CHLH 201 Midterm

ICMJE criteria for authorship in the health sciences (ALL must be met)

1. Substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and/or data collection, analysis, or interpretation 2. Drafting and/or critically revising the intellectual content of the manuscript 3. Approve the final version of the manuscript to be submitted 4. Accept responsibility for the integrity of the paper

Which of the following scenarios would be considered research? An epidemiologist working for a health department tracks down the source of an outbreak of gastroenteritis. A clinician reads several articles about an unusual disease or completes other continuing education activities. A clinician conducts a systematic search of the literature, completes a novel synthesis of the compiled articles, and then writes and disseminates that summary. An organization asks its clients to complete a customer satisfaction survey so that opportunities for quality improvement can be identified.

A clinician conducts a systematic search of the literature, completes a novel synthesis of the compiled articles, and then writes and disseminates that summary.

In which of the following scenarios would the person be eligible for authorship? A person who conducts interviews for the project A hospital laboratory technician who analyzes blood samples of patients included in a clinical study A data manager who runs statistical tests and creates a results table for the manuscript A technical editor who cleans up the grammar and spelling in a manuscript

A data manager who runs statistical tests and creates a results table for the manuscript

Boolean operators

AND, OR, NOT

examples of types of populations

Australian children younger than 5 years old, women living in rural Ontario, adults with diabetes

examples of other (usually subscription) databases

CIHAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EBSO, JSTOR, Ovid, and ProQuest; company specific databases like LWW, SAGE, T&F, Wiley, others)

The study of populations and population dynamics, such as birth and death rates, is referred to as which of the following? Anthropology Sociology Demography Epidemiology

Demography

Which acronym captures the concepts that remind researchers that a research project is good? ASKME FINER PULSE SPIKES

FINER

ICMJE

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

MeSH database

Medical Subject Headings database

Which of the following is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health, contains more than 25 million abstracts, and is the most popular publicly available health science database? PubMed CINAHL Scopus Web of Science

PubMed

examples of databases free to the public

PubMed, European PubMed Central (PMC), SciELO & LILACS (Central and South America), AJOL (Africa)

mentorship

a formal or informal relationship in which an experienced researcher offers professional development advice and guidance to a less experienced researcher

UN agency reports (World Health Statistics, Human Development Report, State of the World's Children) provide

additional statistical estimates in annual reports

external validity

also known as generalizability, how likely is it that the results of this study apply to other populations?

step 4 of research process

analyze data

secondary study

analyzes existing data

What should you carefully consider when searching abstract databases?

any limiters related to publication years or languages

what is the typical range of coauthors on a paper?

anywhere from 4 to 12

Methods of finding a research mentor

ask colleagues, classmates, and others about might who be a good fit; search the profiles of researchers at one's institution; email potentials and ask to meet to discuss possible collaborations

make decisions about ____________ early to avoid _____________ and ___________

authorship; surprises; stress

annotated bibliography

briefly summarize an article or report and how it relates to the proposed new project

What is PICOT often used for?

clinical research and designing intervention studies

primary study

collects new data from individuals

what mentees need to do:

communicate often ask questions complete assigned tasks on time be honest maintain meticulous records express gratitude

step 3 of research process

design study and collect data

review of the literature

does the researcher have access to adequate library resources? can the researcher reasonably expect to acquire all of the needed articles?

ways to expand professional development

don't rely on only one person to mentor participate in journal clubs become active in professional organizations attend and present at research conferences enroll in training programs

theoretical framework

draws on existing models in the literature to explain key relationships

What makes a research question good?

ending in a question mark and is testable

health research

examines a broad spectrum of biological, socioeconomic, environmental, and other factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health and well-being

EDP

exposure, disease, and population

Income, exercise habits, and immune status are all examples of which of the following? Exposures Diseases Populations Outcomes

exposures

The likelihood that the results of a study with internal validity can be generalized to other populations, places, and times is referred to as which of the following? External validity Specificity Sensitivity Analytical bias

external validity

A contributor must be engaged in all parts of the study, including designing the study, collecting the data, and analyzing the data in order to be a coauthor. True False

false

A good research question should be written as a declaration or a value statement, not as an inquiry. True False

false

Abstract databases are unable to be searched with keywords or MeSH terms, using Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT. True False

false

For experimental studies, the intervention being investigated is the disease. True False

false

Most published scientific papers list the study goal and specific objectives in the first paragraph of the introduction section. True False

false

Scientific research is commonly completed by one person working alone with the investigator spending many hours working independently on various aspects of the project. True False

false

good research projects are described by FINER

feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant

A typical research project usually has approximately how many co-authors? Four Six Eight Twelve

four

When a person has made a substantial intellectual contribution but is not appropriately recognized, this is referred to as which of the following? Gift authorship Ghost authorship Nonauthorship Silent authorship

ghost authorship

where to find free full-text PDFs

google scholar and other search engines, PubMed Central and other open access repositories, journal websites (if the article is open access), library subscriptions (e-journals) or interlibrary loans, e-mail the author to politely request a copy

middle authors are listed in order from:

greatest to least contribution or alphabetically by family name

what mentees need to know:

how much time do they have? how do they communicate? what role do they agree to take on? what resources do they agree to provide? what expectations do they have of you?

internal validity

how well was the study designed, conducted, interpreted, and reported?

step 1 of research process

identify study question

conceptual framework

illustrates the key relationships between EDPs that will be evaluated during the study

examples of types of diseases

infectious and parasitic, noncommunicable, neuropsychiatric disorders, injuries

Burns, frostbite, and poisonings are all classified as what type of disease? Infectious diseases Noncommunicable diseases Neuropsychiatric disorders Injuries

injuries

population health research

involves humans as the unit of investigation

One benefit of PICOT is that

it points toward the selection of key indicators that would provide evidence for the success of the intervention

coauthorship

jointly authoring a research report with one or more collaborators

What do you use to search multiple abstract databases?

keywords or MeSH terms

the senior author (supervising author) is often listed:

last

What activity of mentees is appreciated by research supervisors? Infrequent communication Rarely asking questions Maintain meticulous research records Never acknowledge the contribution of the supervisor

maintain meticulous research records

Which of the following can help the lead author identify and connect with other potential collaborators such as experts on the study population, experts on the exposure or disease being examined, and experts on the study design and methods being used for the project? Statisticians Laboratory Specialists Mentors Librarians

mentors

Which of the following is a formal or informal relationship in which an experienced associate mentor offers professional development advice and guidance to less experienced investigators? Apprenticeship Mentorship Internship Fellowship

mentorship

most researchers start as ___________ before becoming a lead author for the first time

middle authors

gaps in the literature

missing pieces of information in the scientific body of knowledge that a new study proposes to fill

first author (lead author) usually takes responsibility for:

most of the writing

What is necessary for research to be considered original?

needs to have at least one substantive difference from previous work: a new exposure, new disease/outcome, new population, new perspective

What can provide helpful background on a topic?

nontechnical information from trusted sources like the CDC and WHO

abstract

paragraph length summary of an article, chapter, or book

PICOT

patient/population, intervention, comparison, outcome, timeframe

vital statistics

population level measurements related to births, deaths, and other demographic indicators

Where is the best place to find very specific information about health-related exposures and diseases? World Bank's World Development Indicators database Annual report of the World Health Organization State public health departments Published scientific articles

published scientific articles

World Bank world development indicators are best for

regional and country level population measures and comparisons

step 5 of research process

report findings

tertiary study

reviews the existing literature

The risk factors for morbidity, mortality, disability, and other health issues can be determined through which of the following? Needs assessment Risk assessment Applied practice Outcomes evaluation

risk assessment

What type of study revolves around the analysis of existing data? Primary study Secondary study Tertiary study Quaternary study

secondary study

step 2 of research process

select study approach

examples of types of exposures

socioeconomic status, health-related behaviors, health status, environmental factors

gift authorship

someone given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work

ghost authorship

someone has made a substantial intellectual contribution but is not appropriately recognized

first identify one clear overall __________________, then identify 3 or more ___________________ that represent steps toward answering the main question

study goal; specific objectives, aims, or hypotheses

Which of the following is present when the research question includes components that can be measured and examined? Sensitivity Specificity Testability Validity

testability

What do the "EDPs" form?

the basis for many research questions: is [exposure] related to [disease/outcome] in [population]?

research

the process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to discover new insights about the world

demography

the study of populations and population dynamics, such as birth and death rates

Which of the following, which is based on extensive reviews of the published literature, can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study? Experimental framework Analytical framework Theoretical framework Procedural framework

theoretical framework

examples of study goals

to assess the perceived health-related needs of a community, to examine the impact of a program or policy, to synthesize or integrate existing knowledge

Why use brainstorming?

to create a long list of possible research topics

Why use concept mapping?

to identify central themes that might be worth exploring

Why use the MeSH database?

to identify related ideas and to expand or narrow a theme

A new investigator should be prepared for the contacted individuals not to respond or to reply with a message indicating that they are not currently accepting new mentees, interns, or research assistants. True False

true

Although statistics may be readily found on the Internet, few are supported by citations and information about who collected the original data, how the data was collected, and even where the data was collected. True False

true

Authorship requires participation in the writing or editing of the research report. True False

true

Conceptual and theoretical frameworks are especially common in the nursing, social science, and education research literature. True False

true

The first two steps of the research process are often completed concurrently because the approach selected may require the refinement of the study question. True False

true

When many researchers add their findings to scientific literature, the cumulative information provides an evidentiary foundation for improving the health of individuals and communities. True False

true

lead (senior) researcher

typically the person doing the most work for a project; an experienced researcher guiding the work of a newer investigator

Annual reports from private groups like the American Cancer Society and Population Reference Bureau include

up-to-date statistical projections and estimates

brainstorming questions - areas

values, skills, personal growth, connections, job and/or course requirements, gaps in the literature

Published scientific articles are the best place to find

very specific information about health related exposures and diseases

Information from state and local health departments are useful for

vital statistics in states, provinces, counties, cities, and other smaller governmental units

collection and analysis of new data key questions to ask

what are possible source populations? will it be possible to recruit enough participants?

analysis of existing data

what are possible sources of usable data files? what questions can be explored with the existing data?