Chp 12: Adjectives and Adverbs

What are quantifying adjectives?

Quantifying adjectives indicate the amount. quantity. or frequency of the head noun. For example. the only way. the entire crew. an occasional cloud. the usual suspects.

How to tell the difference between participial adjectives and verb participles.

A simple test is that only participial adjectives can be modified by very or too. For example. Her story was very frightening. participial adjective. Or. John was very frightening her. verb participle, since the inclusion of very makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.

What are absolute adjectives?

Absolute adjectives are a group of adjectives whose meaning is supposedly not gradable since they express a quality that cannot be increased or decreased. For example. unique. absolute. correct. impossible. But native speakers treat absolute adjectives as gradable.

What are adjective compounds?

Adjective compounds are two words that function together as an adjective. One of the words is usually an adjectives and the other can be from any of the various parts of speech. For example. grayish-blue. big-name. street-smart. glass-bottom. world-renowned.

What are participial adjectives?

Adjectives are frequently formed from present or past participles. For example. That was an interesting lecture. or. He had a bored expression on his face. Participial adjectives are made gradable with more/most or less/least.

What are adjectives?

Adjectives are words that modify nouns by describing the inherent properties of an entity. For example. I drank green tea in a handmade ceramic mug.

What are adjectives of time and location?

Adjectives of time and location place a head noun within a particular time from or location. Such as. A future appointment. An old friend. his former girlfriend. a previous version. her left arm. the northeastern province.

What are adjectives that take complements, which only appear predicatively?

Adjectives that take complements take either infinitive or prepositional phrases as complements. As an infinitive example. She is liable to make a scene. As a prepositional phrase example. He is devoid of any humor.

What are adjective adjuncts?

Adjuncts are adverbs that make a comment about an entire sentence. They are not internal to the sentence; rather they are supplements to it and in this sense can be said to modify the entire an entire clause. Adverb adjuncts have a comma after them.

Where do adverbs appear when they modify adverbs and adjectives?

Adverbs that modify other adverbs or adjectives precede those words. Staking more than 2 adverbs before an adjective sounds clumsy and should be avoided. For example. It was a very peaceful ceremony. She got a really incredibly beautiful ring.

Where do adverbs appear when they modify verbs?

Adverbs that modify verbs can occur in several positions, but never between a verb and its object. For example. He often takes the metro. Not. He takes often the metro.

What are the functions of an adverb?

An adverb can modify adjectives, other adverbs, verbs and clauses. More than any other part of speech, adverbs are fluid in terms of their position in a sentence. They can often be moved to a new position without changing meaning, making placement stylistic.

What is an adverb?

An adverb is basically a word that supplies information about how, where, when, why, and to what extent.

What are associative adjectives?

Associative adjectives do not express literal properties of a head noun, but instead describe it in terms of some entity that it is associated with. For example. a nuclear physicist. does not mean a physicist is nuclear in some way.

What are attributive adjectives?

Attributive adjectives are adjectives that modify the head noun in a noun phrase and occur before that head noun. For example. They chose a young man for the job. He gave an interesting talk.

What else can stance adverbs express?

Certainty. As in. arguably. assuredly. definitely. Also, they can express doubt. As in. conceivably. imaginable. maybe. perhaps. possibly.

What are examples of adjectives referring to medical conditions or health?

Examples of adjectives referring to medical conditions or health include. He feels faint. My mother is ill. She is unwell. The dog is well again!

When the adjective phrase consists of an adjective and its prepositional phrase complement. the adjective is often followed by a specific preposition or a limited number of preposition options.

For example. adjectives frequently combine with the prepositions about. at. for. and with. Some will combine with all of them. some only one. For example. angry about. angry at. difficult for. bored with.

What is a third issue ESL learners may have with adjectives and adverbs?

In other languages, negative frequency adverbs do not mandate subject auxiliary inversion, as they do in English. Speakers of romance languages following their L1 inclinations may find the English inversion difficult.

What is one way to teach frequency adverbs?

List positive and negative frequency adverbs on the board, along with activities the students do. Review how to use the adverbs in a sentence. Then ask learners questions about how often they do the activities, with them responding in a complete sentence.

What are negative frequency adverbs, and what's so special about them?

Negative frequency adverbs are words such as. never. scarcely ever. hardly ever. seldom. and rarely. When they appear sentence initial, subject aux inversion must occur. For example. Never have I seen. Seldom does John. Rarely has Jan.

What is negative gradability?

Negative gradability is describing diminishing degrees of a property by placing less and least before adjectives to create comparative and superlative forms. As in. successful, less successful, least successful.

What are phrasal stance adverbs?

Phrasal stance adverbs are phrases considered stance adverbs because they indicate that a proposition is true or accurate in the speaker or writer's opinion. Such as. In our view. in our opinion. from our perspective.

What are predicative adjectives?

Predicative adjectives appear after a verb and not in a noun phrase. They may describe that subject or object. For example. She is insane. You have got you priorities wrong.

What about the other adverbs? How are they formed?

Some adverbs have exactly the same form as their adjectives. For example. fast. hard. high. late. and low. When the form is the same, the meanings often are not. For example. She found the dead flower. dead = deceased. You're dead wrong. dead = completely.

What is an issue ESL learners may have with adjectives and adverbs?

Spanish speakers may follow their L1 pattern of noun phrase + de + infinitive. producing sentences like. a precise method to define a characteristic. instead of. a precise method defining a characteristic.

What is stacking adjectives?

Stacking adjectives means listing adjectives one after another. Stack of more than 3 adjectives rarely occur. For example. My little, white, shaggy dog is adorably cute.

What about stance adverbs in academic writing?

Stance adverbs in academic writing can indicate something is supported by evidence while at the same time taking an objective stance toward the evidence or declining to reveal is source. For example. reportedly. allegedly. apparently. purportedly.

What does it mean that adjectives are gradable?

That adjectives are gradable means they can indicate degrees of a property. Some are gradable with inflections. such as lively, livelier, and liveliest. Others are gradable by using the adverbs more or more. Such as. private, more private, most private.

How are adverb forms?

The majority of adverbs are formed by adding LY to an adjective. For example. quiet, quietly. fine, finely. dangerous, dangerously. These adverbs usually have the same meaning as the adjectives they derive from.

participial adjectives versus verb participles.

The occurrence of participial adjectives in predicative positions following the verb be means it can be difficult telling the difference between a participial adjectives and a verb participle.

What is a second issue ESL learners may have with adjectives and adverbs?

The position of adverbs differ in other languages from English. For example, in Spanish the word for always can begin a sentence, but in English it can't. Also French allows some adverbs between a verb and its object, whereas English does not.

What are the potential positions in which an adverb can appear?

The possible positions are sentence initial. before a main verb, which is the preferred position, including between an auxiliary or modal and a main verb. between the main verb and a following element that is not an object noun phrase. and sentence final.

What are the 3 groups of predicative adjectives?

The three groups of predicative adjectives are adjectives beginning with the prefix A; adjectives that take complements; and adjectives refrain to medical conditions or health.

What are adjectives referring to medical conditions or health, which only appear predicatively?

There is a small group of adjectives that refer to medical condition or health that an appear only in predicative positions. Although the word ill can appear attributively if it is modified. as in. A mentally ill patient.

Where do adjective adjuncts occur?

They are usually sentence initial and followed by a comma, which indicates a slight pause and falling intonation. They can also be sentence internal, offset by commas, or sentence final, preceded by a comma.

What is one way to teach participial adjectives?

Using participial adjective pairs. such as. interested and interesting. explain the notion of the idea in each one and how they differ from one another. Then give students a pair of sentences and a pair of participle adjectives and they work in partners to complete.

When are adjective compounds hyphenated?

When adjective compounds are found in an attributive position, they are hyphenated. When found in a predicative position, they are not hyphenated. For example. The world-renowned physicist. or. The physicist is world renowned.

Can adverbs modify verbs in subordinate clauses?

Yes! Adverbs can modify verbs in that clauses and infinitive clauses, called complements. For example. John hopes that the will eventually ski. Or. John hopes to eventually ski. Or John hopes eventually to ski. Splitting infinitive is just fine, by the way.

Can adverbs take complements?

Yes! Adverbs can take complements consisting of prepositional phrases headed by from, of, to, and with. For example. Disputes can be resolved independently of the law. The information was released simultaneously with a description of the new plan.

Are hedges stance adverbs?

Yes. For example. sort of. kind of. roughly. They express a degree of imprecision and all the speaker to avoid making a definitive statement.

Can an adjective be both attributive and predicative?

Yes. Most adjectives, including participial adjectives, can appear in both attributive and predicative positions. For example. That elephant has a really big trunk. Or. That elephant's trunk is really big.

Are there any limitations to verbally-modifying adverb positions besides not between the verb and its object?

Yes. Not all adjectives can appear in all positions. Some can. Some are quite restricted. even within the same category.

Are some adjectives only found in the attributive position?

Yes. Some adjectives are attributive only, such as drunken.

Are some adjectives only found in the predicative position?

Yes. Some adjectives only occur in the predicative position. There are three groups.

Can adjectives be modified?

Yes. by adverbs. For example. He is unusually happy. They are remarkably wonderful.

What are act-related adverbs?

act-related adverbs provide BACKGROUND or MOTIVE or the action expressed by the verb. For example. deliberately. expressly. knowingly. voluntarily. willfully.

What are additive and restrictive adverbs?

additive adverbs show SOMETHING ADDITIONAL WAS DONE or SOMETHING WAS ADDED to something else. For example. also. as well. even. too. Restrictive adverbs restrict the meaning of an action or proposition. For example. only. just. merely. purely. solely.

What are the 5 categories of attributive adjectives?

adjectives of degree; quantifying adjectives; adjectives of time and location; associative adjectives; and certain adjective compounds.

What are connective adverbs?

connective adverbs LINK SENTENCES TO OTHER SENTENCES. Such as. additionally. alternatively. moreover. therefore. AKA discourse connectors.

What are degree adverbs?

degree adverbs describe HOW MUCH or THE DEGREE TO WHICH the verbal action is carried out. For example. hugely. greatly. minutely. really. slightly.

What are frequency adverbs?

frequency adverbs usually answer the questions HOW OFTEN DOES THE ACTION OCCUR? For example. regularly. sometimes. usually. never. occasionally.

What are instrumental adverbs?

instrumental adverbs answer the question BY WHAT MEANS WAS THIS DONE? They are formed by adding -ly to the corresponding adjective. Such as. mechanically. hydraulically. mathematically.

What are manner adverbs?

manner adverbs describe HOW the action expressed by the verb is carried out. For example. quickly. methodically. loudly.

What are the 11 categories of adverbs?

manner, degree, duration, frequency, time, instrumental, place, additive and restrictive, act-related, stance, and connective.

What are place adverbs?

place adverbs answer the question WHERE DID THE ACTION OCCUR? Such as. locally. abroad. inside. nationally.

Examples of adjective phrases.

she was quiet. she was extremely quiet. she was quiet about her good fortune. she was extremely quiet about her good fortune.

What are stance adverbs?

stance adverbs are A SPECIAL CATEGORY OF ACT-RELATED adverbs. They express the SPEAKER OR WRITER'S ATTITUDE OR JUDGEMENT about the content of a clause. For example. foolishly tried to have John fired. or. regrettably chose to ignore my advice.

What are time adverbs?

time adverbs answer the question WHEN DID THE ACTION OCCUR? For example. already. earlier. later. now. then. subsequently.

Can adverbs modify an entire clause?

yes. For example. Foolishly, he answered the question. The adverb foolishly modifies the entire clause.

What are examples of adjectives beginning with the prefix A, which only appear predicatively?

asleep. and alive.

What are adjective phrases?

Adjective phrases can consist of just an adjective. an adjective and a preceding adverb. an adjective and a following prepositional phrase. or. an adjective and a preceding adverb and a following prepositional phrase.

What are duration adverbs?

duration adverbs answer the question HOW LONG DOES THE ACTION GO ON? For example. briefly. momentarily. permanently.

What are adjectives of degree?

Adjectives of degree describe the degree of the property expressed by the head noun. For example. The show was an utter disaster. The adjective utter describes the degree of the disaster. The degree is usually absolute, such as compete. total. absolute.

What are the two classifications of adjectives?

1. attributive. 2. predicative.