CHN 2

What are the 4 Phases of epidemiological Approach?

1. Descriptive Epidemiology 2. Analytical Epidemiology 3. Intervention/ Experimental Epidemiology 4. Evaluation Epidemiology

It compares the number of economically dependent with economically productive group in the population.

Dependency ratio

It is concerned with disease distribution and frequency?

Descriptive Epidemiology

It is the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area.

Endemic

What is the first leading cause of death in 2017 in the Philippines?

Ischaemic heart disease

It is simply the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time?

Natural increase

Weather, climate, season, soil, terrain, geology, geography. These are the examples of?

Physical

It is the restriction of movement of those who have been in contact with a communicable disease for a period of time during which they maybe potentially infectious to others?

Quarantine

It is the crucial difference between the two censuses counts expressed in recent years relative to the population size made during an earlier year census?

Relative increase

What is the last leading cause of death in 2017 in the Philippines?

Remainder of the diseases of the genitourinary system

It compares the number of males to the number of females in the population?

Sex composition

Family and community structure, population density and mobility, political and economic realities, occupations, roles and status, schools, housing, transportation and provision of health services. These are the examples of?

Social

It is the person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes immediately to a host?

Source of infection

A term describing the occurrence of a few cases of a disease every now and then in a geographic area. There are more immunes than susceptible

Sporadic

It is another proportional mortality indicator. It gives the percentage of all deaths, which occur in persons 50 years and above

The SWAROOP'S INDEX

What are the 3 Epidemiologic Triad?

1. Agent 2. Host 3. Environment

Animal reservoirs, arthropod, vectors, food supply. These are the examples of?

Biological

This rate measures the risk of dying from causes with childbirth. Maternal death is defined as the death of a mother directly due to pregnancy, labor and puerperium within 90 days of delivery

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

It divides the population into two equal parts. Example 19 years old, it means half of the population belongs to 19 years and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.

Median age

T means?

Number of years between time o and time t

It can be described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density and crowding index.

Population Distribution

It refers to a certain variables such as sex, age, occupation and educational level?

Population composition

Refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time?

Population size

What are the 2 Age composition?

1) Median age 2) Dependency ratio

What are the 3 component of Environment?

1) Physical 2) Biological 3) Social

What are the 3 Population Distribution?

1) Urban-Rural Distribution 2) Crowding Index 3) Population Density

It measures the number of people that are added to the population per year?

Absolute increase

What is the first leading cause of Morbidity?

Acute Respiratory Infection

It attempts to analyze the causes or determinants of disease through hypothesis testing?

Analytical Epidemiology

What are the components of agent?

Biological Chemical Physical Mechanical

Under the Epidemiologic Triad. Skin and mucous membranes, lymphatic system are the examples of?

Body defenses

It is person (or animal) who harbors a specific disease causing agent, in the absence of clinical manifestations and who served as a source of infection for others?

Carrier

It is defined as an official and periodic enumeration of population?

Census

It is a person (or animal) who has been in association with the infected person or animal or a contaminated environment?

Contact

This rate is only a rough measure of fertility in the population since it makes use of the mid-year population (which ignores the number of men and women incapable of child bearing) as its denominator.

Crude Birth Rate

Under the Epidemiologic Triad. Age, sex, ethnic group, etc are the examples of?

Demographic characteristics

It is the science which deals with the study of the human population's size, composition and distribution in space?

Demography

What is the last leading cause of Morbidity?

Disease of the Heart

It is the field of science, which is concerned with the various factors, and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defects, disability and death among groups of individuals.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

It is the science concerned with the circumstances under which diseases occur, where diseases tend to flourish and where they do not.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

It is the study of the distribution and dynamics of disease occurrence in human populations as a basis for determining preventive and control measures.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

0 - 14 years old and 65 years old and above are considered what?

Economically dependent

It is the occurrence in a community or region of cases of a disease condition clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or propagated source.

Epidemic

It attempts to measure the effectiveness of different health services and programs?

Evaluation Epidemiology

Under the Epidemiologic Triad. Anatomic structure, physiological state, nutrition, genetic determinants, reaction to stress are the examples of?

General Health Status

This rate is a more refined measure than crude birth rate because the denominator makes use of the number of women of a child-bearing age. However, it is still limited in the sense that not all women of child-bearing age are COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2 expected to give birth for various reasons.

General fertility Rate (GFR)

It is the probability of a group or community developing an epidemic upon introduction of an infectious agent?

Herd immunity

It is an animal or plant in or upon which a parasite live. Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism?

Host

It is the frequency or occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over a stated period of time expressed as a rate?

Incidence

It is the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms?

Incubation period

This rate is considered one of the most sensitive indices of the health conditions obtained in a population. Infant deaths are associated with acute communicable diseases and such factors as poor environmental sanitation and poor hygiene

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).

It is the entry and development of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.

Infection

It is an organism, chiefly a microorganism but including helminths that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease?

Infectious agent

It is an apparent or manifest condition of man or animals resulting from an infection?

Infectious disease

It answers questions about the effectiveness of new methods for controlling diseases for improving underlying condition?

Intervention/ Experimental Epidemiology

It is the limitation of movement of a person having a communicable disease or of a carrier who harbors an infectious agent?

Isolation

It refers to the number of people within a certain unit of the general population who have a certain disease or condition?

Morbidity rates

It is the denoting a disease affecting or attacking all or a large portion of the population

Pandemic

Pt means?

Population size at a later year

Po means?

Population size at an earlier year

It is the first case that occurs to a family or community as a unit?

Primary case

15- 64 years old - are considered what?

Productive age group

It is any human being, animal, anthropoid, plant, soil, or inanimate object in which infectious agent normally lives and multiplies?

Reservoir

Under the Epidemiologic Triad. Natural immunity, artificial immunity (passive, active) are the examples of?

State of immunity and immunological response

It is a person or animal presumably not possessing sufficient resistance against a particular agent to prevent contracting a disease if or when exposed to the agent?

Susceptible

It is used when the people are assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of the census regardless of their usual place of residence?

de facto

It is done when people are assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of the census?

de jure method

What are two ways of assigning people when the census is being taken?

de jure method de facto

What are the (6)Vital and Health Statistics/Indicators?

• General fertility Rate (GFR) • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) • Crude Birth Rate • SWAROOP'S INDEX • Morbidity rates

What are the various aspects involved in descriptive epidemiology?

• Observation and recording of existing patterns of occurrence of the health condition under study • Description of the disease/condition as to person, place and time characteristics • Analysis of the general pattern of occurrence of the disease or condition.

What are the components of host?

▪ Demographic characteristics ▪ Body defenses ▪ State of immunity and immunological response

What are the uses of Epidemiology?

▪ Determine whether epidemiologic data are consistent with etiological hypothesis ▪ Provide basis for preventive and public health services. ▪ Provide knowledge of disease frequency and distribution during epidemic and nonepidemic times