CHM Sapling Ch.1-4
what is the relative charge of group 4A?
+/-4
what is the relative charge of Potassium?
+1
what is the relative charge of group 1A?
+1
what is the relative charge of group 2A?
+2
what is the relative charge of Aluminum?
+3
what is the relative charge of group 3A?
+3
what is the relative charge of Iodine?
-1
what is the relative charge of group 7A?
-1
what is the relative charge of Selenium?
-2
what is the relative charge of group 6A?
-2
what is the relative charge of group 5A?
-3
what is the relative charge of group 8A?
0
round 0.002353 to two significant figures
0.0024
write 5.9x10⁻³ in standard notation.
0.0059
write 7.61x10⁻² in standard notation.
0.0761
calculate the mass of a 0.275 mL sample of a liquid with density 1.38 g/mL.
0.3795 g
calculate the density (in g/mL) of a liquid that has a mass of 0.125 g and a volume of 0.000225 L.
0.555 g/mL
how many sig figs does the number 0.009 have?
1 sig fig
how many sig figs does the number 2000 have?
1 sig fig
what are the statements in Dalton's original atomic theory?
1. elements are composed of minute, indivisible particles called atoms. 2. atoms of the same element are alike in mass and size. 3. atoms of different elements have different masses and sizes. 4. chemical compounds are formed by the union of two or more atoms of different elements. 5. atoms combine to form compounds in simple numerical ratios. 6. atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound.
scientific method order
1. make initial observation 2. form initial hypothesis 3. test initial hypothesis 4. testing discredits the initial hypothesis 5. revise hypothesis 6. test revised hypothesis 7. testing confirms the revised hypothesis 8. the revised hypothesis may eventually become a theory
round 1.005 to two significant figures
1.0
calculate the volume in milliliters of a 5.97 g sample of a solid with a density of 3.85 g/mL.
1.55 mL
what is the equivalence statement for deci (d)?
10 x= 1 dx
what is the equivalence statement for centi (c)?
100 cx= 1 x
what is the equivalence statement for milli (m)?
1000 mx= 1 x
what is the equivalence statement for kilo (k)?
1000 x= 1 kx
what is the equivalence statement for micro (u)?
1000000 ux= 10⁶ ux= 1 x
what is the equivalence statement for nano (n)?
1000000000 nx= 10⁹ nx= 1x
identify the power of ten for kilo-.
10³
identify the power of ten for mega-.
10⁶
identify the power of ten for centi-.
10⁻²
identify the power of ten for milli-.
10⁻³
identify the power of ten for deci-.
10⁻¹
identify the power of ten for micro-.
10⁻⁶
identify the power of ten for nano-.
10⁻⁹
how many sig figs does the number 0.030 have?
2 sig figs
how many sig figs does the number 2300 have?
2 sig figs
a sample of metal has a mass of 15.78 g, and a volume of 6.30 mL. what is the density of this metal?
2.504 g/cm³
round 233.356 to two significant figures
230
how many total electrons are in a Ni⁺² ion?
26 electrons
write 0.034 in scientific notation
3.4x10⁻²
how many sig figs does the number 10590 have?
4 sig figs
how many sig figs does the number 7.000 have?
4 sig figs
convert 128.7°C to Kelvin
401.85 K
how many sig figs does the number 890020 have?
5 sig figs
write 673.5 in scientific notation
6.735x10²
how many protons are in an ion with 10 electrons and a -1 charge?
9 protons
what is the formula for Al³⁺ and F⁻ ?
AlF₃
what elements are liquid at room temperature?
Br and Hg
write the chemical formula for calcium chloride (1 Ca ion, 2 Cl ion).
CaCl₂
what is the formula for Ca²⁺ and P³⁻ ?
Ca₃P₂
write the formula for caffeine using the elements in the order they are given: 8 atoms of carbon, 10 atoms of hydrogen, 2 atoms of oxygen, 4 atoms of nitrogen.
C₈H₁₀O₂N₄
what is the formula for Kelvin?
K= °C+273.15
what is the symbol for krypton?
Kr
what is the formula for Mg²⁺ and S²⁻ ?
MgS
what is the chemical formula for the compound formed between sodium and iodine?
NaI
what is the chemical formula for the compound formed between sodium and oxygen?
Na₂O
what is the formula for Na⁺ and O²⁻ ?
Na₂O
write the chemical formula for sodium oxide (2 Na ion, 1 O ion).
Na₂O
what is the symbol for phosphorous?
P
what is the symbol for strontium?
Sr
example of theory
a botanist guesses, but has not verified, that plants with one red-flowered and one white-flowered parent will have pink flowers
Air (mostly N₂ and O₂) is classified as...
a compound and a pure substance
N₂O is classified as...
a compound and a pure substance
hypothesis
a description that predicts what happens, but does not explain how
what is group 1A called?
alkali metals
what is group 2A called?
alkaline earth metals
N₂ is classified as...
an element and a pure substance
O₂ is classified as...
an element and a pure substance
law
an explanation that has been tested and verified
theory
an untested explanation based upon observation or known facts
what is the amount of protons within the atom?
atomic number
which of the following adopts neither the shape nor the volume of its container? a. helium in a balloon b. soda in a bottle c. coin in a bag
c. coin in a bag
is 'flammability' a physical or chemical property?
chemical property
is 'susceptibility to rust' a physical or chemical property?
chemical property
is CO an element or a compound?
compound
is FeN an element or a compound?
compound
is LiBrO₂ an element or a coumpound?
compound
is ice a mixture, compound, or element?
compound
is methane a mixture, compound, or element?
compound
is table sugar a mixture, compound, or element?
compound
what is the formula for density?
d= mass/volume
what particle(s) have a much lower mass than the other two types of particles?
electrons
what particle(s) have a relative charge of -1?
electrons
is Co an element or a compound?
element
is O₃ an element or a compound?
element
is copper a mixture, compound, or element?
element
is oxygen a mixture, compound, or element?
element
T or F: "helium is the lightest monatomic element" describes chemical properties.
false
T or F: "iodine (a purple solid) becomes a purple gas" describes chemical properties.
false
T or F: "water freezes at 0°C" describes chemical properties.
false
T or F: 'baking soda, flour, and salt are mixed to make a baking mix' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 'gasoline is evaporated' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 'rock candy crystals precipitate from a concentrated sugar solution' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 'water is boiled' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 'water is frozen' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 'water is heated up' is a chemical change.
false
T or F: 3 lbs (the weight of an object measured on a scale) is an exact number.
false
T or F: 56.00 s (a time measured by a stopwatch) is an exact number.
false
T or F: a hypothesis always leads to a scientific theory.
false
T or F: a hypothesis should be created when the outcome for its test is known.
false
T or F: anions carry a positive charge.
false
T or F: brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) is a heterogeneous mixture.
false
T or F: components of a homogeneous mixture are visibly distinct.
false
T or F: heat, sound, and energy are examples of matter.
false
T or F: quartz is an element.
false
T or F: salt (NaCl) is a mixture.
false
T or F: salt and water are a heterogeneous mixture.
false
T or F: silicone is an element.
false
T or F: the Cl⁻ and Br⁻ ions have the same number of electrons.
false
T or F: the Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions have the same number of electrons.
false
T or F: the components of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures cannot be separated.
false
T or F: the nucleus accounts for almost all the volume of an atom.
false
T or F: the nucleus can be positively or negatively charged depending on the identity of the atom.
false
T or F: the nucleus of an atom contains only neutrons.
false
T or F: the nucleus of an atom is neutral.
false
T or F: the number of nucleons present in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons present outside the nucleus.
false
T or F: the scientific theory is established first followed by the hypothesis.
false
T or F: to be called a hypothesis, an explanation must be tested by multiple independent researchers.
false
T or F: water (H₂O) is a mixture.
false
T or F: water is an element.
false
T or F: when an atom gains an electron, it becomes a cation.
false
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'no definite volume, no definite shape'.
gas
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'particles may be far apart and move randomly'.
gas
what are the allotropes of carbon?
graphite, fullerenes, and diamond
what is group 7A called?
halogens
what are the 7 diatomic elements?
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
what elements are gaseous at room temperature?
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
what does kg stand for?
kilograms
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'definite volume, no definite shape'.
liquid
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'particles are close together and can move past each other'.
liquid
what is the formula to find the number of neutrons?
mass #-atomic #
what is the total number of neutrons and protons within the atom?
mass number
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Bi
metal
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Ga
metal
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Sn.
metal
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: As
metalloid
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Sb
metalloid
what does uL stand for?
microliter
what does ms stand for?
millisecond
classify air as either a mixture or pure substance.
mixture
classify bronze as either a mixture or pure substance.
mixture
classify olive oil as either a mixture or pure substance.
mixture
classify wine as either a mixture or pure substance.
mixture
is bronze a mixture, compound, or element?
mixture
is lemonade a mixture, compound, or element?
mixture
is vinegar a mixture, compound, or element?
mixture
what does nm stand for?
nanometer
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 1 proton, 0 neutrons, 2 electrons.
negative ion
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron.
neutral atom
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons.
neutral atom
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 3 protons, 3 neutrons, 3 electrons.
neutral atom
isotopes are atoms of a particular element that contain a different number of _________ (neutrons, protons, or electrons).
neutrons
what particle(s) have no charge?
neutrons
what is group 8A called?
noble gases
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Kr
nonmetal
classify the elements as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: Xe
nonmetal
what is group 3A called?
nonmetals
is 'boiling point' a physical or chemical property?
physical property
is 'color' a physical or chemical property?
physical property
is 'conductivity' a physical or chemical property?
physical property
is 'melting point' a physical or chemical property?
physical property
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 1 proton, 0 neutrons, 0 electrons.
positive ion
classify each atom as a positive ion, negative ion, or neutral atom: 3 protons, 3 neutrons, 2 electrons.
positive ion
what particle(s) have a relative charge of +1?
protons
what particle(s) are located in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
classify oxygen as either a mixture or pure substance.
pure substance
classify silver as either a mixture or pure substance.
pure substance
classify water as either a mixture or pure substance.
pure substance
example of law
scientists, after many experiments, explain how the temperature of a gas depends on the energy of its molecules
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'definite volume, definite shape'.
solid
classify each phrase as describing solid, liquid, or gas: 'particles are close together and do not move relative to each other'.
solid
T or F: "sugar burns in air to form water and carbon dioxide" describes chemical properties.
true
T or F: 'a cheese sandwich is toasted' is a chemical change.
true
T or F: 'gasoline is burned' is a chemical change.
true
T or F: 'milk turns sour in the refrigerator' is a chemical change.
true
T or F: 'the nail heads in your deck rust' is a chemical change.
true
T or F: 2.54 cm (the number of centimeters in exactly 1 in) is an exact number.
true
T or F: 4 choices (the number of choices in this list) is an exact number.
true
T or F: a hypothesis is an educated guess about why something happens.
true
T or F: a hypothesis is an explanation for a natural phenomenon.
true
T or F: a hypothesis must be testable in a way that is replicable by others.
true
T or F: a potassium atom loses one electron to form a +1 ion.
true
T or F: a scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis that has been supported with repeated testing.
true
T or F: a sulfur atom gains two electrons to form a -2 ion.
true
T or F: air (mostly N₂ and O₂) is a mixture.
true
T or F: granite (a type of rock with multicolor spots) is a heterogeneous mixture.
true
T or F: heterogeneous mixtures contain more than one part, and each part has its own properties.
true
T or F: homogeneous mixtures have uniform properties throughout.
true
T or F: in heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, separation into simpler substances by physical means is possible.
true
T or F: in heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, two or more substances must be present.
true
T or F: iodine is an element.
true
T or F: lead is an element.
true
T or F: oil and water are a heterogeneous mixture.
true
T or F: pure substances cannot be separated by physical means.
true
T or F: pure substances could not possibly have a variable composition.
true
T or F: salt water is a mixture.
true
T or F: silicon is an element.
true
T or F: the Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions have the same number of protons.
true
T or F: the K⁺ ion is formed when a potassium atom loses one electron.
true
T or F: the nucleus accounts for almost all the mass of an atom.
true
T or F: water and air are examples of matter.
true
what is the formula for °C?
°C= (°F-32)/1.8
what is the formula for °F?
°F= (1.8x°C)+32