Child and Family Chapters 1-6 (Midterm)

What characterized child welfare in the later half of the 1800s?

"Child-saving" activities that saved children from conditions of crime, poverty, and urban slums,

What are some different family forms?

"Traditional" families, single parent families, teen parents, gay and lesbian parents

What is the poverty line for a family consisting of a mother and two children?

$17,170

What are four major principles of child and family services?

1. A safe and permanent home is the best environment for children 2. Child services should work to support and strengthen family functioning because children's needs are best met by families 3. Child placement decisions should respect children's needs for family continuity 4. Child safety

What changes have occurred to the American family?

1. Children make up a decreasing percentage of the population 2. Increased divorce 3. Increased single parent families 4. More mothers in the workforce

What are four areas of focus of family policy?

1. Family creation 2. Economic support 3. Child-rearing 4. Family caregiving

What are some problems of children?

1. Poverty 2. Alienation 3. Gang activity 4. Sexual activity 5. Increased youth suicide 6. Substance abuse

What are the four main classifications of services for children and families?

1. Preventative and supportive services 2. Protective services 3. Foster care services 4. Adoption services

What are two roles of child welfare?

1. Provide direct services to children and families 2. Influence public policy to improve the lives of children

What is SCHIP

? State Children's Health Insurance Program, a program that provides health coverage to a larger group of uninsured children than covered by Medicaid

What is Head Start?

A federally funded early childhood development program for low income children

What is empowerment?

A process of personal development in which individuals become increasingly aware of their strengths and abilities, build competency and self-esteem, and take steps to make positive changes in their family relationships and other immediate environments

What is Medicaid?

A program that addresses health needs of the poor

What are task-centered services?

A technology for alleviating specific target problems perceived by clients, that is, particular problems clients recognize, understand, acknowledge, and want to attend to

What are the rights of the federal government in regard to children?

Ability to tax for programs and given money to states if certain conditions are met

What does indentured mean?

Able-bodied older children were placed under contract with a citizen of the town who agreed to maintain the child and teach him or her a trade or other gainful occupation in return for the profit of the child's labor

What is tertiary prevention?

Activities directed at families where abuse or neglect has already occurred

What is secondary prevention?

Activities directed at families with "risk factors"

What is primary prevention?

Activities directed at the general population

What are voluntary child welfare agencies?

Agencies authorized by a group of citizens that may obtain a legal charter, they are funded mainly by voluntary contributions and money channeled from the state, they may have to meet certain state standards, some are started by religious groups

What child welfare provisions did the Social Security Act of 1935 have?

Aid for Dependent Children, Social Security Insurance program, other child welfare programs

What is outdoor relief?

Aid was given to dependent children in their own homes; least accepted form of child welfare

What are preventative services?

Any program with the goal of child maltreatment prevention

What theories are the basis of family services?

Attachment theory, social learning theory, the ecological model

What did settlement houses do?

Broad aims and open to all inhabitants of a neighborhood; focused on the needs of families and the preservation and enhancement of human dignity, skill, and values; Attuned to the struggles of poor people

What is CSE?

Child Support Enforcement; helps locate parents, establish paternity, and obtain child support orders; goal is to increase child support by non-custodial parents

What are some characteristics of immigrant families?

Children are more likely to be poor, these families are rapidly increasing, they face stress because of cultural transitions and lack of supports

What is indoor relief?

Children were sent to almshouses with the mentally ill, criminals, the sick, and the elderly

What do juvenile courts deal with?

Criminal behaviors of minors

What do family courts deal with?

Deal with child welfare cases; jurisdiction over broad range of legal issues involving children and families including divorce, child support, custody, visitation, paternity establishment, child abuse, child neglect, termination of parental rights, guardianship, emancipation, etc.

What are standards of proof?

Degrees of evidence required to prove guilt in court

What are the rights of parents in regard to children?

Determine child's religion, Affect child's basic ethical values, Influence the type and extent of education of the child, Determine the kind of health care the child receives, Determine child's living pattern and standards of everyday conduct

Describe the increase of the federal government in child welfare.

Didn't become involved for a long time for fear of violating states' and parent's rights, founded Children's Bureau in 1912

What is EITC?

Earned Income Tax Credit; the largest antipoverty program in the U.S.; tax refunds that supplement income of low income families

What is the ecological model?

Emphasizes how different levels of systems interact to influence an individual

What does the Family and Medical Leave Act require?

Employers of fifty of more workers must allow unpaid leave to employees who work 25 or more hours a week for the birth or adoption of children, care for a seriously ill child or family member, or one's own serious illness

What are some tasks of child welfare workers?

Engage the client; gather information; write reports; provide referrals, information, or other resources; case management

According to NASW, what are the aspects of cultural competence?

Ethics and values, self-awareness, cross-cultural knowledge, cross-cultural skills, service delivery

What happened to orphan children or children in families unable to maintain themselves in the early years of child welfare?

Farmed out, Indoor relief, Outdoor relief, Indentured

What is the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit?

Federal tax deductions to offset child care costs

What are the responsibilities of parents in regard to children?

Financial support, Providing physical care, Emotional care, A range of other parental duties, Ability to make certain major decisions for child

What did the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children do?

Formed in 1875 to rescue children from cruelty and inhumane treatment and to bring about enforcement of existing child protection laws and passage of new ones

What did the Children's Aid Society of New York City do?

Founded by Reverend Charles Loring Brace; used orphan trains to resettle 100,000 children from eastern cities in free foster homes to midwestern and southern states

What is the Child Care Development Block Grant?

Funds to states for child care subsidies for low-income families

What are the rights of children?

Generally speaking, they have the same Constitutional rights as adults; right to a name, survival, education, protection against exploitation and abuse, safeguards against forcible separation from parents

What is monitoring?

Identifying where the system is not performing as expected in individual cases and as a whole and to make the necessary changes to get it to function

How does poverty affect children?

Impairs development, Inadequate housing homelessness, poor health services, Poor schools, Unsafe places to play, Chronic illnesses as a result of nutritional deficits and poor sanitation, Deprivation of regular school attendance

What is the emphasis of juvenile courts?

Individualized justice—focusing on the individual child and his or her needs versus punishment for the criminal behavior

What is main idea of social learning theory and who is its lead developer?

Learning occurs due to complex interactions of an individual's attitudes, skills, expectations, and knowledge; Albert Bandura

What factors have contributed to poverty?

Loss of manufacturing jobs to foreign companies, growth of lower paying service industry jobs, technological changes affecting skill level needed by workers

What characterizes race and ethnicity in child welfare?

Majority of families involved in child welfare are people of color, especially African Americans, because of a long history of oppression and discrimination by social service agencies

What is service planning?

Making a formal summary of the information gathered, the assessment of that information, and the specific actions or what will be done based on the assessment

Which state was the first to establish state level services?

Massachusetts in 1863; took responsibility to care for some poor individuals

What are the responsibilities of children?

Meet clear and consistent expectations of adults, accept reasonable demands make on them, develop a sense of personal accountability, participate in voluntary work, take advantage of opportunities that help them develop their own sense of responsibility and capacity to alter society in constructive ways when they find it unacceptable

What constitutes child safety?

Meet their basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, and loving personal relationships; Freedom from physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse

What is characteristic of the millennium generation?

Most ethnically diverse of previous generations, which leads to language and cultural barriers and racial discrimination

What did the federal CFSR (Child and Family Services Review) monitoring system find out in 2000?

No state met all the expectations for improvement in its first round of reviews

What services were available for African American children in the past?

None, usually the family was the only system of child welfare

What is OASDHI?

Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance provisions; provides money to families with dead, retired, or disabled parents

What were the first institutions addressing child welfare?

Orphanages, Settlement houses, Mutual aid societies (first agencies were privately owned and staffed by volunteers)

What characterizes a strong affectional bond?

Persistency, Involves a particular person, Emotionally significant relationship, Sadness and distress at separation, Seeking comfort and security in the relationship

What child and family problems had a large part in the development of social work?

Poverty, Child labor, Orphans, Child abuse and neglect

What are the three standards of proof?

Preponderance of evidence, Clear and convincing evidence, Beyond a reasonable doubt

What are the levels of preventative services?

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention

What are two conflicting values in child welfare?

Protection of children vs. the integrity and autonomy of the family

What is the Food Stamp program?

Provides about 90 cents per meal to recipients who are usually below the poverty line

What are the state's regulatory powers in regard to children?

Regulations that govern parents, Regulations on third parties who employ children and young persons, Regulations on doctors who may be required to screen children for lead poisoning, Regulations on merchants who may be prohibited from selling alcohol or tobacco to minors, Others

What are the due process rights in juvenile courts?

Right to receive notice of proceedings, right to an attorney, right to remain silent, right to confront or cross-examine witnesses

What are some family policy controversies?

Same-sex partners, Abortion, Contraception, Rights and responsibilities of unmarried fathers

What are the different attachment patterns?

Securely attached, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized/disoriented behavior

What are public child welfare services?

Services established by passage of law and funded with taxes

What is SSA?

Social Security Act; includes unemployment benefits, veterans' benefits, workers compensation, and OASDHI

What state services arose in the later 1800s?

State Charity Board;, specialized state institutions; reform schools for the blind, deaf, and mentally handicapped

What does attachment theory state and who is it's leading developer?

Strong affectional bonds are central to infant development; Jown Bowlby

What is SSI?

Supplemental Security Income; assistance to the elderly and disable children and adults below certain income levels

What is TANF?

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; it is a cooperative between states and the federal government that is the largest public assistance program for children and families

What is parens patriae?

The ability of state to intervene when in the lives of dependent and immature children when their care falls below a certain level, or when they engage in delinquent acts; ability to alter parenting relationships

What characterizes secure attachment?

The baby actively seeks contact with the mother

What characterizes resistant attachment?

The baby alternates between seeking contact and avoiding the mother

What characterizes avoidant attachment?

The baby ignores and avoids the mother

What characterizes disorganized/disoriented behavior?

The baby is frightened or confused by the caregiver

What is preponderance of evidence?

The balance of evidence leans more in one direction that another

What is beyond a reasonable doubt?

The evidence is entirely convincing that a person is guilty

What is casework?

The primary means used by child welfare workers to gather information, develop and modify service plans, and provide interventions

What is engagement?

The process of establishing a helping relationship

What are the rights of society in regard to children?

The right and responsibility to exercise authority to act in ways that benefit children, Regulatory powers, Parens patriae, Authority to legislate for the development of various child welfare services

Who runs the largest and most complex child welfare agencies?

The state

Describe the organization of services for children and families.

There is a division between family services and child services which has become more integrated in recent years, there is great variety in agencies which may be privately or publicly funded

How are child welfare services changing?

They are becoming increasingly more complex and global

What are some harmful and inaccurate stereotypes of gay and lesbian parents?

They are not at qualified as heterosexual parents, children are at risk of being homosexual, children will be sexually abused, children will be stigmatized because of the parents

What makes social services difficult for families to navigate?

They are often compartmentalized into different agencies

How are family income and child welfare related?

They are strongly linked

What did the Children's Aid Societies do?

Took children into care and placed them in free foster homes

What is family policy?

Virtually all government actions that directly or indirectly affect families

What is informed consent?

When clients are receiving services involuntarily, social workers should provide info about the nature of services and the extent to clients' right to refuse services

What are family support services?

Wide range of programs aimed at preventing abuse and neglect and strengthening family functioning

What populations are disproportionately affected by poverty?

Women headed families, children, young adults, minorities

What is WIC?

Women, Infants, and Children Program; more expansive than the Food Stamp program; food program targeted at pregnant mothers and children under age 5

What are the main characteristics of TANF?

Work requirements for nearly all adult recipients, time limits for receiving benefits, great variability from state to state

What does "farmed out" mean?

Young children were sent to the "lowest bidder" family in the community