child psychology final

What problems are more common in children of divorce compared to children whose parents are still together?

1. Emotions (more likely to experience)- depression, distress, grief, anger, anxiety, shame, fear of abandonment, and feeling responsible for the divorce. 2. Behavior- disobedience, aggression, anitsocial behavior (not shy), criminal behavior, and lack of self-control 3. School- lower grades in school, lower school attendance, and higher drop-out rates 4. Adulthood- less likley to go to college and lower income in adulthood 5. Higher rate of teen pregnancy 6. Adult relationships- lower marriage rates, higher cohabitation rates, higher divorce rates

Name and describe parten's six levels of play. At what ages would you expect to see each type of play?

1. Unoccupied behavior- not playing, watching everyone or anything, may momentarily play with their own body, standing around, following a teacher, or just sitting doing nothing. Ages 1-2. Onlooking- child spending most of their time watching other children play. May talk to other children, ask questions, but not joining them in play. Solitary play- Child is playing alone. Making no connection between what they are doing and what other children are doing. Near other kids but making no connection. Ages 1-2. Parallel play- child is still playing alone but the toys they are playing with are similar to the toys children around them are playing with. The play is very similar to other children in the area but still not interacting with another child. Ages 3-5. Associative play- playing amongst other children but play is still not coordinated. Talking and sharing with other children but will working on your own. Focused on associating with other children but not playing with them. Ages 3-5. Cooperative play- coordinated cooperative play working together to do the same thing. Might be making something together or playing a sport together. Working together. Ages 3-5.

How much time do children spend in school in the U.S.?

179 days per year, 15000 hours in school from 1st to 12th grade.

What is the hardest time for children follow a divorce?

2-4 years following the divorce

What is the percentage of children who have television in their bedrooms at age 5 and a half and at age 8? What percentage of children say they read daily? On average, what is the total amount of time that children spend with media in a given day?

5 and a half- 41% 8- 68% Read daily- 73% Media in a given day- 6 hours

What is an individual education plan? What is meant by least restrictive environment? Of students who receive funding support for disability, what are the most common reasons for that funding?

A plan that consists of special education needed and the goals intended for the exceptional needs student. The child's education needs to restict them from normal classroom as little as possible. Learning disability, speech and language impairment, intellectual disabilities.

What characterizes positive co-parenting?

Agree with the style of childbearing Consistent with each other at setting and enforcing rules Parents provide support to each other when interacting with the child

Roughly how many children in the U.S. have lesbian or gay parents? What is the most common way that children have a gay or lesbian parent? Based on Patterson's review of the literature, what differences, if any, have been found between children with lesbian or gay parents, what are the findings regarding these children's sexual orientation? Provide several of the various areas in which no different have been found between children raised by homosexual parents and heterosexuals' parents? How does father involvement different between children of divorce/ heterosexual parents? How does involvement with other adult males differ between these two groups? What are the research findings regarding the influence of homosexuals' parent being in a committed relationship?

Around 14 million children. Children are most commonly born in a previous heterosexual marriage. According to Patterson there is not a single study that found children raised by homosexual parents were at a disadvantage than those raised by heterosexual parents. However, lesbian mothers influences some children to be more nurturing, caring, emotional than other men but was only found in one study. Their sexual orientation does not different depending on parents. These children did not differ in gender identity, sexual orientation, popularity or social skills, hyperactivity, emotional difficulty, behavior problems, moral maturity, and intelligence. Some positive characteristics were that children found themselves as more loveable, responsive, protective, and affectionate to younger children. Lesbian mothers do a better job at fostering contact between the father and the child than hereosexual mothers. Children with lesbian mothers are 6 times more likely to have weekly contact with their fathers. Other male involvement differed as lesbian mothers often arranges more visits with other adult males for their children. Research shows that there are advantages for children if their parent is in a committed relationship such as self0esteem being better, more likely to have male remodels.

Explain the cultural deficit perspective. Explain the strengths and resilience perspective.

Assumes negative outcomes were caused by minority families not measuring up to the caucasian families. Underestimates the challenges minority families faced. Strength and resilience perspective- ways minority families have survives and thrives despite historical patterns of racism, bigotry, and inequality.

What negative outcomes are seen more commonly in rejected children than in popular children?

Children in the rejected group typically stay there, 7 times more likely to fail a grade, 4 times more likely to drop out before 10th grade, have lower grades, and teachers are more likley to rate them as anxious, fearful, and depressed

How do developmental psychologists define play?

Define play as a voluntary, desirable activity. You do this because you want to.

What are the problems with early dating?

Emotional difficulties more misbehavior grades and performance in school breakups (associated with depression) sex (less likely to use protection and more likely to get pregnant)

What are the characteristics of community- bridging families?

Establish and maintain networks among family members, restrict children's interactions with community members who are not consistent with the family's goals, values, and rules, carefully and consistently monitor children's activities and friendships, encourage engagement in positive activities, and expect the child to contribute to the families well-being.

What is the divorce-stress-adjustment perspective?

Experts to believe divorce is a process and not an event. So likely issues stressors began before the divorce. Stress may no on for years afterwards and stress is the cause of negative outcomes.

Define individualism and collectivism. What cultural belief and behaviors are influenced by these two orientations? How might parenting differ due to cultural orientation?

Individualism- belief that people are independent of each other. Collectivism- belief that people are interdependent on a group. Country or individual- whole countries have individual or collectivism but an individual may not have the same orientation as their country. Individualism is more about one person "I". Collectivism is focused on a group as a "we". One will focus on self and immediate family while other will sacrifice own desires to help the group. A parents will use whatever parenting style is seen as most acceptable and affective to changes within their culture. East Asian and African countries are typically collectivist and authoritarian parenting. Whereas in the US and European countries, authoritative parenting is seen as the best type of parenting.

Based on the idea of observational learning, how does media affect children? Define desensitization and provide an example?

It desensitizes them to emotions and evens and causes children to see inappropriate acts as more acceptable. Desensitization- a gradual dulling of response that causes a more intense stimulation to be needed to get a response. Violence does not trigger as much sadness.

What is the importance of successful school transition? What changes in school structure tend to make the transition to middle school/ junior high more difficult? What are the possible effects of these changes and who is more likely to have a difficult transition? How can the mismatch between school structure and children's developmental needs be minimized?

Leads to early academic success and it the biggest predictor for future success, even high school graduation. There is more emphasis on competiton, grades, teacher control, and social comparison worsens. There is less individual attention and less support from teachers. Peers change. Effects are decline in self-esteem, motivaton, and achievement. Students already doing poor academically will not improve and kids with phsychological issues transiton harder. Minimized by encouraging learning goals as opposed to performance goals, using cooperative learning techniques like group work, focus on honors and awards other than just grades, give students some control in descision making, schedule regular advisory sessions with teachers.

What does it mean to say that a parent is a gatekeeper?

Limit the amount of time or the type of contact the other parent can have.

What is meant by the sleeper effect?

Long-term effects

What are the characteristics of a mastery orientation? Define incremental view of ability. What are the characteristics of helpless orientation? Define entity view of ability.

Mastery orientation- Attribute their successes to hard work and ability. Internal to them and what they can control. Credit for their success and failures and believe they can change it. Incremental view of ability- believe ability is not fixed and is changeable. Helpless orientation- Attribute their success to external uncontrollable factors. Failures are attributed to basic lack of ability. Success is external failure is internal. Entity views- ability is fixed and not changeable.

What are African American children more likely to receive "like least" and "Like best" nominations?

Most likely to receive "like least" when there are fewer A.A. children in the class. Most likely to receive "like best" when there are more A.A. children in class.

What are parents' definitions of kindergarten readiness? What are the teacher's definitions of kindergarten readiness?

Parents- academic success Teachers- follow classroom rules and procedures

What are the characteristics of rejected-aggressive children?

Physically aggressive, hit, push, bully. Often verbally aggressive they bully, threat, and tease.

Name and describe the three phases of friendship development.

Play based friends- ages 3-7 sharing toys, same games or activates, all based off of play. Loyal and faithful friends- ages 8-11 you want someone who will be loyal, faithful, generous with you. (he sticks with me when other kids tease me) Intimate friends- adolescence and beyond share personal thoughts and feelings with each other, trust them to keep your secrets, a safe base for exploring your problems, confused about, issues you are having, may talk to them about things you wont talk to your parents about. Show up earlier for girls than boy.

How does parenting tend to change following divorce?

Quantity and qualityof parenting- parenting quality drops after a divorce as well as quantity. Even people who were good parents before the divorce show a decline in parenting after the divorce.

What is sensorimotor play? What are the first noticeable signs of play in an infant? Provide an example. Describe how play at 6-months is different from play at 9-months. What types of toys do infants like?

Sensory activity and motor actions. First noticable signs of play is activities where they discover their own bodies. Play at 6-months infants usually treat all objects that are about the same size in the same way. EX: They will bang all objects such as spoons and a ball on the table. Play at 9-months infants pay more attention to the specific features of objects and starts treating them differently. EX: Spoon they bring to their mouth, ball is thrown, and rattle is shook. Infants enjoy playing with a variety of different shapes, sounds, textures, and actions. Especially if they like how the toys respond to their actions.

What is the selection model perspective?

Some researchers do not believe the divorce itself causes the negative outcomes for the children. Instead it is the characteristics of the parents. These characteristics cause negative outcomes for the children and the divorce itself. Called selection model because the parents are selected out of marriage based on their characteristics.

What is the difference between structural quality and process quality in childcare arrangements?

Structural quality- refers to more objective aspects of childcare enviornment such as child adult ratio, education and experience, and size of care facility. Process quality- actual interactions between adults and the children; includes whether the facility has adequate activities for development of the child.

What are the two dimensions that classic styles of parenting were based on?

Warmth and control

What is the difference between an affiliation and a romantic relationship?

affiliations- having friendly relationships with the opposite sex. Romantic relationship- teens have become more passionate about each other and commit for some time.

What makes someone best friends and how does this change with age?

closer , more exclusive than with your relationships with more casual acquaintances. The number of best friends increases until the age of 11 then it begins to come down. Children become more selective at age 11 for who is their best friends.

What percentage of parents endorse spanking for infants, 3 year olds, and 16 year olds? Has spanking been found to be effective in changing behavior?

infants- 65% 3 years old- 90% 16 years old- 35% No, children will only stop behavior in the moment and do it again the future or replace it with another inappropriate behavior.

What are the main ingredients in forming friendships in early childhood?

opportunity and similarity. School increases opprotunity to make friends as you are surrounded by peers. Children are drawn to others who are like them. Social networking- parents get together frequently with other parents creating friendships, children's friendships bring parents together creating their friendships.

Define peers and friendships

peers- people in your similar age group. Friendship- voluntary, mutual relationship between equals that involve a degree of affection such as liking them.

Define biculturalism

the adoption of two cultural orientations at the same time.