Chp 13: Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and disease & Chp 14: Host Defenses and Innate Immunity (assignments)

Please select the factors below that contribute to a microorganism's invasiveness.

- Capsule - leukocidins - Hyaluronidase - Fibrinolysin

Please select the characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not by exotoxins.

- Composed of lipopolysaccharide - Released only by gram-negative bacteria - Heat- stable - fever reducing

Please select all of the specialized structures used by microorganisms to adhere to their host.

- Fimbriae - Flagella - Slime layer - Spikes - Capsid proteins

Please select the patterns of indirect (vehicle) transmission of infectious disease.

- Food, water - Fomites - Air

Please select the body sights that remain free of normal microbiota.

- Kidneys - Brain - Uterus - Bones

Please select the patterns of direct (contact) transmission of infectious disease.

- Kissing, touching - Mother to fetus (vertical) - vector - Droplet

Please identify the four most significant interactions between humans and the microbes that live in and on our bodies.

- Microbes can protect and stabilize body surfaces on which they establish themselves as normal residents. - Microbes promote the development and maturation of host immune defenses. - Microbes may invade and grow in normally sterile body sites. - Microbes cause disease by damaging tissues and organs.

Please select all of the cells that serve as phagocytes to test your understanding of phagocytosis and identify which cell serve this function.

- Neutrophils - Monocytes - Macrophages

Please select the conclusions of studies comparing the health of germ-free animals to the health of animals with a normal complement of microbiota.

- Normal microbiota are a source of some vitamins - Normal microbiota contribute to dental caries and periodontal disease - The presence of normal microbiota can prevent some pathogens from becoming well-established. - Normal microbiota contribute to the development and maturation of the immune system.

Please select functions of the lymphatic system to test your understanding of its characteristics and functions.

- Provides a route for the return of extracellular fluid to general circulation - Carries away excess fluid from inflamed tissue - Conducts surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

Please select the characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

- Require very small doses to cause toxic effects - Secreted from a living cell - Have very specific targets

Please select the correct statements regarding the tracking of infections and diseases.

- Some diseases are considered "reportable" and reporting to health departments is mandatory - Disease statistics are maintained at the local, state, and national levels. - The national repository of disease statistics in the US is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Please select the three most prevalent types of nosocomial infections.

- Surgical site infections - Urinary tact infections - Respiratory infections

Please select all of the primary function of the immune system.

- Surveillance of the body - Recognition of self and foreign material such as pathogens - Attack and destruction of foreign invaders

Please select the body sites that serve as portals of entry for microbes.

- Vagina - Nose - Mouth - Urethra - Skin

Choose the four signs/symptoms of inflammation.

- redness - swelling - warmth - pain

Please match the description to the disease pattern that it describes.

1. A disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected for the population = EPIDEMIC 2. A disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected, not just in a limited geographic are or population, but on more than one continent = PANDEMIC 3. A disease pattern in which occasional cases are reposted at irregular intervals in random locations = SPORADIC 4. A disease pattern with a relatively stable frequency over a long period of time = ENDEMIC

Please match the description to the pattern of infection.

1. ACUTE INFECTION- More severe infection, rapid onset 2. SYSTEMIC INFECTION- An infection that has spread to multiple body sites and tissue fluids; no longer restricted to one body site 3. LOCALIZED INFECTION- Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue 4. CHRONIC INFECTION- An infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time; symptoms often less severe 5. SECONDARY INFECTION- A subsequent infection with a different microbe that may occur following an initial infection

Please math the terms with the statements that most accuratetly describe them.

1. An individual who shelters a pathogen for a long period of time after recovery ( Ex: Typhoid Mary) = CHRONIC CARRIER 2. A healthy individual who is infected but shoes no symptoms = ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIER 3. An individual recovering from a disease who continues to shed the pathogen during recuperation = CONVALESCENT CARRIER 4. An individual who picks up a pathogen while handling patients or contaminated supplies and spreads it to other individuals (frequently involved in nosocomial disease transmission) = PASSIVE CARRIER

1. Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation? 2. What is the function of selections? 3. Margiantiom occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium. 4. Which role does histamine play during inflammation? 5. Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when...

1. Chemical mediators and cytokines are released 2. They promote sticking of neutrophils to the inner vessel wall 3. True 4. It leads to vasodilation 5. Neutrophils squeeze through the vessel wall

Please order the following choices to reflect the stage of the inflammatory response, from the first to the last.

1. Chemical mediators are released by tissue cells in response to injury of infection. 2. Vasodilation of the blood vessels to increase blood flow 3. Permeability of the capillaries increases, allowing plasma and WBCs to exit the blood vessels into the inflamed tissue. 4. WBCs migrate through the tissue spaces towards the actual site of injury or infection. 5. Neutrophils clean up the are by phagocytosis of microbes and dead cells; accumulation can contribute to pus. 6. Regeneration of the tissue or formation of scar tissue completes the repair process

Please order the following choices to reflect the events of phagocytosis from the first to the last, to test your understanding of the major stages of phagocytosis and describe what is happening at each stage.

1. Chemotaxis 2. Adhesion of pathogen 3. Ingestion 4. Phagolysosome formation 5. Destruction 6. Elimination of debris

1. Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT ... 2. True or false: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized. 3. A _________ contains hydrolytic enzymes tp digest foreign bacteria. 4. In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by ...

1. Enzymes released by lysosomes. 2. TRUE 3. Lysosome 4. Exocytosis

Please order the four steps to Koch's postulates as hey would normally be applied.

1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a particular disease. 2. Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease. 4. Re-isolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease.

Please match the three lines of defense with the statement that most accurately describe them.

1. Includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry = FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE 2. Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes = THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE 3. Internalized system of protective cell and chemicals, which includes inflammation and phagocytosis = SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Please order the following choices to reflect the steps of the fever response, from the first to the last.

1. Infection, inflammation, allergy 2. Blood circulation of endogenous or exogenous pyrogen substances 3. Response of neurons int he hypothalamus that controls thermoregulation (hypothalamic "thermostat") by increasing body temperature setting 4. Cutaneous vasoconstriction, shivering, and non-shivering thermogenesis 5. Reduction of heat loss by peripheral arteriole and increased heat gain by musculature 6. Fever

Please match the statement to the term it most accurately describes.

1. LYMPHADENITIS- Swollen lymph nodes 2. SEPTICEMIA- Blood infection with bacteria multiplying within the blood 3. LEUKOCYTOSIS- An increase in the number of white blood cells 4. BACTEREMIA- Presence of relatively small numbers of microorganisms in the blood that are not actively multiplying 5. MENINGITIS- Inflammation of the meninges 6. NEPHRITIS- Inflammation of the kidneys

Please order the following steps a microorganism takes in establishing infection.

1. Microbes enter the host through a portal of entry 2. microbes adhere to receptors on host 3. microbes invade and make pathway into cells 4. microbes multiply, grow, and spread 5. microbes attack specific tissues, establishing infection and disease

Please match the complement pathways with the statements that most accurately describe then to test your understanding of the complement system, its origins and basic functions.

1. Most specific; activated by antibody bound to microorganism = CLASSICAL PATHWAY 2. Nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar, called mannan, in microbial cell walls = LECTIN PATHWAY 3. Begins when complement proteins bin to normal cell wall and surface components of microbes = ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

Please match the white blood cells with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding of the behavior of white blood cells.

1. NEUTRoPHILS = Poly morphonuclear phagocytic cells 2. EOSINOPHILS = attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens 3. BASOPHILS = Release histamine during immediate allergies 4. B CELLS = Form specialized plasma cells and secrete antibodies 5. T Cells = Modulate immune function and kill foreign cells

Please match the clinical stage of infection with its description.

1. PRODROMAL STAGE- Appearance of forst early nonspecific symptms 2. PERIOD OF INVASION- Microorganism is multiplying rapidly and causing fever and specific disease symptoms. 3. CONVALESCENT PERIOD- Decline of symptoms and return to a state of health 4. INCUBATION PERIOD- Period of time from initial contact with pathogen of very first symptoms

Please match the type of interferon with the statement that most accurately describes it.

1. Product of lymphocytes and macrophages = INTERFERON ALPHA 2. Product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells = INTERFERON BETA 3. Product of T-cells = INTERFERON GAMMA

Please match the type of pyrogen with the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of the mechanism behind fever.

1. Products of infectious agents = Exogenous pyrogens 2. Liberated by white blood cells during phagocytosis = Endogenous pyrogens

Please match the diseases with their most common portal of exit.

1. Tuberculosis, influenza = RESPIRATORY TRACT (Aerosols) 2. Infectious mononucleosis = GI TRACT (Saliva droplets) 3. Common warts, fungal infections = EXUDATES FROM SKIN LESIONS 4. Cholera = GI TRACT (diarrhea) 5. Gonorrhea = REPRODCUTIVE TRACT (semen) 6. Hepatitis B = BLOOD THROUGH A CONTAMINATED NEEDLE

Please choose the statement that provides correct information about zoonoses.

70 Percent of the new emerging infections seen today are zoonoses

Choose the statement that describes the initial acquisition and development of normal microbiota.

A newborn acquires normal microbiota during the birthing

Which of the following is NOT one of the body compartments involved in immune function?

ALL OF THSE ARE CORRECT - Extracellular fluid - Bloodstream - Lymphatic system - Reticuloendothelial system

Neonatal research has shown that breast milk contains oligosaccharides that cannot be digested by the infant, but can be digested by some species of Bifido bacterium (infants): This discovery suggests what?

Breast milk helps establish the normal microbiota of an infant's digestive system.

Match the term to the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of colonization, infection, and disease.

COLONIZATION - Presence of organisms living in or on the body, but not causing any pathology INFECTION- Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply INFECTIOUS DISEASE- Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products.

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors.

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease in defined human populations is known as______________________.

Epidemiology

Match the following terms to the correct description.

INFECTION- When a microbe has invade sterile tissues and multiplied PATHOGEN- infectious agent INFECTIOUS DISEASE- Damage to tissues and organs caused by an infectious agent

The minimum number of organisms necessary to enter through the portal of entry and establish infection is the _____________.

Infectious dose

Which of the following cytokines is the primary growth factor from T Cells?

Interleukin-2

Please choose the statement that best describes the use of Koch's postulates.

Koch's postulates are used to establish that a particular microorganism causes a specific disease.

Please choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial organism to the human host.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

Experiments conducted with germ-free animals have led to what conclusion?

Microbiota contribute to the normal development of the immune system.

White blood cells have surface receptors called __________ receptors that serve as their "feelers" for foreign substances.

Pattern recognition

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates is its _______________.

Reservoir

"Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection this case?

The chickens from which the eggs came

A(n) _______ pathogen causes disease in a healthy individual with a normal immune response, whereas a(n) ________ pathogen will not cause disease in a normal healthy host, but instead causes disease only when a host's defenses are compromised in some way.

True; opportunistic

A mosquito which transmits malaria by injecting infected saliva into the blood of its victim is an example of a _____________ vector, whereas a fly which transmits trachoma on its feet as it moves from one infected individual to the eyes area of a non-infected individual is an example of a ___________ vector.

biological; mechanical

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without notice is a _____________.

carrier

_____________ defenses are present at birth and provide mostly nonspecific resistance to infection, whereas _________ defenses are specific defenses that must be acquired.

innate; adaptive

A __________ infectious disease m such as a urinary tract infection, is not transmitted from person to person, whereas an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another such as influenza is referred to as a __________ infectious disease.

non-communicable; communicable

The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called ___________, whereas _________ refers to the degree to which a microbe can cause disease, or the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.

pathogenicity; virulence