chp 9 psych

In a National School climate survey ____ of transgender adolescents reported experiencing gender-related harassment in the prior year.

80%

Which of the following personality types favors obedience and is prone to prejudice and stereotyping?

Authoritarian

which of the following are possible effects of victimization?

Blaming external causes Blaming oneself

Jamal suddenly notices that he's the only boy in a large room full of girls. His uniqueness makes him feel conspicuous, which he feels may cause the girls to treat him differently. What is Jamal experiencing?

Distinctiveness

Stan once told his colleagues that he played football in college. Now, his colleagues always introduce him as the running back even though he has not played football since college. Which of the following does the given scenario exemplify?

Distinctiveness

What are some of the sources of prejudice?

Family socialization Family attitudes Family values

Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes come from which of the following?

Normal thinking processes in most humans

What is the term used to describe people who tend to view the world in terms of social hierarchies and prefer for their social groups to be on top?

Social dominance orientation

Identify true statements about stereotypes.

Stereotypes displace hostilities. Stereotypes are the by-products of how we simplify our complex worlds.

Which of the following usually occurs when people's need to belong is met?

They become more accepting of outgroups.

Select the reasons we classify people into groups.

They allow us to make predictions about how others will think and act. They allow us to make speedy judgments. They are cognitively efficient.

Which of the following is true of LGBT people and job discrimination?

Transgender people often report being fired for their gender expression. Ninety percent of transgender people report being harassed or mistreated at work.

Select all of the following that are social identity theory observations.

We identify We categorize We compare

When do outgroup stereotypes most prosper?

When people strongly feel their ingroup identity

When looking at racial prejudice in a global context, every race is ______.

a minority

When looking at racial prejudice in a global context, every race is ______.

a white American

A Black American who is assessing U.S. progress toward racial equality is likely to compare the present to ______.

an as-yet-unrealized equally fair world

Ingroup_____ supports a positive self-concept.

bias

We tend to have ingroup ______, which is the tendency to favor one's own group.

bias

Which of the following do we tend to use as energy-saving schemes for making speedy judgments and predicting how others will think and act?

categorization

is the term to describe denying human attributes to outgroups.

dehumanization

Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas ______ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual.

discrimination

When an individual acts on their negative attitude, it qualifies as:

discrimination

When someone cannot reach a goal and does not know why, they will often vent that frustration by showing hostility toward others. This tendency is called ______aggression, sometimes known as the scapegoat theory.

displaced

As an example of our dual attitude system, prejudice may reflect both__________ (conscious) and __________(automatic) attitudes toward the same target.

explicit implicit

Authoritarianism is exclusively linked with right-leaning political beliefs.

false

We often grant members of our own group the benefit of the doubt and exhibit ______-serving bias to excuse their negative behavior.

group

When considering social _________theory, we often categorize and compare ourselves with group memberships. In short, we define ourselves based on the groups to which we belong.

identity

Being formed into groups may promote _______bias, a tendency to favor one's own group.

ingroup

When asking two groups of children from two different schools, each group will select their own as the best. This is an example of_______ bias.

ingroup

Sports fans, whose team has just won, will often say "we won" and if their team lost they will often say "they lost." The given scenario shows that Blank______ supports a positive self-concept.

ingroup bias

Two football teams are asked which team is better. Each team picks their own team as the best regardless of their win-loss record. This is an example of:

ingroup bias

Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. These group categories that he fits into are his ______.

ingroups

Groups we associate ourselves with, such as our own race, religion, or gender, are called______ , whereas groups in which we are not a member, such as other races, are called_________ .

ingroups outgroups

When people are made aware of the gap between how they should feel and how they do feel, self-conscious people try to_____ their prejudicial response.

inhibit

Often our own stereotypes bias our ______.

judgments

Children's prejudices, including socialization and attitudes, are influenced by all of the following except ______.

mental illness

In the context of the world, every race is a:

minority

______ not only can lead people to be prejudiced but also can lead people to avoid prejudice.

motivations

Our stereotypes bias our judgments, but we often evaluate individuals more (positively/negatively) than the groups they compose.

positively

Preconceived attitudes that inevitably guide our attention and our memories are called ______.

prejudgements

Preconceived judgments, such as judging someone before we know them, are the basis for

prejudice

What is the term used to describe a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members?

prejudice

When understanding prejudice, norms are ______(suggesting how people should behave), whereas stereotypes are descriptive (suggesting how people do behave).

prescriptive

When social institutions continue historically prejudiced actions, such as denying mortgages to unmarried couples, they encourage prejudice by ______.

reinforcing the status quo

If we are prevented from reaching a goal, oftentimes we become hostile, and if we cannot pinpoint the source, we often display displaced aggression. This tendency is sometimes known as ______.

scapegoating

Being distinctive in a group can cause a person to be ______.

self-conscious

If a woman is the only woman in a room full of men, her distinctiveness will likely increase her ______.

self-consciousness

The motivation to have one's group exercise control over other social groups is termed __________orientation.

social dominance

Select all of the following we may need to feel a sense of superiority.

status belonging self regard

When the trainer at Stacey's yoga class introduces Yara as an aspiring actress, Stacy immediately assumes that Yara must be vain and worried about her figure. Yara turns out to be the guest trainer. Which of the following does Stacey demonstrate in the given scenario?

stereotype bias

A young professor who just received her PhD, and who is much younger than her colleagues, goes into her first lecture at her new job assuming that everyone would doubt her authority or expertise because of her young age. As a result, she feels even more pressure to excel. The apprehension she feels is an example of the concept of:

stereotype threat.

Someone from the West Coast believes that people who live in New York City are rude and, upon meeting a New Yorker, expects to be treated rudely. In this example, the expectation of rudeness is influenced by a ______.

strong stereotype

Max doesn't like Asians because he thinks they are not good at sports. However, he acknowledges that Bruce Lee was excellent at martial arts and considers Bruce Lee an "exception to the rule." This maintaining of a stereotype by splitting off new, specialized categories is called ______.

subtyping

The process of ______, or seeing people who deviate from a group stereotype as exceptions, helps to maintain stereotypes in spite of exposure to examples of people who go against expectations.

subtyping

A stereotype______ is a self-confirming apprehension (or a disruptive concern) that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

threat

Benevolent sexism can impede gender equality because it may discourage hiring women in traditionally male-dominated occupations.

true

Despite the fact that over several decades Americans have become more supportive of equal work roles for women and men, they became even more likely to view women as more agreeable and caring than men.

true

True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments.

true