Child and Adolescents Psych Final

About ____ of children around the world grow up learning two or more languages

1/2

Around ages ___________ a child can often take on third-person perspective while viewing other interactions.

10-12

Middle childhood ranges from ages 6-7 years - _________years

11

A child who is 5 years old needs approximately ________ hours of sleep at night.

11.5

Dominic is 8 years old and does not have recess this year at school. His grades have dropped and his behavior in class worsened. Research has shown that __________ minutes of recess per day could help in both of these areas.

16 or more

Around _______ of a preschooler's play time in generally gender segregated and this _________ as they continue into elementary school

2/3; increases

A report from the surgeon general in 2007 indicated that around __________ of children ages 3-11 are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes and family vehicles

22%

By about age ___, most children have mastered the sounds or "phonemes" of their native language.

5

A combined Apgar score of _____ or better indicates that an infant is in good physical condition

7

Usually by the age of ___ years, most children baby teeth are replaced by a set of permanent teeth

7

Children's brains reach _________ of their adult size by the time they are 3 years of age and _________ by the time they are 5 years of age.

75%; 90%

_______________ looks at chromosomes in fetal cells as a prenatal test for abnormalities and gender.

Amniocentesis

The lowest rates of child abuse in children are found in ____________ ethnicity

Asian

Which of the following theories is continuous?

Bandura's Social Learning theory

Piaget's theory of children's thinking is an example of ________________ development

Broken

Sandra is in middle childhood and seems to understand categories of words such as types of food, games to play, animals, etc. . . Sandra is using ____________

Categorical Thinking

Which of the following statements about reflexes and the development of motor skills is true?

Certain reflexes drop out early, but the motor functions involved are renewed later

What type of learning is based on involuntary emotional or physiological responses such as fear, increased muscle tension, salivation, or sweating?

Classical Conditioning

A ________ is a group of people who share the same historical context because they were born during the same time period

Cohort

__________ development has steady progress and is continuous over time

Continuous

__________ are periods in development where missed experiences or exposure have a greater impact than they would at another age

Critical Periods

Parenting discipline style has been studied extensively by ___________ who did a longitudinal study and identified 4 styles of parenting

Diane Baumrind

_______________ are the words children use, while _______________ are words they understand.

Expressive vocabulary; receptive vocabulary

True or False In early elementary school boys are generally rated by teachers as more able to self-regulate their emotions. This could in part be due to the fact that boys prefrontal cortex develops sooner than girls.

False

True or False Differences is dialect are errors

False

Developmental scientists are interested in ______________ and change from conception until death

Human Growth

Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true?

In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact

Young children quickly expand their _____________ which allows for many new cognitive possibilities

Language

_________ is likely the most important contributor to overweight and obesity.

Lifestyle

____________ happen during REM sleep; ____________ happen during non-REM sleep.

Nightmares; night terrors

__________ is safe to drink during pregnancy

No amount of alcohol

Sports injuries are a new phenomenon for children and can create lasting damage. _______________________ are common way(s) that injuries occur.

Overuse and overtraining

__________ therapy helps with large muscle groups and __________ focuses on fine motor skills.

Physical; occupational

__________ developed a 2 stage model to moral reasoning and _____________ broke it into 3 stages.

Piaget; Kohlberg

The brains of young children show more ___________ because they are not as specialized as the brains of older children and adults

Plasticity

____________________ is an approach that research has shown to be effective in helping children control their emotional behavior by addressing the setting, antecedents, and consequences

Positive-behavior support

The __________ period is between conception and birth, usually lasting 38 weeks

Pregnancy

Young children are working on initiative vs. guilt. Children who are motivated too much by guilt to promote moral behavior can develop high levels of ____________

Self-blame

__________ refers to our ability to voluntarily control our thoughts and actions to achieve personal goals and respond to environmental contingencies

Self-regulation

Sonya orders words by what comes next and Sam orders words by meaning. Sonya is using _____________ and Sam is using ______________

Syntagmatic associations; paradigmatic associations

The term _____________ means "blank slate" in Latin and is where behaviorism theory traces some of it's historical roots

Tabula Rasa

True or False Synaptic pruning continues in middle childhood.

True

True or False: From 2005 to 2008 the % of children taking 16,500 steps per day increased.

True

True or False: Research has shown that parent/child relationships that are secure and satisfying create opportunities to develop skills for establishing and maintaining positive peer relationships.

True

Children who witness ________________ in their neighborhood are at higher risk for exhibiting lower levels of self-control.

Violence

Reading disabilities and mathematical disabilities are often related to problems in _____________

Working Memory

The area where instruction can succeed because learning matches ability is called _________________

ZPD

Arielle eventually realizes that some round objects are balls and some are food. She has developed new schemas and has displayed __________________

accomodation

The child's first use of symbols or semiotic functioning is through __________.

action

Jimmy is 3 years old and doesn't understand that if he is happy, he could ever be sad. Jimmy has ________________

all-or-none thinking

Arielle calls all round objects balls. She is demonstrating ___________

assimilation

Ben understand that his younger sister Bella needs extra help with her homework because she cannot read yet. Ben has achieved _______________.

benevolence

Extreme deprivation and stress during early development negatively affects

both experience-expectant and experience-dependent plasticity

The _____________ oversees processing in working memory using

central executive

Samantha is 3 years old and becomes increasingly frustrated when her older sister bumps into her accidentally each time she runs by in a game of tag. Samantha has probably not yet developed a ____________.

concept of purpose

Becka is a leader at her school, she does well in classes, has many friends, and is successful in many areas. She is socially and verbally abusive to several classmates. Becka is a ________________.

confident bully

Freud believed in __________ between inborn drives and demands of society and developed 5 stages of psychosocial development

conflict

A child who understands that a piece of paper whole or ripped into multiple pieces is the same amount of paper has mastered _____________.

conservation

Cultural practices for prenatal care may seem unproductive in a modern medical world but they give some women a sense of __________ over their own health and the baby's and a sense of ___________ to networks of support

control; connection

Samson understands that something of equal amounts can take different shapes and forms. Samson has achieved ____________

conversation

The one-to-one principle, stable order principle, and cardinal principle are all related to a child learning to _________.

count

The __________ becomes the nervous system

ectoderm

Hopping on one foot 2 or more times is a __________________ that is usually developed between ____________.

gross-motor skills; 3-4 years

Throughout childhood and adolescence, girls

have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than boys

Between the seventh and the ninth days after fertilization, __________ occurs

implantation

High doses of caffeine during pregnancy

increase the risk of low birth weight

Gender segregation ______________ during middle childhood.

increases

Discipline that promotes moral development includes correction plus explanation and is known as _____________.

inductive discipline

The most common cause of cerebral palsy is

lack of oxygen before birth

Authoritarian parents tend to be ________ in warmth and ________ in control

low;high

Shadrack knows that he can use memory strategies, ask for help, and focus to help him learn a new language. Shaddrack is using his _______________ to reach a goal.

metacognition

Shannon knows that Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge, therefore she knows the notes on the lines of the treble clef. Shannon has used a _______________ to help her long-term memory.

mnemonic

Infants need __________ calories than young children.

more

Sisters are ___________ likely to continue having warmth in their relationships during middle childhood than brothers.

more

Many years of research has shown that children who grow up in environments with more "adult-produced, child-directed speech- particularly speech that uses rich vocabulary and complex structure-- acquire language ___________."

more rapidly

The __________ we use our bones, the __________ they become

more; stronger

Carmen is prematurely delivering her baby at 28 weeks. The baby will probably

need oxygen assistance to breathe

Variation is common in fine motor skill development. This is largely due to ___________________

opportunity and interest

The _________ processes information from the ears and the ____________ processes information from the eyes.

phonological loop; visual sketchpad

Valerie, two months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing organism. You should tell Valerie that the __________ performs this function

placenta

Arthur wakes frequently to check to see if his sleeping infant, Sam, is breathing. Arthur can reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by

placing Sam to sleep on his back

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-expectant brain growth

playing peekaboo

Jenny got a ticket for speeding. In the future she slowed down and avoided speeding. According to operant conditioning the ticket was a ______________.

positive punishment

Jimmy got a chocolate candy every time he went potty on the toilet. According the operant conditioning the candy is a _______________

positive reinforcer

Peer acceptance is __________ associated with academic achievement and physical appearance and __________ associated with having an uncommon name.

positively; negatively

Temper tantrums are common in 2 year-olds. One explanation for this is that the _____________ has/have not developed enough to help them with impulse control, planning, or delay of gratification.

prefrontal cortex

Amy frequently talks to herself while playing. Vygotsky labeled this __________ and believed that it contributed to self-regulation.

private speech

A baby will display the Moro reflex when his caregiver

produces a sudden loud sound against the surface supporting him.

Children in middle childhood are able to distinguish between their real and ideal self creating a more balanced and realistic __________.

self-concept

The discrepancy between what we desire and what we think we can or have achieved is the key in judgments about _____________.

self-esteem

Humans have __________________ when they are particularly responsive to stimulation for certain kinds of development

sensitive periods

A child in preoperation thinking can __________ through trial and error but concrete operational thinking can mentally plan the series

seriate

The stage of active mental effort applied to both new and old information: __________

short-term meory

Travis is born three days after his due date and weighs five pounds. Travis is a(n) __________ infant

small-for-date

Neurons

store and transmit information

As motor development continues, boys tend to have more __________ and girls tend to be more _________ in middle childhood.

strength; agile

When Samer was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were seldom stimulated soon lost their synapses. This process is known as

synaptic pruning

Between birth and 2 years

the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was coined by Vygotsky and helps us understand

what a child is capable of achieving either by themselves or with scaffolding

Following conception, the one-celled __________ multiplies and forms a(n) __________

zygote; blastocyst