a net dipole? SF6, PCl5, NH4+ H2S

H2S

What is the empirical formula of a compound is a sample contains 2 g of hydrogen, 32 g of sulfur, and 64 g of oxygen?

H2SO4

Which of these is NOT a binary acid?

H2SO4 A binary acid may consist only of hydrogen and one other element. H2SO4 has hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen, so it can't be considered binary.

Which of the following does NOT exhibit hydrogen bonding? H2O HBr HF H3N

HBr

Which of the following does NOT exhibit hydrogen bonding? H2O HBr HF H3N

HBr Hydrogen bonding occurs between H-F, H-O, and H-N groups.

Which of the following does NOT exhibit hydrogen bonding? H2O HBr HF H3N

HBr Hydrogen bonding occurs between H-F, H-O, and H-N groups.

Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side—a separation of charge called a dipole. Which of the following molecules has this kind of a dipole? CH4 CO2 C6H6 HCl

HCl A stronger intermolecular force results when molecules have permanent dipoles. Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side—a separation of charge called a dipole. Consider a polar molecule such as hydrogen chloride, HCl. In the HCl molecule, the more electronegative Cl atom bears the partial negative charge, whereas the less electronegative H atom bears the partial positive charge. An attractive force between HCl molecules results from the attraction between the positive end of one HCl molecule and the negative end of another. This attractive force is called a dipole-dipole attraction—the electrostatic force between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the partially negative end of another. Intermolecular attractions in polar molecules are stronger than the those between nonpolar molecules of similar mass, which only consist dispersion forces.

Which fact adequately explains why HCl has a higher boiling point than F2?

HCl is a polar molecule and F2 is not

Which fact adequately explains why HCl has a higher boiling point than F2?

HCl is a polar molecule, F2 is not. The dipole present in HCl allows it to generate dipole-dipole interactions, while F2 is strictly nonpolar. The stronger intermolecular forces cause HCl to remain liquid until higher temperatures are reached.

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point? HCl HF HBr they have the same boiling point

Which molecule can exhibit hydrogen bonding? CH4 HOCH2CH2OH O2 H2CO

HOCH2CH2OH

shouldnt have double bonds

Halogens, Flourine

A chef places a cold glass of water into a hot pan. Which of the following is true about the heat flow between these two bodies?

Heat will flow from the pan to the water, making the water warmer and the pan colder until they are both the same temperature.

Hydrogen bonding in DNA?

Holds two strands of double helix together

Which of the following statements about hybridization are true?

Hybrid orbitals within the same atom have the same energy and shape. Hybrid orbitals are described mathematically as a linear combination of atomic orbitals. An atom can have both hybridized and unhybridized orbitals at the same time.

What bond gives rise to properties of water?

Hydrogen bonds

Arrange the halogens Br2, I2, F2, and Cl2 in the order of decreasing boiling point.

I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2

Which of Cl2 or I2 has the higher boiling point and why?

I2 because it has higher molar mass, and therefore, stronger dispersion forces.

Which of Cl2 or I2 has the higher boiling point and why? Cl2 because it has the higher molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces. I2because it has less molar mass, and, therefore, less dispersion forces. Cl2because it has less molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces. I2because it has higher molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces.

I2because it has higher molar mass, and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces. The molar mass of Cl2 is 70.9gmol, and that of I2 is 253.8gmol; I2 has a higher molar mass and, therefore, stronger dispersion forces. It has the higher boiling point.

Rather than numbering groups 1-18, another method of organization has been to number the transition metals separately (with the letter B) from the groups on the left and right sides on the periodic table (with the letter A). The A groups in this system would vary from ________.

IA to VIIIA

ICl is a polar molecule and Br2 is a non-polar molecule. Which molecule will have a higher boiling point? ICl Br2 Both ICl and Br2 will have the same boiling point. There is not enough information to answer this question.

ICl

Use the figure provided to determine which of the following is the least polar.

ICl The least polar bonds are formed between elements with the smallest difference in their electonegativities. In this case, ICl, has the smallest difference of 0.5.

Between ICl and Br2 which of the following would have the higher boiling point?

ICl- Compounds with stronger intermolecular forces will have higher boiling points (ion ion > hydrogen bonding > dipole dipole > london dispersion). Br2 is nonpolar and only has dispersion forces. ICl is polar and has dipole-dipole attractions so it will have the higher boiling point.

MOVE

IF A MUSCLE DOES NOT CROSS THE JOINT THEN IT CANNOT ________ THE JOINT (or bone)

If you drink coffee before going to bed, it will take longer to fall asleep

The overall formal charge in a molecule will always equal 1. An atom's formal charge is always equal to its actual charge. In covalent molecules, formal charges are hypothetical. all of the above

In covalent molecules, formal charges are hypothetical. In a molecule or ion containing only covalent bonds, the formal charge of an atom is the hypothetical charge that the atom would have if electrons could be redistributed evenly between atoms. In neutral covalent molecules, formal charges are always a formality—each of the atoms contained therein are electrically neutral. Conversely, in covalently bonded ions (which carry an overall charge), the formal charge of a given atom may be the actual charge on the atom, but often is not.

Which of the following can be explained by the kinetic molecular theory (KMT)?

Increased collisions of gas particles with their container translates to a higher pressure within that container. Lowering the temperature of gas molecules decreases their average kinetic energy. There is little or no attraction among the molecules of a gas.

Dipole-dipole attractions increases in magnitude with:

Increasing bond polarity

Facet articulations

Inferior facet of the superior vertebrae face inferior and anterior superior facet of the inferior vertebrae face superior and posterior 60 degrees from horizontal plane

radial nerve innervation

Innervates the BEST: Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinator, and Triceps.

What phenomena can only be explained by considering the wave nature of light?

Interference

Check reins to side bending

Intertransverse ligament, Contralateral zygopophyseal joint

How do intermolecular forces compare with intramolecular forces in terms of strength?

Intramolecular forces are typically much stronger

Which intermolecular force is most commonly found in solutions?

Ion-Dipole (Ex salt in water)

Which describes ionic compounds?

Ionic compounds are electrically neutral because they consist of ions with opposite charges and equal magnitude.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an ionic compound?

Ionic solids exhibit crystalline structure. Ionic solids have high melting points. Ionic solids have high boiling points.

Choose the best explanation below for why dimensional analysis is also sometimes referred to as the factor label approach.

It is sometimes called the factor label approach because units are treated as a factor (along with a numeric factor) in a quantity like 25g, allowing us to subject the unit to algebraic operations as if they were variables.

What aspect of the classical mechanical description of the atom is flawed?

It predicts that an electron should be constantly emitting electromagnetic radiation. It predicts that an electron should continuously spiral into the nucleus. It predicts that atoms ought to be unstable.

Millikan utilized specific numerical data gathered by

J.J. Thomson

If a compound has a formula mass of 212 amu, the chemical formula could be: Na2SO4 K2SO4 Na3PO4 K3PO4

K3PO4 K= 39.098×3 = 117.294 P= 30.974×1 = 30.974 O= 15.999×4 = 63.996

Which noble gas will have the narrowest curve for distribution of molecular velocity? He Ne Ar Kr

Kr The greater the mass, the more slowly the particles move. Slower moving particles have fewer velocities within which to distribute all the particles, so a great quantity of particles will end up moving at or near the most probable speed, which will be illustrated with a taller, narrower distribution curve.

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5, third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

spondylolisthesis affects older generations in the _____ and younger in the ____

L4 and L5 L5-S1

Fryette's law of lower thoracic spine

Law 1 SB and rotation occur in opposite directions in neutral mechanics Obey Type 2 in non-neutral positions

Fryette's law of Upper Thoracic spine

Law 2 SB and Rotation occur in the same direction in neutral and non-neutral positions

When drawing a Lewis structure for a free radical, which type of atom is more likely to receive the unpaired electron?

Less electronegative element

Cant have expanded octect

Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F

What is the formula for lithium phosphate?

Li3PO4 Step 1: Identify the symbol of the cation. The cation is lithium, which is written as Li+. Step 2: Identify the formula of the anion. The anion is phosphate, which is written as PO3−4. Step 3: Use the minimum number of cations and anions needed to make the sum of all charges in the formula equal to zero. The Li+ cation has a 1+ charge and the PO3−4 has a 3− charge. In order to balance the charges, three Li+ cations are needed for every PO3−4 anion. Therefore, the formula for lithium phosphate is Li3PO4.

When the elbow is flexed, its primary source of stability is?

Ligaments. Radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament (provide stability where and when?)

What range of motion is better in the lower thoracic vertebrae?

Like lumbar so flexion extension ROM is best

Who is credited with deriving the electronegativtiy values of the periodic table?

Linus Pauling

At room temperature, n-pentane is a liquid and neopentane (2, 2-dimethylpropane) is a gas. Both compounds are nonpolar hydrocarbons. Which of the following forces is primarily responsible for this difference?

London dispersion forces

Which intermolecular force results when two adjacent atoms from temporary dipoles?

London forces

Which pair of electron domains generates the most repulsion?

Lone pair

E-s not involved in bonding are called?

Lone pairs

According to VSEPR Theory, electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form ________.

Lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons

What is the most common diagnosis for winging scapula?

Long thoracic nerve palsy

humerus scapula --humerus

Look at _______for shoulder JOINT action - when ______stops moving = _____ stops moving

Along with Dmitri Mendeleev, what other scientist is credited with organizing the periodic table of elements in order of increasing mass?

Lothar Meyer

Schrodinger was able to build off of the work of ________ to determine that electrons should be thought of in terms of wave functions.

Louis de Broglie

Why can the lower trap produce upward rotation in phase 2B? and what cant now?

Lower trap now has a MA because the ICR movement to the acromion, however now the upper trap has no MA so it can not produce upward rotation

ARE NOT - scapula and clavicle - flex/ext abd/add

MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER INSERTION _______________ ON THE HUMERUS - this means that the shoulder cannot act on the humerus - it can only act on the ____ and ____ ONLY - the shoulder girdle cannot ___/___/__/___ the shoulder

The interpretation of the wavefunction that describes them as probability amplitudes was developed by:

Max Born

Who is credited with thinking of the electron "waves" as complex probability amplitudes?

Max Born

Grip Strength

Maximal grip force occurs at 30 degrees of wrist extension

Degenerative disk disease

May include: continued loss of proteoglycans annular disruption loss in disc pressure thinning of disk osteophyte formation

Magnesium phosphate has the formula __________.

Mg3(PO4)2 Mg2+ and (PO4)3− will combine in a 3:2 ratio in order to keep the overall compound electrically neutral.

Electron pairs tend to occupy positions around the atom that

Minimize repulsion and maximize distance of seperation

A molecule must

Minimize repulsions to remain stable

Which of the following is more accurate in determining bond order?

Molecular orbital theory Molecular orbital theory is more accurate in determining bond order than Lewis structures. MO theory describes the structure and the geometry of the molecule more in depth by taking into consideration the overlap and energies of the bonding and antibonding electrons residing in a particular molecular orbital.

polar molecules

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges, partialy charges molecule. H-N, O, F, H2O, Nh3,HF, CH3OH, CH3NH2, CH3COOH

How are the Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae positioned in relation to the cervical vertebrae?

More posterior

Hip is most commonly dislocated what direction?

Most dislocated posterior direction (what joint)

When drawing the Lewis structure for a molecule, after drawing the skeletal structure and distributing all of the electrons around the the terminal atoms, what actions should be taken if the central atom does not have a complete octet?

Move lone pairs of electrons on the outer atom(s) to form double or triple bonds to the central atom.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

pectoralis minor serratus anterior trapezius rhomboid levator scapulae

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle: 5 primary muscles include:

Which of the following elements can NOT form hypervalent molecules?

N B Elements in the second period of the periodic table (n=2) can accommodate only eight electrons in their valence shell orbitals because they have only four valence orbitals (one 2s and three 2p orbitals). Elements in the third and higher periods (n≥3) have more than four valence orbitals and can share more than four pairs of electrons with other atoms because they have empty d orbitals in the same shell. Therefore, of the elements listed above boron and nitrogen can not form hypervalent molecules.

Which will be the central atom in N2O and what will be its charge?

N,1+ The structure with the fewest formal charges of the smallest magnitude will place nitrogen as the central atom with a formal positive charge.

Which molecule will have the strongest bond?

N2 A nitrogen molecule has a triple bond, while the rest have double or single bonds.

Which of the following values for the principal quantum number corresponds to elements that can accommodate more than four pairs of electrons with other atoms?

N> 3

Which of the following has the largest dipole moment? NCl3 BF3, CO2, CF4

NCl3

Which of the following has the largest dipole moment?

NCl3 The molecule NCl3 is the only molecule listed above that has a dipole moment. BF3, CO2 and CF4 are all symmetrical molecules in which all the polar covalent bonds are identical. Therefore, BF3, CO2 and CF4 are all non-polar molecules, and NCl3 has the largest dipole moment.

If a compound's formula mass was experimentally determined to be 71, the chemical formula could be: BF3 NF3 CF4 OF2

NF3 N=14 F3=57 57+14=71

Which of the following will NOT exhibit hydrogen bonding to the N atom? NH3 (CH3)2NH NH+4 CH3NH2

NH+4 The ammonium ion does not have any lone pairs available on the nitrogen to form hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following is NOT a covalent compound?

Na2O Sodium is a metal and oxygen is a nonmetal, so this will be an ionic compound.

If a compound's formula mass is experimentally determined to be 40, the chemical formula could be: MgF2 NaOH NaF KF

NaOH Na=23 O=16 H=1 23+16+1=40

what are the components of glenohumeral stability?

Negative intra-articular pressure labral concavity compression capsular constraint mechanism scapulohumeral muscle capsuloligamentous restraint

Electron pairs (lone and bonding) are?

Negatively charged and will repel each other

Who demonstrated that white light actually consists of the individual colors of the rainbow?

Newton

Solid nickel reacts with aqueous lead (II) nitrate to form solid lead. What is the net ionic equation for this reaction?

Ni(s) + Pb^2+(aq) → Ni^2+(ap) + Pb(s)

Is C-0 a vertebrae?

sig fig rules

Non-zero digits are always significant. (4.3=2 SF) Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. (4.03=3 SF) Leading zeros are not significant. (0.00043=2SF) Trailing zeros are only significant if they are in a decimal. (10,000=1SF) (0.10000=5SF)

Which of the following statements about nonmetal anions are true?

Nonmetals tend to form anions by gaining electrons to form a noble gas configuration. Anions of nonmetals tend to be isoelectronic with a noble gas. Most monatomic anions form when a neutral nonmetal atom gains enough electrons to completely fill its outer s and p orbitals (valence orbitals), thereby reaching the electron configuration of the next noble gas. Anions that have the same number of electrons as the next noble gas makes the anion isoelectronic with the noble gas.

If there are multiple resonance structures of a molecule with a formal negative charge that can end up on different atoms, placing the negative formal charge on which of the following elements generally gives the most stable resonance structure?

O The negative charge is most stabilized when it is on the most electronegative atom. Of the above options, that would be oxygen.

O, The negative charge is most stabilized when it is on the most electronegative atom. Of the above options, that would be oxygen.

O: upper 4 cervical vertebrae I: medial border of the scapula

O/I levator scapulae

O: Spinous process of 4th-12th thoracic vertebrae (ALL thoracic vertebrae) I: Triangular space at the base of the scapular spine

O/I lower trap

O: spinous process of 7th cervical and upper 3 thoracic vertebrae I: medial border of the acromion process and superior border of the scapular spine

O/I middle trap

O: Anterior surfaces of the 3rd-5th ribs I: Coracoid process of the scapula

O/I pec minor

O: Spinous processes of the 7th cervical and first 5 thoracic vertebrae I: Medial border of the scapula

O/I rhomboids

O: upper 9 ribs at the side of the chest I: Anterior aspect of medial border of the scapula

O/I serratus anterior

O: Superior aspect of 1st rib at its junction with its costal cartilage I: Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle

O/I subclavius

O: base of skull, occipital protuberance, and post. ligaments of neck I: post. aspect of the lateral 3rd of the clavicle

O/I upper trap

Which of the following will NOT generate dipole-dipole interactions? HCl CO LiBr O2

Which of the following molecules will contain a node, or nodal plane, along the internuclear axis? Select all that apply.

O2 N2 In a π bond, the regions of orbital overlap lie on opposite sides of the internuclear axis. Along the axis itself, there is a node: a plane in which there is no probability of finding an electron. Of the molecules listed above, only O2 and N2 will contain π bonds, and so only O2 and N2 will contain a node along the internuclear axis.

Identify the compound with the pure covalent bond.

O2 O2 has a pure covalent bond because the atoms it contains are identical and thus the electrons in this bond are shared equally.

pec major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: clavicle, sternum, and ribs I: greater tubercle of humerus

the flexor carpi radialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: base of 2 and 3 metacarpals

the palmaris longus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: palmar aponeurosis

the flexor carpi ulnaris originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna I: carpals

the flexor digitorm superficialis originates at the __ and inserts at the __

O: medial epicondyle, radius, ulna I: four tendons on phalanges

the biceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: scapula and coracoid process I: radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis

the triceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: scapula, humerus, humerus I: olecranon process of ulna

the pronator teres originates at the __ and inserts at the __

O:medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna I: radius

A molecule with six electron domains will exhibit which geometry according to VSEPR theory?

Octahedral

hitting someone with an elbow bone means that you hit them with your?

Olecranon process (what bone)

What is the zone of weakness?

Outlined in red area of decreased trabecular system in spongy bone can lead to compression fracture thoracic spine most susceptible can increase with age

what types of individuals are more susceptible to a pars fracture?

Overweight and fit individuals

Which of the following is a balanced chemical equation?Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 MgF2+Li2CO3→MgCO3+LiF CH4+2 O2→CO2+H P4+3 O2→2 P2O3

P4+3 O2→2 P2O3 The balanced equation will have equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. The balanced equation has 4 P and 6 O atoms on each side.

Which bond in phosphoryl chloride, shown above, is the "largest"

P=O

Which of the following does NOT have trigonal planar electron-pair geometry?

PCl3

Which of the following has dipole-dipole attractions? CO2, F2, FeCl2, PCl3

PCl3

Which of the following has dipole-dipole attractions? CO2 F2 FeCl2 PCl3

PCl3 PCl3 is polar so it will experience dipole-dipole attractions. FeCl2 is ionic, F2 is nonpolar, and CO2 is nonpolar.

People are missing this muscle?

Palmaris longus is ___ with some people

unhybridized

Pi bonds consist of (Hybridized/Unhybridized) orbitals

Costotransverse joint type?

Plane Synovial

Axial rotation of the spine

Plane of Movement: horizontal Axis of rotation: vertical AKA: rotation, torsion

Flexion and extension of the spine

Plane of motion: saggital Axis of Rotation: medial lateral AKA: forward and backward bending

Lateral flexion to the right or left of the spine

Plane of movement: frontal Axis of Rotation: Anterior-posterior AKA: side bending to the right or left

Costosternal joint type? what is the exception?

Plane synovial joint, rib 1 is cartilaginous so there is little tto no motion

Matter that is super-ionized such that it is no longer strictly atomic is a:

Plasma Though it can be considered gaseous in a sense, the highly ionized character of a plasma makes it behave much differently than other forms of matter

Which of the following is a phase of matter?

Plasma solid liquid gas

median nerve innervation

Pronator Teres Pronator quadratus Flexor Carpi Radialis Deep digital flexor

The shape of a molecule may determine its?

Properties and uses

Scapular protraction/retraction will produce what motions in the clavicle?

Protraction and retraction......duh :)

What is a sulcus test?

Pt. relaxed, PT performs and inferior glide to see the distance of pull, the presence of a sulcus in the acromial space as a result of the pull is indicative of a positive test

Epichondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle, lateral epicondyle is less obvious (wrist extensor origin), medial epicondyle is very pronounced (wrist flexor origin)

What statement is NOT correct about σ bonding?

Rotation around single σ-bonds does not occur easily.

0.738×0.28 is 0.20664 but is rounded to 0.21. Which rule or rules are applied to this calculation?

Round the result to the same number of significant figures as the value with the least number of significant figures. Round up if the digit to be dropped is 5 or greater.

Clinically what will we see present in a patient who presents scapular dumping?

Rounded shoulder posture , Scapulae have protracted and downwardly rotated

Hypervalent molecules require that central atoms access:

S,p, and d

stability of the shoulder comes from the ___________ ____________ to the __________ _________

SC joint to the AC joint

Which molecule has a molecular structure that differs from its electron-pair geometry?

SF4 This is the only molecule with any lone pairs on the central atom, which will cause the molecular structure to differ from the electron-pair geometry.

Sulfur hexafluoride has the formula

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride is SF6 because the name indicates 1 sulfur atom and 6 fluorine atoms.

Which pair of molecules has the same electron-pair geometry?

SF6 and XeF4

Which molecule of the following has a molecular structure that differs from its electron-pair geometry? SF₄, CH₄, BeH₂, or PCl⁵.

SF₄

Out of these four pairs, which pair of molecules has the same electron-pair geometry? NH₃ and BH₃. H₂O and SO₂. CH₄ and SF₄. SF₆ and XeF₄.

SF₆ and XeF₄

Capsuloligamentous structures for glenohumeral stability

SGHL MGHL IGHL anterior band axillary pouch posterior band CHL

in anatomic neutral what is the primary stabilizer to ER and anterior humeral head translation? Secondary?

SGHL Secondary is MGHL

rotator cuff muscles

SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

Which molecule will have a net dipole? CO2, SO3, CH4, BF3

SO2

Which of the following is a molecular compound? Al2O3 SO2 NH4NO3 KHCO3

SO2 SO2 is a molecular compound because covalent bonds are formed between non-metal elements.

Which molecule will have a net dipole?

SO2 SO2 has polar bonds and a bent structure, so it will have a net dipole.

All of the following are ionic compounds except:

SO2 is a covalent compound.

Rule of three's for T7-T9

SP are 1 full level inferior to their TP Example T7 SP is at T8 level

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is what kind of joint?

Saddle joint (what thumb joint?)

Neutral and non-neutral positions of the thoracic spine are relative to which plane of position?

Sagital plane position

Based on molecular geometry, which of the following molecules could have net dipole moments if all bonds present were polar? CS2, SeS2, PCl3 (P is the central atom) ClNO (N is the central atom)

SeS2, PCl3 (P is the central atom), ClNO (N is the central atom)

What will be the molecular geometry for a molecule with a central atom that has five regions electron density if one of the regions of electron density is a lone pair?

Seesaw

For flexion which muscle is more important, serratus or trapezius?

Serratus more important, trapezius can alone onlt produce 20 degrees of flexion

Phase 1 A elevation

Setting Phase 0-30 degrees for scaption 0-60 for flexion motion is mainly glenohumeral(No scapula) scapula seeking a position of stability

Hypervalent atoms

Share more than four Pairs of electrons Ex) P, S, Xe

What is the correct molecular formula for silicon tetrachloride?

SiCl4

As you move from T1-T12 what ROM increases and Why?

Sidebending increases, because of increased rib separation

What counts as an electron domain?

Single bond pairs, double bond pairs, and lone pairs.

What is characteristic of sagital plane static posture?

Slight anterior tilting of the scapula of about 9-20 degrees

What is the name of SnO2?

SnO2 is an ionic compound with a tin cation and the oxide anion. Tin can have multiple charges, so the name must indicate the charge with a roman numeral. To find the charge on the tin cation, use the fact that oxide has a charge of −2. There are two oxide anions, so the charge on the tin cation must be +4 in order to give a neutral charge overall. 1(+4)+2(−2)=0. Therefore, the name of the compound is tin (IV) oxide.

Which of the following is NOT a molecular compound?

SnSe2 is an ionic compound because an ionic bond is formed between a metal (Sn) and a non-metal (Se).

carpal bones mnemonic

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle

Rule of three's for T4-T6

Spinous processes are 1/2 level inferior to their Transverse processes Example the T4 SP is 1/2 between the TP of T4 and T5

Rule of three's for T1-T3

Spinous processes are level with their transverse processes

The nucleus of an atom can be split into smaller components by what kind of process

Splitting an atom is a nuclear process.

What is the molecular structure of IF₅?

Square pyramidal

when measuring horizontal abduction/adduction what position does the pt. start in?

Start at 90 degrees of flexion

Given the compound name copper(II) chlorate, what is the formula of the compound? (Hint: Use the periodic table above to help you if you don't know all of the symbols by heart.)

Step 1: Determine the symbol of the cation using the first word in the compound name.Result of this step = In this case, the first word in the compound name is copper. Its symbol is Cu. Step 2: Identify the Roman numeral associated with the cation. This will tell you the charge on the cation.Result of this step = In this case, the Roman numeral associated with the copper cation is (II), signifying a charge of +2. Step 3: Identify the anion and its charge using the second word in the compound name.Result of this step = In this case, the polyatomic anion ion is chlorate. Its formula is ClO3¯. Step 4: Balance the formula so that the charge equals 0.Result of this step = Cu has a charge of +2 and ClO3 has a charge of -1. This means that for every one Cu ion, we must have two ClO3 ions. The resulting formula for this compound is Cu(ClO3)2.

Given the formula Fe(NO3)2 what is the name of the ionic compound it represents? (Hint: Use the periodic table above to help you if you don't know all of the symbols by heart.)

Step 1: Identify the cation and decide if it has variable charge. If yes, then a Roman numeral will be used.Result of this step = Iron (Fe) can have variable charge. Step 2: Identify the anion.Result of this step = The polyatomic anion is NO3¯. Step 3: If the cation shows variable charge, you must determine the necessary Roman numeral. This is done by calculating the total charge contributed by the polyatomic ion.Result of this step = NO3¯ has a charge of -1 and there are two of them, giving a total charge of -2. This means that the iron must have a +2 charge, in order to keep the total charge of the formula at 0. Step 4: Determine the name of the polyatomic anion.Result of this step = NO3¯ is nitrate. The resulting name of this compound is iron(II) nitrate.

Steric number

Steric number is the number of atoms bonded to a central atom of a molecule plus the number of lone pairs attached to the central atom. The steric number of a molecule is used in VSEPR

Hydrogen bonds are

Stronger version of dipole dipole, found in molecules containing H and one of F, O, or N (water)

What is a exception to the octet rule?

Sulfur in SO2−4

What force couple creates phase 1A movement?

Supraspinatus and deltoid

what muscle reduces the superior pull of the deltoid?

Supraspinatus force will reduce superior pull and compress the humeral head into the glenoid

T or F: Shoulder girdle is NOT dependent on the shoulder joint and its muscles

T or F: The trapezius is most superficial

T or F: shoulder dislocations are likely to reoccur

A central atom with three single bonds and three lone pairs will exhibit what molecular structure?

T-shaped

Where are Costotransverse joints found?

T1-T10

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12; second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

Where should the superior angle of the scapula located in static posture?

What vertebral segments does the scapula run?

T2-T7

Where should the inferior angle of the scapula be in static posture?

Which of the following anions is most likely to form?

Te2- Tellurium will tend to gain two electrons to fill its valence shell. Sulfur and selenium also should become 2−, while bromine should become 1−.

What is the electron pair geometry of SnCl⁻₃?

Tetrahedral

What is the electron-pair geometry and molecular structure of ammonia (NH₃?)

Tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal

with trapezius paralysis how will abduction be affected?

The ROM will be limited to 75 degrees

Which of the following defines mass?

The amount of matter in an object

carrying angle

The angle between the humerus and ulna when the arm is in anatomical position. 5-15 degrees

The image below represents a molecule that takes up a three-dimensional space. Use this image to answer the question that follows. What does the net dipole moment of PF5 look like?

The dipole moment is 0 There is a vector for each F pointing from P to F. This molecule has high symmetry so the vectors all cancel out, leaving the dipole moment as 0.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption made regarding Bohr's atomic model?

The electron is continuously emitting electromagnetic radiation.

What is an assumption Bohr made about the hydrogen atom?

The electron is not continuously emitting electromagnetic radiation.

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle does not apply when measuring which pair of observable quantities?

The energy and momentum of an electron.

the law of multiple proportions

The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small, whole numbers.

When reading a measurement from an analog instrument like a ruler or a mercury thermometer, how should you determine the number of significant figures to record?

The least significant figure should be estimated by reading between the smallest markings on the instrument.

To name an inorganic compound, we need to consider the answers to several questions. First, is the compound ionic or molecular? If the compound is ionic, does the metal only take on one charge value (fixed charge), or can it have multiple different charges (variable charge)? Are the ions monatomic or polyatomic? If the compound is molecular, does it contain hydrogen? If so, does it also contain oxygen? From the answers we derive, we place the compound in an appropriate category and then name it accordingly.

The majority of metals of variable charge are transition metals; most of the transition metals can form two or more different cations (each with a different charge). Ionic compounds containing these metals are named by the same method as compounds with fixed charge metals, except that the charge of the metal ion is specified by a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal. The charge of the metal ion is determined from the formula of the compound and the charge of the anion. For example, consider binary ionic compounds of iron and chlorine. Iron typically exhibits a charge of either 2+ or 3+, and the two corresponding chlorides are FeCl2 and FeCl3. The simplest name, "iron chloride," will, in this case, be ambiguous, as it does not distinguish between these two compounds. In cases like this, the charge of the metal ion is included as a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the metal name. These two compounds are then unambiguously named iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride, respectively. Older nomenclature used the suffixes -ic and -ous to designate metals with higher and lower charges, respectively: Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, was previously called ferric chloride, and iron(II) chloride, FeCl2, was known as ferrous chloride. Though this naming convention has been largely abandoned by the scientific community, it remains in use by some segments of industry. For example, you may see the words stannous fluoride on a tube of toothpaste. This represents the formula SnF2, which is more properly named tin(II) fluoride. The other fluoride of tin is SnF4, which was previously called stannic fluoride, but is now named tin(IV) fluoride. Note that this older system of naming uses the Latin roots of the metals involved.

According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics differs from classical mechanics in that:

The measurement of an observable quantity in the quantum domain inherently changes the value of that quantity.

Which of the following statements about deciding between resonance structures with formal charges is correct?

The molecular structure where all formal charges are zero is preferred.

What is the soft tissue buttress of the glenohumeral joint?

The musculature around the glenohumeral joint provide a self centering mechanism for the humeral head

What is the hybridization of the N atom in NH3 ?

The nitrogen atom in NH3 is sp3 hybridized.

formal charge

The number of valence electrons in an isolated atom minus the number of electrons assigned to the atom in the Lewis structure

glenoid fossa

The part of the scapula that joins with the humeral head to form the glenohumeral joint.

What happens to the potential energy between two hydrogen atoms as they approach each other to form a covalent bond?

The potential energy decreases as the hydrogen atoms approach each other, but will increase if they get too close. Potential energy decreases as two hydrogen atoms approach each other to form a covalent bond. However, if the atoms get too close their positively charged nuclei begin to repel each other, which increases the potential energy between the atoms. Thus we define bond length as the distance at which the lowest potential energy is achieved. This an illustration of the Goldilocks principle: the distance between atoms must be just right.

When multiplying or dividing Sig Figs

The result will have as many Sig Figs as the value with fewer Sig Figs

When adding or subtracting Sig Figs

The result will have as many decimal places of the value with the few were decimal places

Thoracic Rule of threes

The rule of threes divides the thoracic spine into 4 sets of 3 vertebrae from cranial to caudal, and states that the SPs are located at the same level, one half level below, or 1 full level below the TPs of their corresponding vertebrae

The structural formula for a molecule is different from its molecular formula in that:

The structural formula shows how the atoms are connected

Which formula tells us the most about a molecule?

The structural formula tells us more than either the molecular formula or empirical formula, because a structural formula contains the information from a molecular and empirical formula in addition to showing the connections of atoms in the molecule.

Which of the following statements are true?

The sum of all formal charges in a neutral molecule must be zero. The sum of all formal charges in an ion must equal the charge of the ion. Small (or zero) formal charges on individual atoms are better than large ones. When formal charge cannot be avoided, negative formal charge should reside on the most electronegative atom.

Where can plasma be found?

The sun The incredibly high temperature inside the Sun strips electrons from atomic nuclei to general plasma. None of the other objects are hot enough to do this (the rock, a snowflake, a hot spring)

glenohumeral joint

The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder motions include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, internal and external rotation static stability of the GH joint is provided by the coracohumeral ligament and the joint capsule dynamic stability is provided by the rotator cuff

Which is true regarding ionic compounds?

The total positive charge equals the total negative charge. which is why they are neutral as a whole.

An energy conversion is best defined as

The transformation of energy from one form to another.

Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic solids?

Their ionic bonds are very strong Ionic solids are poor conductors of electricity Ionic solids dissolve easily in water The properties of ionic compounds shed some light on the nature of ionic bonds. Ionic solids exhibit a crystalline structure and tend to be rigid and brittle; they also tend to have high melting and boiling points, which suggests that ionic bonds are very strong. Ionic solids are also poor conductors of electricity for the same reason. Most ionic solids, however, dissolve readily in water.

Which of the following is true about thermochemistry?

Thermochemistry involves studying the release and absorption of heat energy. Both chemical and physical changes are studied in thermochemistry. Understanding the principles of thermochemistry is important for a wide variety of disciplines. Thermochemistry involves studying the release and absorption of heat energy during chemical and physical changes, and it is used in a great many disciplines.

What happens to the 1s orbitals on the hydrogen atoms as they approach to make a covalent bond?

They begin to overlap in a direct or head-on fashion. It is this overlapping of orbitals that allows the electrons to interact with both nuclei.

Which of the following is true of covalent bonds?

They have lower melting points than ionic bonds. They have lower boiling points than ionic bonds. They do not conduct electricity or heat well. Covalent compounds generally have much lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds because the attraction between molecules (which are electrically neutral) is weaker than that between electrically charged ions. Therefore, they do not conduct electricity or heat well.

Thoracic vertebral bodies diameter makeup?

Thoracic vertebral bodies have equal transverse and anterior - posterior diameters

Given the deviations at lower temperatures and higher pressures, when might we still use the ideal gas laws?

To describe gases at atmospheric pressure and room temperature Atmospheric pressure is considered a low pressure, and room temperature (about 25∘C) is a moderate temperature. Under these conditions gases will still largely approximate ideal gas behavior, so the ideal gas laws will remain useful.

The elements that are most likely to have multiple oxidation states are?

Transition metals. Oxidation state of an element in a given compound is the charged acquired by its atom on the basis of electronegativity of other atoms in the compound.

T1 and T12 are what type of vertebrae?

Transitional

for abduction which muscle is more important serratus or trapezius?

Trapezius

What is a TUBS?

Traumatic unilateral dislocations with a Bankart lesion

Which spatial orientation will involve more than one bond angle value?

Trig bipyramidal

A molecule with three electron domains will exhibit which geometry?

Trigonal Planar

Identify the electron pair geometry of ClF₃.

Trigonal bipyramidal

What will be the electron-pair geometry for a molecule with five regions of electron density?

Trigonal bipyramidal

What will be the electron-pair geometry of XeF₂?

Trigonal bipyramidal

Which spatial orientation will involve more than one bond angle value?

Trigonal bipyramidal

What is the electron pair geometry of O₃?

Trigonal planar

What is the molecular structure of SnCl⁻₃?

Trigonal pyramidal

Which type of bond takes up the largest region of space?

Triple bond

Can a nonpolar molecule can contain polar bonds?

True

True or false: According to the Heisenberg principle, the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot be determined simultaneously.

True

In general, covalent bonding can occur between which of the following?

Two neutral atoms Covalent bonding occurs between two neutral atoms; the electrons are shared between the two atoms so that each can fill its octet.

In general, covalent bonding can occur between which of the following?

Two neutral atoms Covalent bonding occurs between two neutral atoms; the electrons are shared between the two atoms so that each can fill its octet.

Repetitive throwing actions such as those done by pitchers can impact the integrity of the?

Ulnar collateral ligament (What pitching action affects the UCL?)

Between radial and ulnar deviation, which ROM is greater.

Ulnar deviation is greater (than?)

What force couple creates phase 1B movement?

Upper trap and lower serratus

When calculating the concentration of a diluted solution using the equation M1V1=M2V2 (also sometimes given as c1V1=c2V2), what must be true about the units of volume?

V1 and V2 can be any volume units, as long as they are the same.

Charles's law is described by which of the following equations?

V=kT V/T=k V1/T1=V2/T2

VSEPR theory

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory; because electron pairs repel, molecules adjust their shapes so that valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible

In the PF5 molecule, what is the geometry of the bond dipole for one PF bond?

Vector pointing toward F

When drawing a Lewis structure, the first step is to:

We must first determine the number of valence electrons in order to decide where they go.

The work of which of the following people lent itself to the establishment of quantum mechanics?

Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrodinger Louis de Broglie

Polar covalent is?

When e- are shared unequally between two atoms (molecule has a slightly positive and slightly negative end)

When flexing index finger, your middle finger has to flex as well but?

When you extend your index finger your middle finger doesn't have to extend as well?

Which of the following units is a derived SI unit (not one of the SI base units)?

Someone with a carrying angle of 15 degrees is most likely a?

Women (greater ___ angle of __ degrees)

What role would an exaggerated thoracic kyphosis and/or an abnormally elevated position of the scapula play in sagital plane posture of the scapula?

Would lead to an external impingement due to the increased angle of the anterior tilt decreasing the "5 dime high space" in the subacromial space

Example of expanded octect

XeF2, SF6, IF5

Are facet joints synovial?

Yes they're not synarthroses (no movement)

Check Rein structures to Flexion

Zygopophyseal joints, Posterior annulus, erector Spinae, ligaments, anterior disk compression

Which will have the shortest wavelength?

a baseball

A compound that consists of hydrogen and one other non-metallic element is known as:

a binary acid

a tight Glenohumeral anterior capsule acts as a what to ER?

a check rein

Which of the following is a characteristic of a sigma bond?

a covalent bond

When atomic orbitals of two nuclei overlap, the mutual attraction between a negatively charged electron pair and the two positively charged nuclei forms:

a covalent bond When overlap occurs between two atomic orbitals, the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons that form a pair create a physical bond that is the covalent bond. The more overlap that occurs between two orbitals, the stronger the attraction between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons.

In November 2018, the kilogram was redefined in terms of Planck's constant. Before this, the kilogram was based on

a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy

Bursa

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid provides for smooth gliding of th joint surfaces and a small degree of force absorbtion

In a Lewis structure, a covalent bond is represented by:

a line

The reason that atomic numbers are always integer values is because every element has

a particular number of protons

The reason that atomic numbers are always integer values is because every element has:

a particular number of protons

If something is a compound, it is also

a pure substance; Pure substances are either elements or compounds. A compound is a pure substance composed of more than one element.

At a sufficiently low temperature, a liquid does not have enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular attractions, and changes into:

a solid

Units of measurement provide which of the following?

a standard comparison of measurements

During vaporization

a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

At the end of the 19th century, light was viewed as being:

a wave

actions of the middle deltoid

abduction

actions of the posterior deltoid

abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation

actions of the anterior deltoid

abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

pec minor, serratus anterior, subclavius

abduction:

Abductor pollicis longus action

abducts thumb at the carpometacarpal joint (what muscle)

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

How is scoliosis named?

according to the direction of the convexity and region

A measurement is _____ if it yields results that are close to the accepted value.

accurate

What do the CH and SGH prevent motion wise?

act as tethers to prevent glenoid going lateral due to gravity

1. supination of the forearm 2. flexion of the elbow 3. weak flexion at shoulder joint 4. weak abduction at shoulder joint

actions of the biceps brachii

pronation of the forearm

actions of the pronator quadratus

1. pronation of the forearm 2. weak flexion of the elbow

actions of the pronator teres

extension of the elbow joint

actions of the triceps brachii lateral and medial head:

Which of the following will decrease the concentration of a solution?

adding more solvent removing moles of solute

middle trap, lower trap, rhomboids, (weak adduction-levator scapulae )

adduction:

extensors

all muscles of the elbow and radioulnar join that are of lateral origin are _____

Wrist muscles that cross the elbow will?

also have a function on the elbow joint (what muscles?)

C, N, O, F

always obey the octet rule, cannot have more than 8 electrons in center element

When determining significant figures within a number, non-zero digits are

always significant

Which of the following stays constant when diluting a solution?

amount of solute

The smallest unit of matter that is indivisible without utilizing a nuclear reaction is known as:

an atom

Free radical

an atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired electron

A molecule contains a central atom from Group 13 in the second row of the periodic table. The molecule shows none of the characteristics of a free radical, but will often form bonds with other molecules by accepting a pair of electrons. This molecule is most likely:

an electron-deficient molecule As the central atom of this molecule is in the second row of the periodic table, we know that it cannot be hypervalent. We also know that it cannot have an odd number of electrons, as experimental evidence suggests that it is not a free radical (as all odd-electron molecules are). It is most likely electron-deficient due to the location of its central atom (Group 13) and its tendency to form bonds with molecules containing lone pairs of electrons.

The symbol Fe could refer to which of the following? Select the best answer below.

an iron atom The element known as "iron." a macroscopic sample of iron Fe means "iron" and it can be used to represent an individual iron atom in a molecular formula, or a ratio of iron atoms to other elements or compounds in a reaction, or just to represent the element itself without reference to any specific sample of iron.

the agonists in glenohumeral flexion are

anterior delt, upper pec, coracobrachialis

What is a Bankart lesion?

anterior dislocation of glenoid, where the anterior ligamentous structures are compromised

biceps brachii (short and long head) brachialis brachioradialis pronator teres pronator quadrus

anterior muscles of the elbow and radioulnar joint

flexion and pronation

anterior muscles of the elbow and radioulnar joint are primarily...

pectoralis major upper fibers and lower fibers subscapularis coracobrachialis

anterior muscles of the glenohumeral joint

pec. minor subclavius

anterior shoulder girdle muscles

the center of gravity falls____________ to the thoracic spine creating a ____________ moment

anterior, flexion

What is scapular elevation/depression coupled with?

anterior/posterior tilting

What are the Acromioclavicular joint motions?

anterior/posterior tipping medial/lateral rotation small amount of upward/downward rotation

Medial rotation of the scapula directs the glenoid fossa.........

anteriorly/medially opposite for lateral rotation

Scientific theories

are well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanations of particular aspects of nature. Theories are accepted because they provide satisfactory explanations as to why an observation occurs, but they can be modified if new data become available.

electron pair geometry

arrangement around a central atom of all regions of electron density (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons)

scapulothoracic joint

articulation between the anterior scapula and the thoracic wall movement includes elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward and downward rotation

When adding numbers, the sum will have:

as many decimal places as the number with fewest decimal places

How did Schrodinger visualize electrons?

as three-dimensional wavefunctions

What happens in the joint with humerus external rotation to free up subacromial space?

as we ER the greater tubercle will move out from under the acromion and open up space

Any antibonding orbital will be symbolized with a:

asterisk The asterisk is read as "star", and it implies an antibonding orbital.

T12 Spinous process in relation to its Transverse Process

at the same level

The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called a(n):

atom

the smallest particle of a substance that still retains the chemical properties of that substance

atom molecule

The atomic masses on the periodic table are listed in:

atomic mass units

The periodic table is arranged by increasing

atomic number

In a molecular orbital diagram, which of the following is listed down the right and left-hand sides of the diagram?

atomic orbitals In molecular orbital diagrams, the atomic orbitals are listed down the right and left, and the molecular orbitals are listed down the center. The entire diagram is arranged vertically from lowest to highest energy.

Dalton's atomic theory states that in chemical reactions, _________ are combined, separated, or rearranged.

atoms

According to Dalton, compounds consist of different types of __________ in specific whole number ___________.

atoms;ratio

Wrist flexors will be attached?

attached anteromedially at medial epicondyle (what wrist muscle type?)

the clavicle attaches joint to ___, but NOT part of the joint

axial

electron deficient molecules

baron and aluminum (form as many bonds as they have valence electrons)

When comparing H2 and HCl, the hydrogen atom in the HCl molecule will:

be surrounded by less electron density A chlorine atom will draw electron density away from the hydrogen atom, so hydrogen will have lost some electron density in the HCl molecule, whereas in a hydrogen molecule, each hydrogen has the same amount of electron density.

an injury to the thumb from fighting is called ___

bennets fracture

What is the molecular structure of the rightmost oxygen?

bent The oxygen atom has four electron domains so the electron pair geometry is tetrahedral. Two of the four regions are due to nonbonding pairs so the molecular structure is bent.

A molecule with four electron regions where two are lone pairs has which geometry?

bent or angular

A molecule with three electron regions where one is a lone pair will have _____ molecular geometry

bent or angular

The hip joint is the joint between the head of the femur and what?

between head of the femur and ACETABULUM (what joint?)

In a resonance structure for NO−3, nitrogen has single bonds to two of the oxygens and a double bond to one of the oxygens. In a resonance hybrid structure, what will the nature of the bonds be?

between one or two bonds

where is the specific articulation of the plane synovial joint for the costovertebral joint?

between the head of the rib and the 2 demifacets of the thoracic vertberae

Intermolecular forces are ________________ molecules and are ________________ than intramolecular forces.

between, weaker

O: supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of glenoid fossa I: tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis

biceps brachii long head O/I

O: coracoid process of scapula and upper lip of glenoid fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis I: tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis

biceps brachii short head O/I

the three muscles in elbow flexion are...

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

the agonists in elbow flexion are ___, ___, ___

biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

For a gas at room temperature, how many collisions does each particle experience per second?

billions

What is determined by the distance at which the lowest potential energy is achieved and the distance at which positive charges have the least repulsion?

bond length The bond length is determined by the distance at which the lowest potential energy is achieved and the distance at which positive charges have the least repulsion. When a covalent bond forms, each electron interacts with each nucleus, which brings the system to a lower energy. The ideal bond length is determined by the lowest energy that can be attained as the atoms approach each other.

The electrons involved in VSEPR theory will be core electrons.

bonding electrons and lone pairs. These are the electrons in the valence shell, which are the ones that will generate the repulsion responsible for the geometry of the molecule.

When filling molecular orbitals, which orbital would we fill first?

bonding orbital We fill molecular orbitals by the Aufbau principle, filling lower-energy orbitals first. Bonding orbitals have lower energy than antibonding orbitals, so we will fill them first.

passive restraint

bones fit together, non-contractile tissues that stabilizes a joint

Which of the following conditions is/are true when a transition between states is observed in the order of solid→liquid→gas? increase in kinetic energy decrease in intermolecular forces both a and b neither a nor b

both a and b The differences in the properties of a solid, liquid, or gas reflect the strengths of the attractive forces between the atoms, molecules, or ions that make up each phase. The phase in which a substance exists depends on the relative extents of its intermolecular forces (IMFs) and the kinetic energies (KE) of its molecules. As a substance goes from solid to liquid to gas, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and intermolecular forces experienced by the particles decrease.

According to VSEPR theory, electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form __________.

both lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons

According to VSEPR theory, electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form __________.

both lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons According to VSEPR theory, electrons around a central atom are "electron dense regions." These regions can either be in the form of lone pairs (nonbonding) or in the form of bonding pairs (bonded atoms).

O: distal half of anterior shaft of humerus I: coronoid process of ulna

brachialis O/I

flexion of the elbow

brachialis actions

O: distal 2/3 of later condyloid ridge of humerus I: lateral surface of distal end of the radius at styloid process

brachioradialis O/I

1. flexion of the elbow 2. pronation from supination to neutral 3. supination from pronation to neutral

brachioradialis actions

A fracture is the ___ of a bone. Examples are ___, ___,___,___

break stress, avulsion, closed, open

Which halogen is a liquid at room temperature? fluorine chlorine bromine iodine

bromine

___ is the inflammation of the bursa caused by direct trauma or overuse (ligament or muscle tear)

bursitis

Which element belongs to the alkaline earth metals?

calcium

The success of Bohr's model that demanded the scientific community's attention was its ability to:

calculate the Rydberg constant

You can measure mass by

calculating the amount of force it takes to accelerate an object

Which unit of energy is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1∘C?

calorie

SI, P, S, Cl

can have expanded octect/more than 8 electrons

Which bond is the shortest?

carbon-oxygen triple bond With each additional bond, the bond length contracts, so the triple bond will be the shortest.

Based on the rules for naming oxyacids, what is the correct name for H2CO3?

carbonic acid We omit the word "hydrogen" and start with the root name of the anion. Then we replace "ate" with "ic" and add the word acid to get carbonic acid.

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

carpal bones names

_____ results from repetitive stress to tissue and accounts for 64% of work injuries. Caused by a pinched nerve

carpal tunnel

A Lewis symbol with no dots must be a:

cation

A Lewis symbol with no dots must be a:

cation Lewis symbols show the valence electrons, so if a Lewis symbol has no dots, the atom must have lost its valence electrons and will therefore be a positively charged cation.

Atoms that have a positive charge are known as __________.

cations

nucleus pulposus

center of the intervertebral disc, high fluid content, relatively low collagen content

A compound is a chemical substance composed of two or more kinds of elements in a fixed ratio. By what means can the components of a compound be separated?

chemical means

Which of the following correctly pairs the polyatomic ion with its formula?

chlorate, ClO−3

As we protract how will the clavicle move arthrokinematicly?

clavicle will roll anterior and slide anterior concave on convex

The characteristics of atoms are responsible for the following aspects of a type of matter

color density luster

carpal tunnel syndrome

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist solution is to go in and cut open the transverse carpal ligament

Which of the following factors influence the rate of diffusion?

concentration gradient surface area distance traveled

When you find dew on a leaf in the morning, it formed via:

condensing

the metacarpophalangeal is a ___ joint

condyloid

the radiocarpal is a ___ joint

condyloid

what ligaments stabilize the AC joint

conoid, trapezoid, and AC ligaments

lateral tilt (outward tilt):

consequential movement during abduction in which the scapula rotates about its vertical axis, resulting in the posterior movement of the medial border and anterior movement of the lateral border

anterior tilt (upward tilt)

consequential rotational movement of the scapula about the frontal axis occurring during hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint resulting in the the superior border moving anteroinferiorly and the inferior angle moving posteriosuperiorly - top forward and bottom back

posterior tilt (downward tilt)

consequential rotational movement of the scapula about the frontal axis occurring during hyperflexion of the glenohumeral joint, resulting in the superior border moving posteroinferiorly and the inferior angle moving anterosuperiorly - past 180 degrees

Active restraint

contractile tissues that stabilize a joint **contraction

a bruise is also known as a ___

contustion

what shape is the articular surface of the rib head?

convex

there is a lot of variation but in general, what are the arthrokinematic shapes of the acromion and clavicle?

convex lateral clavicle with a concave acromion

Which of the following is the correct name for the ion: CuO?

copper (II) oxide

CuOH is called:

copper(I) hydroxide As the hydroxide has a charge of 1−, the copper atom must have a charge of 1+, thus we use the roman numeral I.

O: coracoid process of scapula I: middle of medial border of humeral shaft

coracobrachialis O/I

horizontal adduction, flexion, adduction

coracobrachialis actions:

the coracobrachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

coracoid process, humeral shaft

Molecular electron configurations will often omit:

core electrons Because the valence electrons are the ones of interest, we will often omit core electrons, which are the ones that do not have the highest principle quantum number of any electron in the molecule.

The view of light that describes light as consisting of particles is called:

corpuscular

Lewis structures are limited because they do not display the ______________.

correct bond angles in the molecule

Lewis structures are limited because they do not display the __________.

correct bond angles in the molecule Lewis structures do show connectivity and the presence of different bonds and lone pairs, but they do not accurately show the shape of the molecule in three dimensions. Hence, the bond angles will be incorrect.

Transverse processes are thickened laterally for articulation with what?

costal tubercle

what do ribs 8-10 articulate with?

costocartillage

With SC joint elevation what ligament will be tension loaded?

costoclavicular ligament

The charges on the proton and electron are typically measured in

coulombs

Which of the following is a step in predicting electron pair geometry and molecular structure using VSEPR theory?

Which of the following is a step in predicting electron pair geometry and molecular structure using VSEPR theory? Select all that apply.

count the number of regions of electron density around the central atom write the Lewis structure of the molecule use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure identify the electron-pair geometry based on the number of regions of electron density VSEPR theory can be used to determine both the electron pair geometry and the molecular structure. First, we write the Lewis structure of the molecule, and then count the number of electron dense regions around the central atom. Single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, and lone pairs each count as one electron dense region. After determining the electron dense regions, the electron pair geometry can be determined based on the number of regions. Finally, we can use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure by focusing on minimizing repulsions.

Which of the following is NOT weaker than a hydrogen bond?

covalent bond

Why is the clavicles crank shape and posterior rotation for phase 2B elevation?

crank shape allows for 30 degrees of further elevation the rotation aids in scapular posterior tilt

What method of walking would apply the least amount of pressure on a surface?

crawling on all fours Your weight stays the same, but if you distribute your weight along a greater area, such as all of your limbs, that reduces the amount of pressure you apply to any surface. This relationship is described by the equation P=F/A.

Which of the following correctly pair the polyatomic ion with its formula? Select all that apply.

cyanide, CN− chlorate, ClO−3 nitrate, NO−3

The Schrödinger equation was developed directly from the:

de Broglie relation

The symbol "d" is used with SI base units. What is the name of the prefix and quantity indicated by the symbol "d"?

deci- 10^−1

Intermolecular forces (IMF) _________________ when temperature increases.

decrease

As n increases, the distance between the energy levels:

decreases

For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume increases as the pressure:

decreases

Potential energy ______________ as orbitals begin to overlap and ________________ as protons are pushed too close together.

decreases, increases Potential energy decreases when orbitals begin to interact because when each electron interacts with both protons, this creates a more stable and energetically favorable situation. Potential energy increases when protons are too close together, though, because proton-proton repulsion occurs.

anterior fibers O: anterior lateral third of clavicle middle fibers O: lateral aspect of acromion post. fibers O: inferior edge of spine of scapula Insertion for all: deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus

deltoid O/I

Caudal translation is also called....

depression, caudal means of or like a tail

pec minor, lower trap, subclavius

depression:

When drawing a Lewis structure, the first step is to:

determine the amount of valence electrons

Robert Millikan used Thomson's existing data to

determine the mass of the electron.

N2O5 is called

dinitrogen pentoxide. The name of the more metallic element (the one farther to the left and/or bottom of the periodic table) is first, followed by the name of the more nonmetallic element (the one farther to the right and/or top) with its ending changed to the suffix -ide. The numbers of atoms of each element are designated by the Greek prefixes shown below.

Hydrogen bonding is technically a type of:

dipole-dipole attraction Hydrogen bonds are exceptionally strong dipole-dipole interactions.

which type of intermolecular forces are the strongest in CH3Cl?

dipole-dipole interactions

Which type of intermolecular forces are the strongest in CH3Cl? hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole interactions dispersion forces ionic bonding

dipole-dipole interactions CH3Cl is a polar molecule because the chlorine is far more electronegative than the carbon atom. Since it is polar, it will have a permanent dipole and dipole-dipole interactions will be the strongest intermolecular forces. It cannot form hydrogen bonds because hydrogen atoms are not bonded to N, O, or F atoms. Dispersion forces will still be present, but the permanent dipole of CH3Cl makes the dispersion forces insignificant.

dislocations are caused from..

direct force or extreme motion beyond normal ROM

Which type of orbital overlap results in the strongest covalent bond?

direct overlap Direct overlap maximizes the volume shared by the orbitals and thus maximizes bond strength.

What is the relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges?

directly proportional

What is the relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges?

directly proportional, The further away the partial charges are, the longer the vector will be that represents the resulting dipole, and a longer dipole means a stronger dipole.

Pressure is _______________ related to force and __________________ related to area.

directly, inversely

the annular ligament in the elbow prevents ___

dislocation

A homogeneous mixture like salt and water can be separated by

distillation; A homogeneous mixture can be separated by physical means, such as causing one substance to boil away while the other remains, which is what distillation accomplishes.

If the pressure in a container filled with air is quadrupled, we know that the volume must be __________.

divided by four

A homogenous mixture varies from a heterogenous mixture in that a homogenous mixture has properties that

do not vary in the mixture; a homogenous mixture has a uniform composition.

pec minor, rhomboids, (levator scapulae)

downward rotation:

subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor posses a _______________ angulated pull relative to the glenoid, and is resolved into what?

downward, resolved into an inferior directed force and a medial directed force

Which of the following is NOT a step in constructing Lewis structures?

draw a skeletal structure with the most electronegative atom in the middle

the scapulothoracic joint is supported..

dynamically by muscles with no ligamentous support. (not a true synovial joint)

ligaments in the elbow are not very ___ to ensure ___

elastic, stability

Which particle contributes neither to the atomic number nor the mass number of an atom?

electron

Which subatomic particle weighs significantly less than 1 amu?

electron

Which of the following is very reactive and can readily combine with molecules containing atoms with lone pairs?

electron-deficient molecules Electron-deficient molecules that do not have filled valence shells can readily combine with molecules containing atoms with lone pairs.

The ________ describes the location of electrons and the ________ describes the location of atoms.

electron-pair geometry, molecular structure

VSEPR theory considers which of the following?

electron-pair repulsions VSEPR theory considers electron-pair repulsions in that it predicts molecular structure based on electron pairs minimizing their repulsions from each other in order to achieve the most stable structure.

Hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrogen and: nonpolar molecules cations electronegative atoms all of the above

electronegative atoms

Different ions of a given element will have differing numbers of __________.

electrons Ions and neutral atoms of the same element differ by having different numbers of electrons.

Thomson's research led to the discovery that

electrons have a negative charge

Intermolecular forces are all some kind of:

electrostatic attraction

A mixture can be made up of two or more

elements compounds pure substances

what arthrokinematic motion will be created with inhalation at rib 1 and then at T1

elevation with posterior superior motion T1: posterior and inferior

Scapular upward and downward rotation is coupled with clavicular _____________ & ________________

elevation, depression

actions of the trapezius are...

elevation, depression, upward rotation, and depression

actions of the levator scapulae are...

elevation, retraction, downward rotation

Cephalad translation is also called......

elevation, think cephalic is moving towards head

upper trap, middle trap, rhomboids, levator scapulae

elevation:

According to modern atomic theory, atoms consist mostly of

empty space

When covalent bonds break:

energy is absorbed Energy must be added to break covalent bonds (endothermic), whereas forming covalent bonds releases energy (exothermic).

When an electron moves from a lower, more stable orbit to a higher-energy orbit:

energy is absorbed in the form of a photon

What is true about the covalent bonds in the nitrite ion, NO−2?

equal length, Even though each resonance structure shows one single bond and one double bond, these are actually of the same length in the actual molecule.

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons, symmetry

Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry always occupy which position?

equatorial

Lone pairs present in trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair geometry always occupy which position?

equatorial A lone pair in trigonal bipyramidal geometry will occupy the equatorial position because there is more space to accommodate it.

If a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry has one lone pair on the central atom, that lone pair will occupy what position?

equatorial The equatorial position is preferred because of the 120∘ bond angles, minimizing the repulsion felt by the lone pair, which repels more than a single bond does.

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

has a 20-30 degree total gliding and rotational motion accompanying other shoulder girdle and shoulder joint motions

explain the movement of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint

25 degree abduction/adduction 60 degree upward/downward rotation 55 degree elevation/depression

explain the scapulothoracic joint movement

the long head of the triceps assists with what motions

extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction

External rotation with elevation is used to prevent what?

external impingement of subacromial bursa

Why does upper thoracic vertebrae have decreased flexion and extension?

facets lie in a frontal plane, 60 degrees from horizontal

what are ribs 8-10?

false ribs, costal cartilage above will attach to sternum

An alternative name for iron(II) chloride is:

ferrous chloride The word ferrous implies the Fe2+ ion.

For most gases, increasing the pressure from 1.0 atm, will cause Z to:

first decrease then increase Most gases will have their Z value dip down slightly at first, and then rise dramatically as extremely high pressures are reached. This is because eventually the volume of the particles themselves becomes quite significant once the particles are very close together.

motion created at rib 1 with inhalation?

first rib will be elevated, with a superior and posterior CV joint motion, T1 may extend slightly

palmaris longus action

flexes wrist (what wrist muscle)

the biceps brachii assists in what motion

flexion

the brachialis does what movement?

flexion (isolated if forearm is pronated)

The flexor digitorum profundus action

flexion of digits 2-5 at DIP joints flexion of digits 2-5 at PIP joints flexion of digits 2-5 at MCP joints flexion of wrist (what muscle)

the brachioradialis (beer drinking muscle) does what movements?

flexion, pronation, supination

movements of the humeroulnar joint are ___ and ___

flexion/extension

movements of the radiohumeral joint are ___, ___, and ___

flexion/extension/rotation

The muscles on the front of the upper arm and forearm are?

flexors and pronators (what muscle location)

what are ribs 11 and 12?

floating ribs, no attachment to sternum at all

What is the 2:1 relationship of glenohumeral elevation?

for every 2 degrees the humerus moves up the scapula will move up 1

any type of lesion in the brachial plexus area leads to..

functional impairment

Which element, when discovered, empirically supported Mendeleev's table?

gallium

A substance that has no fixed shape or volume is a:

gas

Which of the following would have the highest kinetic energy?

gas

Which of these gas, liquid, or crystalline solid would likely have the weakest intermolecular forces?

gas

Kinetic molecular theory explains Dalton's law by stating that in a typical mixture of gases:

gas particles are far away from one another If the particles are very sparse, then the pressure exerted by a particular gas will be independent of the presence of other gases, and thus the total pressure will just be the sum of the partial pressures of the gases present in the mixture.

Which physical form(s) of matter have neither a definite volume nor definite shape?

gas, plasma

scapular muscles move shoulder girdle so that the..

glenoid fossa is in optimal position

T7-T8 have flat surfaces which means they allow what motion?

gliding

the carpometacarpal is a ___ joint

gliding

the intercarpal and midcarpal are ___ joints

gliding

All digit joints are what kind of joints?

gliding joints (what joints?)

the radiohumeral is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___, ___, and ___ motions

gliding, capitulum and radius, flexion, extension and rotation

Au2O3 is called:

gold(III) oxide We must specify the oxidation state of the gold atoms, and if oxygen is 2−, gold must be 3+, hence the roman numeral III.

A column on the periodic table is called a

group/family

Which of the following groups contain elements that, when used as the central atom of a molecular compound, form electron deficient molecules.

groups 2 and 13 Central atoms from groups 2 and 13 have 2 and 3 valence electrons and form single bonds in molecular compounds, so they end up with fewer than 8 electrons.

_____ results from gripping handle bars too tightly by putting pressure on ulnar nerve

handlebar pulsy

Polar molecules have attractive dipole-dipole interactions when the dipoles are arranged in which of the following geometries? head-to-tail: →→ head-to-head: →← side-to-side, antiparallel: ↑↓ side-to-side, parallel: ↑↑

head-to-tail: →→ side-to-side, antiparallel: ↑↓ Dipole-dipole interactions can be attractive for both head-to-tail, where the positive end of one dipole is directed towards the negative end of the other dipole, and for side-to-side, where the positive end of one dipole is next to the negative end of the other. Both of these arrangements become repulsive if one of the dipoles is reversed.

Polar molecules have attractive dipole-dipole interactions when the dipoles are arranged in which of the following geometries?

after every injury occurs, a set of cascade physiological outcomes occur and is called ___. The 3 phases of this are called ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___

healing continuum inflammatory-response phase, fibroblastic-repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase

Which of the following are types of energy?

heat chemical potential kinetic Potential energy is the energy an object has by virtue of its position in a field and it converts to kinetic energy which is the energy of motion. Thermochemistry is the study of heat exchange during chemical reactions and metabolism is the process of converting chemical energy to usable energy in a living organism.

Gases deviate from ideal gas behavior more at

high pressures and low temperatures At lower temperatures, molecules are moving slower and have more time to interact with each other. At high pressures, the molecules of a gas are crowded closer together, and there is more opportunity for interaction between attractive forces.

A hot shower is associated with _____________ thermal energy, and the heat will flow from a __________ object to a ___________ object.

high; hot, cold Thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. In a hot shower, the particles are moving more quickly than they would in a cold shower. Additionally, heat is the exchange of thermal energy, and heat will always flow from a hot object to a cold object.

Stronger dipole-dipole interactions will typically result in a :

higher boiling point

Hydrogen bonding results in:

higher boiling points, higher melting points, and higher heats of vaporization

Which of the below factors contribute to making hydrogen bonds so strong? (Select all that apply) highly concentrated partial charges large differences in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond strong dispersion forces small size of the atoms

highly concentrated partial charges large differences in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond small size of the atoms

the interphalangeal is a ___ joint

hinge

the humeroulnar is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___ and ___ motions

hinge, trochlea and ulna, flexion and extension

7 2 joint muscles have action action at?

hip and knee (how many muscles act on both?)

Intermolecular forces are primarily responsible for:

holding together molecules in a material

Molecular orbital diagrams can be written for:

homonuclear diatomic molecules heteronuclear diatomic molecules triatomic molecules Molecular orbital diagrams can easily be written for any kind of diatomic molecule, as well as molecules with more than two atoms.

arthrodial joint

how is the acromioclavicular (AC) joint classified?

not a true synovial joint b/c movement is totally dependent on the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

how is the scapulothoracic joint classified?

supported dynamically by its muscles and lacks ligamentous support

how is the scapulothoracic joint supported?

anteriorly--anterior sternoclavicular ligament posteriorly--posterior sternoclavicular ligament

how is the sternoclavicular joint supported?

the rotator cuff provides dynamic support and attaches to the..

humeral head

In order to maintain accuracy, valence bond theory must include which component?

hybridization

What is the name of the binary acid: HBr?

hydrobromic acid

Water freezes at 0∘C and CO freezes at −250∘C. Which type of intermolecular force accounts for this difference in freezing point between the two compounds?

hydrogen bonding

Which of the following is the strongest intermolecular force?

hydrogen bonding

Which type of intermolecular force is strongest in HF ? hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole interactions dispersion forces ionic bonding

hydrogen bonding

Which type of intermolecular force predominates between NH3 molecules? hydrogen bonding London dispersion forces covalent interactions ionic bonding

hydrogen bonding An isolated ammonia molecule, just like a water molecule, can form strong hydrogen bonds with either hydrogen bond donors or acceptors. Ammonia is more basic than water, and, therefore, ammonia is a better hydrogen bond acceptor than water. Each ammonia molecule can hydrogen bond to two others.

Which of the following is a strong type of dipole-dipole attraction that involves molecules with F-H, O-H, or N-H? hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole bonding dispersion force all of the above

hydrogen bonding Molecules with F-H,O-H, or N-H have highly concentrated partial charges that allow for a very strong dipole-dipole attraction to develop known as hydrogen bonding.

Which of the following forces is characteristic of some of the compounds with the highest boiling point?

hydrogen bonding Compounds with stronger intermolecular forces will have higher boiling points. In order of decreasing strength, the types of intermolecular forces are ranked as follows: ion-ion attractions > hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole attractions > london dispersion forces.

Which of the following shows a correct arrangement of intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest? hydrogen bonding > London dispersion forces > dipole-dipole interactions hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole interactions > London dispersion forces London dispersion forces > dipole-dipole interactions > hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole interactions > London dispersion forces > hydrogen bonding

hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole interactions > London dispersion forces

What did Schrodinger study in order to build his theory?

hydrogen-like atoms

When described as an acid, the correct name of H2S is:

hydrosulfuric acid 1. The word "hydrogen" is changed to the prefix hydro- 2. The other nonmetallic element name is modified by adding the suffix -ic 3. The word "acid" is added as a second word.

common elbow injury is ___

hyperextension

herniated discs are caused from ___ with lateral bending

hyperflexion

Which of the following types of molecule is an exception to the octet rule?

hypervalent molecues electron-deficient molecules odd-electron molecules

On a diagram showing the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms according to their internuclear distance, the lowest point will correspond to the:

ideal bond length The lowest energy will be the ideal bond length. This length is the distance between the nuclei that maximizes the electrostatic attraction between the two electrons and the two nuclei but minimizes the proton-proton repulsion.

what is the result of not having a negative intra-articular pressure in the glenohumeral joint?

immediate inferior subluxation

___ is an injury that occurs in people under 35 who play a sport or have a job with overhead movement. Usually occurs in supraspinatus and bursae

impingement

What ranges of motion are better in the middle thoracic spine?

in between upper and lower thoracic for ROM (Not good at anything but also not bad ;) )

degrees of freedom ____________ with coupled motion

increase

What motions have a greater range in upper thoracic vertebrae?

increased rotation and Side bending (Because upper are more like cervical)

The kinetic energies of molecules are responsible for:

increasing the distance between particles.

Scapulothoracic motions do not occur.........

independently, there is always a mix of the 5 motions, scapula(train) must stay attached to the thoracic wall(Track)

in the solid state of matter

individual particles are too tightly packed to translate, but may still vibrate.

The noble gases are also called the

inert gases

Upward rotation supports.......

inferior stability, creates a shelf for the humeral head to sit

secondary injury is caused from..

inflammatory or hypoxia resulting from primary injury

O: infraspinous fossa just below spine of scapula I: post. on greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus O/I

external rotation

infraspinatus action:

the agonists in glenohumeral external rotation are

infraspinatus, t major

the infraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the___

infraspinous fossa, head of humerus

inflammation is the response to ___

injury

The thigh is divided into 3 compartments by what?

intermuscular septa or connective tissue (divides what?)

the supraspinatus pulls the head of the humerus..

inwards

Which is the strongest type of intermolecular force? ion-dipole ion-ion dipole-dipole London dispersion

ion-ion Ion-ion forces are the strongest intermolecular force because they involve formal charges.

Which is the strongest type of intermolecular force?

ion-ion ion-ion forces are the strongest intermolecular force because they involve formal charges.

Which of the following elements does NOT belongs to the alkaline earth metals?

iron

Which of the following correctly pairs the formula with the metal ion name?

iron (II) nitride, Fe3N2 tin (IV) sulfide, SnS2 manganese (IV) nitride, Mn3N4

What is the name of the compound with the formula Fe(OH)3?

iron(III) hydroxide Iron has two possible oxidation states. In this example, we know there are three hydroxides, each with a charge of -1. This totals to a charge of -3. In order to balance the formula charge, iron must have a charge of +3. Therefore, the first part of the name is iron(III). The second part of the name is hydroxide, the name of the polyatomic ion. The name of this compound is iron(III) hydroxide.

theory

is a comprehensive explanation for observed phenomena, and is generally backed up by many scientific experiments.

hypothesis

is a tentative explanation of observations that acts as a guide for gathering and checking information by experimentation.

Molecular geometry

is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

What does the middle traps job change to in phase 2B?

it becomes a stabilizer with the rhomboids,

According to the equation developed by de Broglie, what happens to the wavelength of a particle as mass increases?

it decreases

which of the following describes the gaseous state of matter?

it expands to fill its container particles are far away from one another, and experience little attraction

If boron only has three valence electrons, it is an exception to the octet rule because

it is an electron-deficient molecule Boron only has three valence electrons, so it can only form three covalent bonds.

scapula

it is unusual to have movement of the humerus without ________ movement

What is the Lewis symbol for Be2+?

just Be no dots

An acute injury has..

just occurred or is only a few days old

Which of the following quantum numbers describes an electron in an atom? Select all that apply.

l n ml ms

Which of the following labels are used for quantum numbers to describe the state of an electron inside an atom? Select all that apply.

l, ms

The ___________ the dipole moment, the ________ the boiling point of the compound.

larger, higher

a chronic injury has..

lasted several weeks

O: post. crest of ilium, back of sacrum, and spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae I: medial side of intertubercular groove of humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major

lat. dorsi O/I

Origin of many wrist extensor

lateral epicondyle ( origin of what?)

the extensor carpi radialis longus originates at the __ and inserts at the __

lateral epicondyle of humerus 2nd metacarpal

the extensor carpi ulnaris originates at the __ and inserts at the __

lateral epicondyle of humerus fifth metacarpal

the brachioradialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

lateral epicondyle of humerus lateral styloid process of radius

A pi bond involves:

lateral orbital overlap Pi bonds involve the lateral overlap of p orbitals, in which the electron density is on either side of the internuclear axis.

A pi bond involves:

lateral orbital overlap side-by-side, or lateral orbital overlap with the electron density concentrated on opposite sides of the internuclear axis. lateral overlap of p orbitals overlap of unhybridized orbitals

retraction of the scapula is coupled with?

lateral rotation

extension, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal abduction

latissimus dorsi actions:

the agonists in glenohumeral adduction are

lats, t major, lower pecs

the agonists in glenohumeral internal rotation are

lats, t major, pec major, subscapularis

the agonists in glenohumeral extension are

lats, t major, post delt, lower pec

That a photon of a particular energy must be emitted or absorbed when an electron in a hydrogen atom changes orbits is a ramification of the:

law of conservation of energy

the ROM in the glenohumeral joint is..

lax until extreme ROM

What is the name of the ion Pb2+?

lead (II) cation Both lead (II) and lead (IV) are cations because they are positively charged. The ion Pb2+ is lead (II) because it has 2+ charge.

Leading zeros are only significant if they are:

leading zeros are never significant

In some cases, volume can be found by cubing which of the following quantities?

length

A molecule has:

length mass volume

How is the stability of the glenhumeral joint Anterior to posterior in relation to superior to inferior in the glenoid fossa?

less stable A to P compared to S to I, due to the concavity differences in the glenoid fossa

The specific heat of air is 1.007Jg×oC and the specific heat of nitrogen (N2) is 1.040Jg×oC. What is the specific heat of oxygen (O2)?

less than 1.007Jg×oC Air contains mostly nitrogen and oxygen. Since the specific heat of nitrogen is larger than the specific heat of air, the specific heat of oxygen must be smaller than the specific heat of air.

An atomic nucleus has a mass that is:

less than the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons (known as mass defect)

What is used to describe valence electron configurations of atoms and monatomic ions?

lewis symbols

a sprain is an injury to a ___

ligament

glenohumeral capsule

ligaments that surround the humerus & keeps it in the glenoid cavity what you injure with shoulder dislocations provides stability to the joint

J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron relied on the observation that

like charges repel and unlike charges attract

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle imposes:

limits on what can be known in science

A substance that has a fixed volume, but no fixed shape is a:

liquid

Which phase of water has the highest density?

liquid

Which of the following correctly pairs the ion name with the ion symbol?

lithium cation, Li+

disc function

load reduction force transmission motion guiding (in the lumbar vertebrae)

Bond angles decrease as more lone pairs are added because

lone pairs repel other electron densities slightly more than bonding pairs

What axis does the clavicle rotate about with SC joint posterior and anterior rotation?

longitudinal axis

Under which conditions are gas molecules most likely to exhibit ideal behavior?

low pressures Gas molecules are most likely to exhibit ideal behavior at low pressures. There is no significant particle volume at low pressure, since gas molecules are tiny compared to the space that a gas occupies under normal conditions. Therefore, at these conditions, the molecules will behave as an ideal gas.

the teres minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

lower posterior scapula, head of humerus

You should fill ________________________ orbitals first when constructing a molecular orbital energy diagram.

lower-energy You should always fill the lower energy orbitals first when constructing a molecular orbital energy diagram. This is how orbitals normally fill.

When read from bottom to top, molecular orbital diagrams arrange orbitals in order of:

lowest to highest energy Molecular orbitals diagrams are essentially energy diagrams: they list the orbitals in a molecule at their corresponding energies (the y axis in such diagrams denotes energy). Visually, the diagram shows the orbitals ranked from lowest to highest energy moving up along the energy axis.

Which of the following equations accurately represents bond dipole moment?

m=Qr The magnitude of a bond dipole moment (m) is given by the formula, where Q is the magnitude of the partial charges (determined by the electronegativity difference) and r is the distance between the charges

MgCl2 is called __________.

magnesium chloride When combining a metal plus a non-metal for ionic compounds, we do not need a prefix for magnesium, and chlorine will become chloride, giving us magnesium chloride.

Which of the following signifies the spatial orientation, i.e. direction, of an atomic orbital?

magnetic quantum number, ml

The observation that an atom has slightly less mass than the sum of the masses of its subatomic particles is called which of the following?

mass defect. Ex)the nucleus of a helium atom is composed of two neutrons and two protons. The sum of the masses of two neutrons and two protons is 4.03298 amu, while the actual mass of a helium nucleus is found to be only 4.00260 amu. The difference (in this case, 0.03038 amu) is the mass defect for helium. The energy corresponding to the mass defect, using the equation E=mc2, is referred to as the nuclear binding energy.

Blocks on the periodic table will NOT list a(n)

mass number

Atoms of the same element can have different

mass numbers

Protraction of the scapula is coupled with?

medial rotation

the humeral head faces where at neutral

medially superiorly and posteriorly

The process of going from the solid to liquid phase is called

melting

Elements in group 2 are

metals

Which among the following has the highest melting point? methanol CH3F CH4 C2H6

methanol

The VSEPR model assumes that electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that ___________ repulsions by __________ the distance.

minimizes, maximizing

A _________ is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of discrete particles as the number of atoms in a 12.00-gram sample of pure carbon-12.

mole

What results when two or more atoms share electrons equally?

molecular compounds

In a molecular orbital diagram, which of the following is listed down the center of the diagram?

molecular orbitals In molecular orbital diagrams, the atomic orbitals are listed down the right and left, and the molecular orbitals are listed down the center. The entire diagram is arranged vertically from lowest to highest energy.

Electron-deficient molecules will react with:

molecules with lone pairs An electron-deficient molecule will react with electron excess, namely a lone pair from some other molecule, like ammonia.

When naming binary covalent compounds, the element listed first will be the one that is

more metallic

When naming binary covalent compounds, the element listed first will be the one that is

more metallic. The atom farther to the left on the periodic table, which will be the one with more metallic character, will be listed first.

More surface are equates to.....

more muscle attachment

What is the result of having a greater surface area for humeral head articulation with ER?

more stability at the glenohumeral joint

The molecular speed in a sample of gas that is exhibited by the greatest number of molecules is called the:

most probable speed

Shoulder planes of motion

mostly sagittal

Rib kinematics of ribs 1-6?

motion occurs around an axis that is almost in the frontal plane, so an M-L axis

Rib kinematics for ribs 7-10?

motion occurs around an axis that is almost in the sagittal plane

Compared to a gas, the molecules of a liquid

move more slowly, and are packed closer together

Pronation

movement that turns the palm down

clavicle

movements of the shoulder girdle can be described as movements of the scapula, but it is important to remember that wherever the scapula goes, the _______ follows

wrist flexion, wrist extension, wrist abduction, wrist adduction, flexion of fingers and thumb, opposition, extension of fingers/thumb/resposition, adduciton of metacarpophelangeal joints and thumb, abduciton of metacarpophelangeal joints and thumb

movements of the wrist include: (8)

Retraction

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

Protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

Which of the following quantum numbers does NOT define orbitals?

ms ms describes the intrinsic electron property known as "spin", while n,l, and ml define the orbital.

When assessing atoms with more than one proton, we must:

multiply the Rydberg constant by the nuclear charge

a strain is an injury to a ___

muscle

subclavius muscle

muscle of the shoulder girdle that provides stabilization and protection of the sternoclavicular joint

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Longus

muscles that abduct the wrist:

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

muscles that adduct the wrist:

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Pollicis Longus • (weak : Extensor Indicis, Extensor Digiti Minimi)

muscles that extend the wrist:

Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus

muscles that flex the wrist:

trapezius

must know muscles relative to location: ex: anterior hip, knee, etc TEST QUESTION: if slapped on the back = palpate ______

Which set of quantum numbers is invalid?

n=1, l=1, ml=0, ms=12

Which set of quantum numbers is invalid?

n=2, l=0, ml=−1, ms=12

metacarpophalangeal joint proximal interphalangeal joint distal interphalangeal joint carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

name all digit joints

When a neutral atom gains an electron, it will have a

negative charge

In order for a molecule to be polar, it must have?

net dipole, polar covalent bonds, and asymettrical

When considering precise mass, which particle has the greatest mass?

neutron

Despite the units frequently seen on laboratory scales, the most appropriate unit below for quantifying weight is _______.

newtons

A molecular structure will prefer to have:

no formal charges A molecular structure with no formal charges is preferred.

If an atom has a full octet, it will have:

noble gas electron configurations

The group that is least likely to ionize is the __________.

noble gases also called the inert gases because they are very unlikely to react. This is because they have a full valence shell of electrons, which means they do not want to gain or lose any electrons. The other groups listed all readily ionize.

range of motion for cervical vertebrae

non-sagittal 3d no pure rotation or flexion

Electrons that inhabit different orbitals must have a different value for the:

none of above They could have the same principle quantum number if they are in different orbitals with the same shell, they could have the same angular momentum quantum number if they are in different orbitals of the same type of subshell, and they could have the same spin value, as every full orbital will have one electron spin up and one spin down.

We can always determine the precise structural formula from the:

none of above We will not necessarily be able to determine the structural formula, even given all of the above data.

Which of the following will exhibit hydrogen bonding? Br2, F2, I2, none of the above

none of the above Molecules with F-H,O-H, or N-H have partial charges that allow for a very strong dipole-dipole attraction to develop known as hydrogen bonding. None of these molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding because they do not contain F-H,N-H, or O-H bonds.

The sum of formal charges of all atoms in an ion should always be:

none of the above The sum of the formal charges in an ion should equal the charge of that specific ion.

Under conditions of constant temperature and amount of substance, a plot of pressure vs. volume for an ideal gas will result in __________. a line a parabola a logarithmic function none of the above

none of the above This plot will give a hyperbolic relationship because there is an inverse relationship between the pressure and the volume of an ideal gas under conditions of constant temperature and constant amount of substance (constant number of moles, n).

binary covalent compounds

nonmetal and nonmetal

Covalent bonds are formed between

nonmetals

Covalent bonds are most commonly formed between:

nonmetals Bonds between nonmetals are almost always covalent in nature.

Use the figure provided to determine which of the following describes Cl2.

nonpolar covalent Using the figure, we can determine that Cl2 is nonpolar and covalent (0 electronegative difference).

what do ribs 11 and 12 articulate with?

nothing ;)

In the energy expression for hydrogen-like atoms, Z is equal to the:

nuclear charge

the triceps act as a __ during bicep supination

nuetralizer

the deltoid originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

o: clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula i: deltoid tuberosity

The 5p orbitals fill immediately after the 4d orbitals and immediately before the 6s based on:

observed experimental results theoretical calculations

What is the electron pair geometry of IF₅?

octahedral

What is the electron pair geometry of IF5?

octahedral IF5 has six electron domains with one of those domains resulting from a nonbonding pair. The electron pair geometry is octahedral (6), and the molecular structure is square pyramidal because the lone pair occupies an equatorial position to minimize lone pair repulsions.

where are the T9-T12 vertebral facets located?

on the posterior pedicles

On the resonance hybrid for NO−2, in between the nitrogen atom and each oxygen atom there is:

one covalent bond and one partial bond

What results when a pair of atomic orbitals combines?

one lower energy bonding molecular orbital one higher energy antibonding orbital When a pair of atomic orbitals combines, one lower energy bonding molecular orbital and one higher energy antibonding molecular orbital form.

The number of atoms in one mole of oxygen is equal to the number of atoms in ______ of hydrogen.

one mole

Resonance Form

one of a number of valid Lewis structures for a particular molecule

resonance structure

one of the two or more equally valid electron dot structures of a molecule or polyatomic ion

Electrons on a Lewis symbol will be arranged:

one on every side before placing a second on any side

A carbon atom that displays linear geometry is likely to be participating in:

one triple bond and one single bond If carbon has a triple bond, it will show linear geometry. This can also happen if the carbon atom has two double bonds.

pitchers shoulder is also known as ____

osteochondritis dissecans

Which of the following is NOT a base unit of SI?

ounce

anulous fibrosus

outer layer of the intervertebral discs, ringed and outer layer. resists tensile and rotational forces

microtraumatic injuries are often called ___ and result from repetitive loading or ___ ___. This results in ___,____,___

overuse injuries, incorrect mechanics tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis

Compounds that contain hydrogen, oxygen, at least one other element, and have acidic properties are known as:

oxyacids

the palmar aponerousis attaches to the ___

palmaris longus

In a polar covalent bond, the more electronegative atom will bear a:

partial negative charge The more electronegative atom will be partially negative.

Wrist flexion leads to finger extension cause by ?

passive insufficiency (what is it)

O: ant. surface of costal cartilage of 1st 6 ribs and adjoining portion of sternum I: intertubercular groove of humerus

pec. major lower fibers O/I

internal rotation, horizontal adduction, extension, adduction

pec. major lower fibers actions:

O: medial half of anterior surface of clavicle I: intertubercular groove of humerus

pec. major upper fibers O/I

internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion, abduction

pec. major upper fibers actions:

The ________ is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

percent composition

HClO4 is called:

perchloric acid

Scapular upward and downward rotation occurs about a ______________ axis to the scapular body

perpendicular

The angular momentum of an electron will be:

perpendicular to its orbit

In general, the type of magnitude of intermolecular forces that are present in a substance will determine that substances:

physical properties

A _____ bond is a covalent bond where the regions of orbital overlap are above and below the internuclear axis.

pi (π) Pi (π) bonds form on opposite sides of the internuclear axis (above and below the axis), creating a node along the axis. π bonds form from lateral overlap of p orbitals.

node

pi bond

an injury to the medial epicondylitis

pitchers elbow or golfers elbow

the distal radiounar is a ___ joint

pivot

The proximal radioulnar joint is a ___ joint?

pivot joint (the ___ radioulnar joint)

the proximal radioulnar is a ___ joint and is involved in ___ and ___ motions

pivot, pronation/supination

Axis dictates what?

plane

Costovertebral joint type?

plane synovial joint

The model for the atom that was understood when Bohr made his contributions was called the:

planetary model

Bonds that are composed of electrons shared unequally between two atoms are called __________.

polar covalent bonds Covalent bonds are those characterized by electrons shared between atoms, as opposed to ionic bonds which involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Covalent bonds that share the electrons equally between two atoms are called "pure covalent bonds" (or sometimes "nonpolar covalent bonds"), while those with unequal distributions of electrons are called "polar covalent bonds."

An electrically charged object can be used to attract:

polar molecules

Bond dissociation energies are always:

positive It will always require energy to break a bond, so bond dissociation energies are always positive.

In the equation that predicts the change in energy of an electron, the n values must be:

positive integers

Scapular winging results from what?

posterior displacement of the medial border of the scapula

extension and supination

posterior muscles of the elbow and radioulnar joint are primarily...

triceps brachii anconeus supinator

posterior muscles of the elbow and radioulnar joint)

latissimus dorsi teres major infraspinatous teres minor

posterior muscles of the glenohumeral joint

With SC Joint retraction what will the arthrokinematic motions be?

posterior roll and posterior slide

trapezius (upper, middle, and lower fibers) rhomboid levator scapulae

posterior shoulder girdle muscles

When a rubber band is stretched and waiting on your fingers, this is ______________ energy, and when you let the rubber band fly off of your fingers, this is ____________ energy.

potential, kinetic Potential energy is the energy an object has by virtue of its position in a field, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

A measurement is ________ if it yields similar results when repeated.

precise

The number of significant figures in a value is a display of the _________ of a measurement.

precision

VSEPR theory is used to __________.

predict the shape of a molecule

The density of an ideal gas is directly proportional to which of the following quantities? temperature pressure number of moles molar mass of the gas

pressure molar mass of the gas

pronator teres action

pronates and flexes forearm (muscle?)

In most people supination range of motion is greater that?

pronation range of motion (what range of motion is greater)

O: distal 1/4 of the anterior side of the ulna I: distal 1/4 of the anterior side of the radius

pronator quadratus O/I

O: distal part of medial condyloid ridge of humerus and medial side of the proximal ulna I: middle 1/3 of lateral surface of the radius

pronator teres O/I

the agonists in radioulnar pronation are ___,___,___

pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis

Ions typically have:

properties that are dramatically different from those of the corresponding neutral atom By definition of an ion, they will always bear an electrical charge, either positive or negative. Sodium and chlorine are excellent examples of how properties of individual ions correspond to the properties of the ionic compound. Both sodium and chlorine are toxic elements individually, but once ionized, are harmless components of table salt. Therefore, ions typically exhibit dramatically different properties from those of the corresponding neutral compound.

PRICE

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

movements of the sternoclavicular joint are..

protraction, retraction, elevation, depression

the superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

provides stability to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Heat is abbreviated as:

If the liquid inside a container is 30∘C and the surrounding environment is 25∘C, then:

q will be negative Heat will be released from the container (making q negative) since heat flows from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperature.

A muscle that inserts in to the radius will also have a function on the...

radioulnar joint (what will cause a function on this joint?)

Which element is NOT abbreviated based on an ancient name?

radium (Ra)

cardinal signs of inflammation are..

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

The individual Lewis structures of resonance are known as:

resonance forms

The individual Lewis structures of resonance are known as:

resonance forms Resonance is when two or more Lewis structures can be written for a molecule with the same arrangement of atoms. The distribution of electrons is an average shown by the Lewis structures, and these individual Lewis structures are resonance forms.

medial tilt (inward tilt)

return from the lateral tilt, consequential movement during extreme adduction in which scapula rotates about its verticle axis, resulting in anterior movement of the medial border and posterior movement of the lateral border.

Type 1 dysfunction for scoliosis characteristic?

rib hump present

How do PT's asses arthrokinematics of rotation and gliding?

rib springing

the subclavius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

rib, clavicle

the pec minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

ribs, coracoid process

the serratus anterior (boxers muscle) originates at the ___ and inserts at the ____

ribs, medial border of the scapula

Supanation

rotation of arm to place palm up

some common instability problems in the glenohumeral joint are

rotator cuff impingement, subluxation, and dislocations

S--supraspinatus I--infraspinatus T--teres minor S--subscapularis

rotator cuff muscles:

intrinsic glenohumeral muscles are..

rotator cuff, deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major

Hypervalent molecules require that central atoms access:

s orbitals p orbitals d orbitals All of the above orbitals are required if a central atom hopes to make more than four bonds to other atoms.

a bursa is a

sac filled with synovial fluid (subacromial and subscapular)

what plane is internal and external rotation in at 90 degrees of abduction?

sagital plane

what plane of motion are ribs 1-6?

sagital, therefore inspiration will create rib expansion A to P

the teres major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

scapula, medial intertubercular groove

What is the plane of the scapula?

scapular plane 30 degrees anterior to the frontal plane

Anterior and posterior tilting are coupled with which motions?

scapular retraction/protraction and upward/downward rotation

Axis (C2)

second cervical vertebrae -dens or odontoid process -spinous process Allows the head to shake no

Which of the following is NOT a molecular structure that can be exhibited by a molecule with tetrahedral electron-pair geometry?

seesaw

If a molecule with a central atom that has five regions of electron density has exactly one lone pair of electrons, what will its molecular geometry be?

seesaw A molecule that contains a central atom with five regions of electron density will have a trigonal bipyramidal electron pair geometry. If one of the regions of electron density is a lone pair, the molecule will have seesaw geometry. This is because the lone pair will occupy a position that will accommodate the greater repulsion that it will experience.

acromioclavicular separation is the same as..

separated shoulder

Another word for period is

series

what muscle is the culprit for scapular winging?

serratus anterior

raising the arm laterally requires the what muscles to do what

serratus anterior: upwardly rotate the scapula supraspinatus and deltoid muscles: perform glenohumeral abduction

In Schrodinger's equation (Ĥ ψ=Eψ), Ĥ is called the Hamiltonian operator. What does the hamiltionian operator represent?

set of mathematical operations representing the total energy of the particle

the brachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

shaft of humerus coronoid process of ulna

the joint cavity in the glenohumeral joint is __ while the joint capsule is __

shallow, loose

shoulder joint: horizontal adduction

shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction

shoulder joint: internal rotation

shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction

shoulder joint: external rotation

shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction

shoulder joint: horizontal abduction

shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction

shoulder joint: extension

shoulder girdle: depression/downward rotation

shoulder joint: adduction

shoulder girdle: downward rotation

shoulder joint: flexion

shoulder girdle: elevation/upward rotation

shoulder joint: abduction

shoulder girdle: upward rotation

Which of the following is named by dropping the end of the element name and adding "-ide"?

simple anions

Which of the following is named using the unmodified element name and adding the word "ion"?

simple cations

Which of the following is named using the unmodified element name and adding the word "ion"?

simple cations (monatomic cations of elements of only one possible charge) For instance, the Na+ is named the sodium ion.

the trapezius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

skull and vertebrae, clavicle and spine of scapula

what are the flexor muscles roles in throwing motions?

slow down rapid extension and prevent injuries

neck sprain (whiplash) is a ____

soft tissue injury

What physical state of matter is associated with the strongest attractive forces between particles (molecules, ions, or atoms)?

solid

Which physical form of matter has definite shape and volume?

solid

Which substance below will require the most heat energy to enter the gas phase? Crystalline solid, liquid, gas

solid

Which substance below will require the most heat energy to enter the gas phase?

solid Of the three substances listed, solids have the strongest intermolecular forces. More energy is required to break apart stronger intermolecular forces; therefore, a solid substance will require the most heat energy to enter into the gas phase.

Which option shows the phases in order of increasing kinetic energy contained within a sample?

solid, liquid, gas

Intermolecular forces are greatest in

solids

Intermolecular forces are greatest in liquids solids gases IMF are equal for all phases

solids The stronger the intermolecular forces are, the more the particles will stick together. In a solid, particles are very close together and are in a fixed location, allowing them to interact the most.

A homogeneous mixture is also known as a

solution

When diluting a solution, which of the following changes?

solution volume solution concentration liters of solvent

T1-T6 costotransverse joints allow slight ______________ motion and why?

some rotation is allowed, this is due to the concave surface of the costal facet and the convex surface of the costal tubercle

What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in a water molecule?

sp3

Volume is the:

space occupied by any sample of matter

___ is the translation or slippage between adjacent joints

spondylolisthesis

___ is the defect of the vertebrae lamina

spondylolysis

If a molecule with octahedral electron-pair geometry contains a central atom with two lone pairs, what will be the resulting molecular geometry?

square planar

the glenoid labrum slightly enhances..

stability (acts like a suction cup)

the 3 functions of the shoulder girdle:

stabilize the scapula, maintain the scapula in relatively static position during shoulder joint actions, move shoulder girdle to enhance movement of upper extremity

______ is an injury to the ligaments connecting the sternum to the clavicle

sternoclavicular sprain

With serratus paralysis how will abduction be affected?

still get full range due to trapezius compensation

valgus stress is..

stress at the distal end away from the body in anatomical position (MCL)

varus stress is..

stress at the distal end towards body in anatomical position (LCL)

The image shows two isomers of butane. What type of formula is used to represent the molecules?

structral

what muscle stabilizes and protects the sternoclavicular joint?

subclavius

the subscapular originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

subscapular fossa, head of humerus

O: entire anterior surface of subscapular fossa I: lesser tubercle of humerus

subscapularis O/I

internal rotation, adduction, extension

subscapularis actions:

In a chemical equation, the number of atoms of a particular element that are present in a substance is indicated by a:

subscript

law

summarize a vast number of experimental observations, and describe or predict some facet of the natural world, but typically do not provide a comprehensive explanation as to why an experimental observation occurs.

costoclavicular ligament and interclavicular ligaments prevent..

superior displacement

in anatomic neutral what force direction will the deltoid pull naturally?

superior force will out weigh lateral

deltoid anterior fibers, middle fibers, and posterior fibers supraspinatus

superior muscles of the glenohumeral joint

brachioradialis actions

supinate and pronate radioulnar joint (muscle?)

the biceps is stronger in what position?

supination

movements of the proximal radioulnar joint are ___ and ___

supination/pronation

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior ulna I: lateral side of proximal radius below head Supination of the forearm

supinator O/I Action:

Atlas (C1)

supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

O: medial two-thirds of supraspinous fossa I: superiorly on greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatous O/I

abduction

supraspinatus action:

____ is the most common shoulder injury

supraspinatus rupture

the agonists in glenohumeral abduction are

supraspinatus, deltoid, upper pecs

the supraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

supraspinous fossa, head of humerus

The average kinetic energy of a sample of gas molecules is proportional to:

temperature

Molecules have higher speeds when

temperatures increase and molar mass decreases

Dispersion forces result from the formation of:

temporary dipoles Because the electrons of an atom or molecule are in constant motion, at any moment in time, an atom or molecule can develop a temporary, instantaneous dipole if its electrons are distributed asymmetrically. The presence of this dipole can, in turn, distort the electrons of a neighboring atom or molecule, producing an induced dipole. These two rapidly fluctuating, temporary dipoles thus result in a relatively weak electrostatic attraction.

a dislocation is a...

temporary movement of a bone from its original position

an injury to the lateral epicondylitis

tennis elbow

lateral epicondylitis is also known as

tennis elbow (what injury?)

a basic bicep injury that is repetitive

tenosynovitis

O: post. on third of lateral border of scapula i: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

teres major O/I

extension, adduction, internal rotation

teres major actions:

O: post. on upper and middle aspect of lateral border of scapula I: post. on greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor O/I

external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension

teres minor actions:

When drawing Lewis structures, which atoms must receive lone pairs first?

terminal atoms We will put lone pairs on the atoms at the edges of the molecule first.

A law is formed when

testing yields consistent observations

What is the electron pair geometry of SnCl−3?

tetrahedral

In a molecule of CH3CH3, each carbon atom will have what geometry?

tetrahedral Each carbon will have four electron domains, so they will each be tetrahedral.

What is the electron pair geometry of the leftmost carbon?

tetrahedral There are four electron domains for the leftmost carbon with none due to nonbonding pairs. The electron pair geometry and the local structure are both tetrahedral.

Use the following Lewis structure of H2O to identify the electron-pair geometry and molecular structure of H2O. Do not assume the Lewis structure is drawn to indicate the geometry of the molecule.

tetrahedral, bent

Molecular orbitals will be filled according to:

the Aufbau principle the Pauli exclusion principle Hund's rule Like atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals will be filled from lowest energy to higher energy, placing one in each degenerate orbital before doubling up, and with opposite spin.

The Schrodinger equation contains:

the Hamiltonian operator the wavefunction energy

aconeus - extension

the ____ pushes on the synovial membrane to push it out of the way of the ulnar; so that the ulna doesnt smash membrane during _____ - keeps synovial membrane out of the way

Resonance hybrid

the actual structure of a molecule that is intermediate between two or more resonance structures

resonance hybrid

the actual structure of a molecule that is intermediate between two or more resonance structures

The lanthanides and actinides belong between:

the alkaline earth metals and the transition metals

What is the rate of diffusion?

the amount of gas passing through some area per unit of time

Mass depends on:

the amount of material

Mass is a measure of

the amount of matter in an object

Which of the following determines the strength of a covalent bond?

the amount of overlap for the orbitals involved When overlap occurs between two atomic orbitals, the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons for the atoms involved create a covalent bond. The more overlap that occurs between two orbitals, the stronger the attraction between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons. Therefore, the more overlap that occurs, the stronger the covalent bond.

sternoclavicular joint

the area where the clavicle and the sternum connect

Electron structure

the arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule

The prefix in subatomic tells us that subatomic particles are

the basic building blocks of atoms

The molecular structure of a molecule will differ from its electron-pair geometry if:

the central atom has at least one lone pair

what is a benefit to have a severe thoracic kyphosis compared to a moderate kyphosis?

the cervical spine can reorientate itself and will be positioned better

Which of the following is used to abbreviate an element or an atom of a given element?

the chemical symbol

moves anteriorly 15 degrees with protraction and posteriorly 15 degrees with retraction

the clavicle in the sternoclavicular joint moves...

In Bohr's model, the energy of a photon absorbed or emitted by the electron will be equal to:

the difference in orbital energies associated with the transition

How to find dipole moment of a molecule?

the dipole moment is calculated to be 1.85 D by multiplying the distance between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms by the charge difference between them and then finding the components of each that point in the direction of the net dipole moment

Today, the meter is based on

the distance light travels in a particular fraction of a second

The formation of covalent bonds is facilitated by:

the electromagnetic force Because protons and electrons are attracted to one another, covalent bonds can form

The quantum-mechanical model of the atom changed our view of which subatomic particle?

the electron

When wave-particle duality was applied to the electron, it explained why the energy of the electron is quantized because:

the electron is a standing wave that can only have an integer number of wavelengths

The work of Niels Bohr relied on the assumption that:

the electron only emits electromagnetic radiation when it descends to a lower-energy orbit

When comparing lithium, sodium, and potassium to calcium, strontium, and barium, early chemists noticed that

the elements in the first list are much more reactive

Dalton's Atomic Theory

the first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level

The sum of the average atomic masses of all the atoms present in a substance's formula is known as:

the formula mass (molecular mass)

The elbow joint is the joint between...

the humerus and ulna (what joint is between these 2?)

valence bond theory

the idea that covalent bonds are formed when orbitals of different atoms overlap

On an energy diagram representing the distance between two hydrogen atoms, what does the lowest energy represent?

the ideal covalent bond length When a covalent bond forms, each electron interacts with each nucleus, which brings the system to a lower energy. The ideal bond length is determined by the lowest energy that can be attained as the atoms approach each other, as seen in the graph below. If the atoms get too close, the nuclei repel each other and the energy increases again.

acromioclavicular joint

the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet

manubrium, clavicle, coracoid process, acromion process, glenoid fossa, lateral border, medial border, inferior angle, superior angle and spine of the scapula.

the key bony landmarks of the shoulder girdle include: ______,_______,______ process, ________ process, _______, _______ border, _______ border, ______ angle, _______ angle and ______ of the scapula.

What is the standard SI unit of mass?

the kilogram

Which of the following statements is true for a substance that undergoes a change of phase from liquid to solid? -The kinetic energy of the particles is less than the energy of the intermolecular attractions -The kinetic energy of the particles is greater than the energy of the intermolecular attractions -A change of phase will not affect the kinetic energy of the particles -none of the above

the kinetic energy of the particles is less than the energy of the intermolecular attractions

When drawing a Lewis structure for a free radical, which type of atom is more likely to receive the unpaired electron?

the less electronegative element A more electronegative element is more likely to be surrounded by more electrons and fulfill its octet. A less electronegative element is more likely to have the electron deficiency, in this case the unpaired electron. Recall that free radicals are electron deficient and display the same stability trends as electron deficient cations, like carbocations.

What is exactly equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom?

the mass number

theoretical yield

the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant

actual yield

the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction

Bohr used an electron moving in a circular orbit about a nucleus to describe:

the model of a hydrogen atom

Bond order allows us to identify:

the net combination of electrons for the bond strength of a molecule Bond order allows us to identify the net combination of electrons in a bond between two atoms. We can determine the bond order of a molecule by subtracting the antibonding (destablizing electrons) from the bonding (stabilizing electrons) and dividing this number by two. The larger the bond order, the stronger the bond between the two given atoms. The bond order is the number of bonding pairs of electrons between two atoms, when using Lewis structures.

the brachial plexus is..

the network of nerve fibers that run from the spine to the upper extremity

We can predict the number of bonds an atom can form by counting:

the number of additional electrons needed to form an octet the number of valence electrons We can predict the number of bonds an atom can form by counting the number of electrons needed to form an octet, or the number of valence electrons in the atom.

What determines the hybridization of the central atom?

the number of electron domains

We can predict the number of bonds an atom can form from:

the number of electrons needed to form an octet

the scapula and its attachment through the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint

the only attachment of the shoulder joint to the axial skeleton is...

the clavicle's articulation with the sternum

the only bony link of the scapula and clavicle to the axial skeleton is provide by..?

net dipole

the overall direction of partial negative charge in a molecule

Which of the following produces sigma bonds?

the overlap of an s and p orbital the overlap of two s orbitals the end-to-end overlap of two p orbitals direct orbital overlap

In a polar covalent bond, the atom that attracts the electrons less strongly has:

the partial positive charge In a polar covalent bond, the atom that attracts the electrons less strongly has the partial positive charge because the other atom holds on more tightly to the negative electrons.

The energy difference of a photon is 8.3×10−20 J. From this number we know that:

the photon is being absorbed

If hydrogen atoms are pushed together closer than the ideal bond length:

the potential energy goes up If compressed beyond the ideal bond length, the protons begin to repel each other, thus raising the potential energy of the system.

Wavefunctions can be used to determine:

the probable distribution of electron density in an atom

percent yield

the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent

What restricts thoracic ROM?

the ribs

A mole of one element contains _______ number of atoms as a mole of another element.

the same

rib cage

the scapula moves on the ______

scapulothoracic

the shoulder girdle is also called...

Which bond is strongest in a carbon-carbon triple bond?

the sigma bond

Which bond is strongest in a carbon-carbon triple bond?

the sigma bond The sigma bond involves direct orbital overlap, so that will be the strongest bond.

Hydrogen bonding is:

the strongest van der Waals force Hydrogen bonds are the strongest dipole-dipole attraction, and are therefore considered to be the strongest type of van der Waals force.

limiting reactant

the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction

Molecular structure

the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule

molecular structure

the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule

A covalent bond holds two atoms near each other because

the two electrons that form the bond are attracted to both nuclei. When two electrons from two different atoms each feel the attraction of the other atom's nucleus, a covalent bond can form.

The angular momentum quantum number, l, corresponds to:

the type (or shape) of orbital the electron resides in

What information is provided by the structural formula for propane?

the type of atoms in propane the number of atoms in propane how the atoms are connected in propane The structural formula for a compound gives the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule and shows how the atoms are connected in a 2-D representation.

molecular polarity

the uneven distribution of molecular charge

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for: the unexpectedly high boiling points for hydrides in period two the increasing boiling points for hydrides going down a group the low boiling points of nonpolar molecules none of the above

the unexpectedly high boiling points for hydrides in period two The boiling points for water, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride defy the linear trend put forth by other hydrides in their groups. Their hydrogen bonding causes them to boil at much higher temperatures than expected.

Gay-Lussac's law assumes that __________.

the volume is held constant the number of moles is held constant

The Schrödinger equation relies on which of the following principles?

the wave-like character of electrons

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that there is a fundamental limit to how precisely both the position and momentum of electrons and other quantum particles can be known. This limit is due to

the wave-like nature of an electron

In Schrodinger's equation (Hψ=Eψ), what does ψ represent?

the wavefunction of the particle

the scapula and clavicle are often fractured because..

their shape and they are held in place by ligaments

why cant the lower trap produce upward rotation in phase 1B?

there is no MA based on the ICR location at the root of the spine of the scapula

Which of the following is a postulate of the kinetic molecular theory?

there is no attraction between gas particles or between the particles and the walls of the container

What is true about the covalent bonds in the nitrite ion, NO−2?

they are of equal length Even though each resonance structure shows one single bond and one double bond, these are actually of the same length in the actual molecule.

Ribs 2-10 have an extra articulation where? and what is the benefit?

they articulate with the intervertebral disks this enhances the disk stability

Hydrogen bonds are exceptionally strong because:

they involve exceptionally strong dipoles hydrogen atoms are very small fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms are relatively small

If we compare a mole of carbon atoms to a mole of oxygen atoms, which sample will contain more atoms?

they will contain same, they will both contain precisely avogadro's number of atoms.

If we compare a mole of carbon atoms to a mole of oxygen atoms, which sample will contain more atoms?

they will contain the same number of atoms If they both contain a mole of atoms, they will both contain precisely avogadro's number of atoms.

line of pull

this is known as the muscle fiber arrangement in relation to tendon and area it is connected to - it is the angle that the fibers are making with the joint and the postition of the fibers

How does the scapular dumping mechanism affect the CH and SGH ligaments?

this will cause adaptive lengthening or "relaxation" of the ligaments and will cause the humerus to translate inferiorly

___ ___ ___ is the compression of nerves, arteries, and/or veins coming from the spine towards the arm

thoracic outlet syndrome

What does 3CO2 mean?

three carbon dioxide molecules The molecule is CO2, and the 3 means that there are three of these molecules.

glenohumeral ligaments

three ligamentous bands (superior, middle, inferior) that reinforce the joint capsule, anteriorly **provides resistance against gravity with the arms hanging by the side the ligaments form a z on the inferiors side of the GH joint

how are lines of trabeculae formed?

through lines of stress

The complementary values most widely associated with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle are momentum (p) and location (x). Another set of complementary variables for which this principle applies is which of the following?

time and energy

What is the name of SnO2?

tin (IV) oxide SnO2 is an ionic compound with a tin cation and the oxide anion. Tin can have multiple charges, so the name must indicate the charge with a roman numeral. To find the charge on the tin cation, use the fact that oxide has a charge of −2. There are two oxide anions, so the charge on the tin cation must be +4 in order to give a neutral charge overall. 1(+4)+2(−2)=0. Therefore, the name of the compound is tin (IV) oxide.

symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

tingling, pain, numbness, weakness

What is the main purpose of scapulothoracic motion?

to appropriately position the glenoid to allow optimal motion

The section of the periodic table that consists of ten groups is called the

transition metals

The elements that are most likely to have multiple oxidation states are:

transition metals The transition metals have a tendency to form more than one ion per element.

what plane is internal and external rotation in at base position?

transverse plane

macrotraumatic injuries are a result of ___ and produce immediate pain, and also include ___,___,___,___,___,___

trauma fractures, dislocations, subluxations, etc

O: upper posterior humerus I: olecranon process of the ulna

triceps brachii lateral head O/I

O: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula I: olecranon process of the ulna

triceps brachii long head O/I

O: distal posterior humerus I: olecranon process of the ulna

triceps brachii medial head O/I

the agonists in elbow extension are ___,___

triceps, anconeus

What is the electron pair geometry of SF4?

trigonal bipyramidal

What will be the electron-pair geometry of XeF2?

trigonal bipyramidal

Which spatial orientation will involve more than one bond angle value?

trigonal bipyramidal Trigonal bipyramidal geometry will exhibit both 120∘ and 90∘ bond angles.

What will be the electron-pair geometry of XeF2?

trigonal bipyramidal With five domains, two being bonds and three being lone pairs, the electron-pair geometry must be trigonal bipyramidal.

A molecule with three electron domains will exhibit which geometry?

trigonal planar

The further an electron is from the nucleus, the more energy it has.

true

what are ribs 1-7?

true ribs, direct cartilage attachment to sternum

A gas condenses to

turn into a liquid.

1. extension of the elbow joint 2. horizontal abduction of the shoulder joint (extension, adduction)

two main actions of the triceps brachii long head

compound

two or more atoms bonded together (of same elements)

molecule

two or more atoms bonded together (of the difference element)

an accident is an..

unexpected, unavoidable, and unintentional event

When computing using dimensional analysis

unit conversions can be done either simultaneously or separately

what are the primary movers of scapular upward rotation?

upper trap, serratus anterior, lower trap

SC joint posterior rotation is coupled with scapular ____________ _____________

upward rotation, after 30 degrees of elevation of the outer clavicle

serratus anterior, trap muscle

upward rotation:

What type of electrons are shared in covalent bonds?

valence electrons Valence electrons are shared in covalent bonds. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons which are most easily removed. They are the highest in energy. Core electrons are the innermost electrons that are lowest in energy and will not participate in sharing.

Which of the following is included in molecular orbital diagrams?

valence electrons Molecular orbital diagrams include only valence electrons, core electrons can be omitted.

What can be used to represent bond dipole moments?

vector

the levator scapulae originates at the ___ and inserts on the _____

vertebrae, medial border of scapula above the spine

Rotary motions occur about a _____________ axis in the region of the AC joint

vertical

How does the upper trapezius create upward rotation?

via a superomedial force on acromion

how does the lower serratus create upward rotation?

via inferolateral force

What is a form of electromagnetic radiation?

visible light

If a scientist wanted to determine the amount of space occupied by an object, she would measure its

volume

The unit cubic meters is associated with

volume

Which of the following is the name of the measurement (quantity) that describes how much space an object takes up in three dimensions?

volume

Which of the following is measured using Newtons (a unit of force)?

weight

Which of the following is the correct relationship between weight and mass?

weight=mass×gravity

(multiaxial) arthrodial joint

what is the sternoclavicular (SC) joint classified as?

brachioradialis location

what muscle

Palmaris longus location

what muscle?

expanded octet

when a molecule has more than 8 electrons around the central atom. Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine are common examples of elements that form an expanded octet

According to Bohr's model, when does an electron emit electromagnetic radiation?

when it is changing from an orbit of higher energy to a lower one

obligate motion of the humerus

when reaching end range, the ligaments will be tensioned and contribute to humeral translation in the opposite direction of the fiber "pull" due to a secondary muscle contraction

What is Scapular dumping?

when the humeral head is released from the "shelf" due to an increase in downward rotation

at the sternoclavicular joint and the acromioclavicular joint

where does the shoulder girdle's joint movement with the clavicle takes place?

the supraspinatus bc insertion is straight down the axis of rotation - posterior

which roatator cuff muscle does not rotate? it is located ____ to the spine

A molecule that can be described by multiple resonance forms:

will have an electronic structure that is an average of the resonance forms

How will upward rotation of the scapula affect the inferior angle of the scapula?

will move superolateral opposite for downward rotation

extensor carpi ulnaris actions

wrist extension, ulnar deviation (what muscle?)

Flexor carpi radialis actions

wrist flexion, radial deviation (what wrist muscle)

dipole moment equation

µ= q•d

The de Broglie wavelength is represented by the expression:

λ=h/mv

The image provided shows two 3py orbitals. Predict what type of molecular orbital will result.

π3p The side by side overlap of the two 3p orbitals will result in the formation of a π3py bonding orbital because they are in-phase.

A hybridized atomic orbital can contain or participate in which of the following?

σ-bonds lone pairs of electrons single unpaired electrons (radicals)

The image provided shows two 3px orbitals. Predict what type of molecular orbital will result.

σ3p The two 3px orbitals overlap end to end and will result in the formation of a σ3px bonding orbital because they are in-phase.

Three types of repulsion

• lone pair - lone pair • lone pair - bonding pair • bonding pair - bonding pair

chemistry online

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