CHPT 11: U.S. PRESIDENCY
THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE 25TH AMENDMENT WAS TO PROVIDE FOR 2 SEPARATE BUT RELATED SITUATIONS:
1. PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITIES 2. VACANCIES IN THE VICE PRESIDENCY
What ancient Greek warrior is Kennedy compared to?
Achilles because both him and Kennedy are not part of history but part of a myth
Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to inspire the nation to meet the challenges of the post war era
FALSE ***THIS WAS KENNEDY
Running against Kennedy, Nixon campaigned on a theme of change, tying that theme to the presidency itself
FALSE **KENNEDY WAS THE ONE WHO RAN AGAINST NIXON CAMPAIGNING ON A THEME OF CHANGE TYING IT TO THE PRESIDENCY ITSELF
Neustadt regarded the relatively restrained approach to the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt had taken as a sure path to political stagnation
FALSE *****IT WAS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER THAT TOOK A RESTRAINED APPROACH TO THE OFFICE THAT NEUSTADT BELIEVED WOULD LEAD TO POLITICAL STAGNATION
NIXON'S ADMINISTRATION MARKED A REVOLUTIONARY ADVANCE IN THE USE OF TELEVISION IN POLITICS
FALSE *****IT WAS KENNEDY'S ADMINISTRATION
Developments during the Lyndon B. Johnson era and the Kennedy era kindled the belief that a return to the traditional separation of powers was needed to restore constitutional government to its proper moorings
FALSE ***IT WAS DURING LYNDON B.JOHNSON'S ERA AND RICHARD NIXON'S ERA
Kennedy's great achievement as a moral leader was to bring the U.S. through the dark days of the Great Depression and World War II
FALSE **THIS WAS FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
NIXON WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO APPEAR ON TELEVISION REGULARLY
FALSE' ****IT WAS EISENHOWER
A DOUBLE VACANCY IN THE PRESIDENCY AND THE VICE PRESIDENCY HAS NEVER OCCURRED
TRUE
ALL OF KENNEDY'S CAMPAIGNS FOR OFFICE, INCLUDING HIS RUN FOR THE PRESIDENCY WERE HIGHLY PERSONAL UNDERTAKINGS
TRUE
According to political scientist Neustadt the modern presidency could count only on being a "clerk" whose help would always be demanded but not always reciprocated by others
TRUE
BAYH PROPOSED THAT THE PRESIDENT NOMINATE A NEW VICE PRESIDENT WHEN A VACANCY OCCURS AND THAT A MAJORITY OF BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS VOTING SEPARATELY, DECIDE WHETHER TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION. THIS BECAME SECTIONS 2 OF THE 25TH AMENDMENT
TRUE
BECAUSE THE 24TH AMENDMENT ONLY TRANSFERS POWER TO THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR AS LONG AS THE DISABILITY LASTS, A SUBSEQUENT CLAIM OF RESTORED HEALTH BY THE PRESIDENT WOULD SET THE WHOLE PROCESS IN MOTION AGAIN
TRUE
BEFORE BECOMING VICE PRESIDENT, LYNDON B. JOHNSON WAS KNOWN AS A CONSUMMATE POLITICAL OPERATOR IN THE SENATE, WHERE AS MAJORITY LEADER, HE EXERCISED ENORMOUS INLUENCE DURING THE EISENHOWER YEARS
TRUE
BUT NIXON WAS NO MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN JOHNSON IN OBTAINING WHAT THE CALLED " PEACE WITH HONER"-A WAY TO BRING AMERICAN TROOP BACK HOME WITHOUT LOSING SOUTH VIETNAM TO THE COMMUNISTS
TRUE
BY PLACING POLICY DEVELOPMENT UNDER WHITE HOUSE SUPERVISION, FREE FROM INSTITUTIONAL RESTRAINTS, THE TASK FORCE APPROACH AVOIDED WHAT JOHNSON AND HIS ADVISERS REGARDED AS THE BUREAUCRATIC TIMIDITY AND CONSERVATISM OF THE EXISTING DEPTS AND AGENCIES
TRUE
BY THE MID 1960s MEMBERS OF CONGRESS GENERALLY AGREED THAT THE VICE PRESIDENT SHOULD BE REPLACED WHEN THE OFFICE BECOMES VACANT, BOTH TO INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF A SMOOTH SUCCESSION TO THE PRESIDENCY, IF NEEDED, BY A MEMBER OF THE PRESIDENT'S PARTY AND TO ENSURE THAT THE PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY PROVISIONS OF THE AMENDMENT WILL ALWAYS HAVE A VICE PRESIDENT ON HAND TO EXECUTE THEM
TRUE
Both liberals and conservatives found something to applaud in the new president's election of SACRIFICE AND MISSION
TRUE
DESPITE THE DEMOCRATIC DISARRAY IN 1968, NIXON DID NOT WIN A DECISIVE MANDATE TO GOVERN, THE DEMOCRATS RETAINED CONTROL OF BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS, MAKING NIXON THE FIRST NEW PRESIDENT SINCE ZACHARY TAYLOR IN 1848 TO BE ELECTED WITHOUT A MAJORITY FROM HIS PARTY IN EITHER THE HOUSE NOR THE SENATE
TRUE
DIVIDED GOVERNMENT WAS THE EXCEPTION DURING THE FIRST TWO THIRDS OF THE 20TH CENTURY; STARTING IN 1968 IT BECAME THE NORM
TRUE
EINSENHOWER'S HIDDEN HAND APPROACH EMPHASIZED BOTH FLEXIBLE ACCOMMODATION TO THE NEW DEAL AND RESPECT FOR THE OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF AMERICAN GOV- WHICH MADE HIM INTO A RELUCTANT MODERN PRESIDENT
TRUE
EISENHOWER'S PRESS CONFERENCES HAD BEEN TELEVISED BUT THEY WERE TAPED, AND THE WHITE HOUSE RETAINED THE RIGHT TO EDIT THEM FOR BROADCAST
TRUE
Fred I. Grenstein has noted, Neustadt's "Presidential Power" book mostly clarified and defined the theory of good presidential leadership that already currently- namely that of "an informal Rooseltian conduct of the presidency that contrasted with current perceptions of Eisenhower's operating manner"
TRUE
IN 1965 LYNDON B. JOHNSON CONCLUDED THAT ONLY BY COMMITING A LARGE CONTINGENT OF AMERICAN FORCES TO COMBAT COULD HE PREVENT A COMMUNIST TAKE OVER IN SOUTH VIETNAM
TRUE
IN ADVOCATING MEDICAL INSURANCE FOR THE ELDERLY (MEDICARE) AND FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION, KENNEDY SOUGHT TO EXTEND THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF ROOSEVELT AND TRUMAN THE 2 MOST RECENT DEMOCRATIC PREDECESSORS
TRUE
IN THE END, THE 25TH AMENDMENT, AUTHORIZES CONGRESS TO SUBSTITUTE ANOTHER BODY FOR THE CABINET
TRUE
INTENSE PRESSURE TO INTERVENE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA HAD BEEN BROUGHT TO BEAR ON EISENHOWER BY THE MILITARY WHEN THE FRENCH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT COLLAPSED IN 1954. BUT EISENHOWER DECIDED TO STAY OUT OF THE REGION, CERTAIN THAT VICTORY ON THE BATTLE FIELD WAS IMPOSSIBLE
TRUE
IT WAS DURING THE JOHNSON PRESIDENCY THAT CIVIL RIGHTS PROGRAMS HAD FIRST SHIFTED FROM COLOR-BLINDNESS TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
TRUE
IT WAS NIXON'S POLITICAL INTEREST TO END THE WAR IN VIETNAM
TRUE
IT WAS UNDER KENNEDY AND BECAUSE OF KENNEDY THAT TELEVISION BECAME AN ESSENTIAL DETERMINENT (PROBABLY THE ESSENTIAL DETERMINENT) OF A PRESIDENT'S ABILITY TO LEAD THE NATION
TRUE
In the early 1970s, serious doubts arose about how compatible unrestrained executive power was with the public interest
TRUE
Instead, Kennedy believed that the nation "needs a Chief Executive who is at the vital center of action in our whole scheme of government" The president must willing and able to summon his national constituency to its finest hour- to alter the people to our dangers and our opportunities- to demand of them the sacrifices that will be necessary
TRUE
JOHNSON ISSUED EXECUTIVE ORDER 11246, WHICH AUTHORIZED THE SECRETARY OF LABOR TO REQUIRE COMPLIANCE REPORTS ON HIRING PRACTICES FROM GOVERNMENT CONTRACTORS AND MANDATED THAT THESE CONTRACTORS MAKE SERIOUS EFFORTS TO RECRUIT MINORITY APPLICANTS. THE ORDER ALSO CREATED THE FEDERAL CONTRACT COMPLIANCE TO OVERSEE ADMINISTRATION OF THE NEW POLICY
TRUE
JOHNSON WAS INADEQUATE TO THE DEMANDS OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY, ESPECIALLY AS A PUBLIC EDUCATOR. LYNDON B. JOHNSON NEGLECTED AND EVEN SCORNED THE BULLYPULPIT
TRUE
JOHNSON'S CHALLENGES AS A SUCCESSOR PRESIDENT WERE COMPOUNDED BY THE BITTERNESS THAT MANY LIBERALS FELT ABOUT A SOUTHERN POWER BROKER TAKING THE PLACE OF THEIR FALLEN LEADER
TRUE
JOHNSON'S DESIRE TO MOVE BEYOND KENNEDY'S NEW FRONTIER AGENDA TOWARD WHAT HE CALLED THE GREAT SOCIETY MADE HIM IMPATIENT TO PUSH ON
TRUE
JOHNSON'S DOMINATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS ENSURED THAT HE, NOT CONGRESS, WOULD BE BLAMED IF THE GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS FAILED.......AND THE PROGRAMS DID IN FACT FAIL
TRUE
JOHNSON'S INSISTENCE ON TRYING TO HAVE THE GUNS AND BUTTER-THE VIETNAM WAR AND THE GREAT SOCIETY- SUBJECTED THE ECONOMY TO INFLAMATORY STRAINS THAT WERE AGGRAVATED BY HIS RELUCTANCE TO ASK CONGRESS TO ENACT A TAX INCREASE
TRUE
John F. Kennedy read Neustadt's book "Presidential Power" book and some believe that this book at the time was the blueprint for the vigorous style of leadership that animated Kennedy's presidency
TRUE
KENNEDY ALSO DOUBTED THE WISDOM OF DIRECT INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM, BUT HE SENT MORE THAN 16,000 MILITARY ADVISERS TO ASSIST THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE ARMY IN COUNTERINSURGENCY WARFARE. KENNEDY LATER ENCOURAGED A MILITARY COUP AGAINST THE GOV OF NEJO DINH DIEM IN SAIGON. DIEM'S RESULTING DEATH PROFOUNDLY DESTABILIZED SOUTH VIETNAM
TRUE
KENNEDY ALSO SOUGHT TO RESHAPE HIS PARTY'S LIBERAL TRADITION BY OFFERING INITIATIVES, NOTABLY THE PEACE CORPS, THAT REFLECTED THE THEME OF NATIONAL SERVICE HE HAD INJECTED INTO THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN
TRUE
KENNEDY APPROACHED THE ISSUE OF CIVIL RIGHTS WARILY (CAUTIOUSLY) BECAUSE HE DID NOT WANT TO ALIENATE ANY FURTHER THE SOUTHERN WING OF HIS PARTY ANYMORE THAN WAS NECESSARY
TRUE
KENNEDY CALLED FOR PERSONAL SACRIFICE AND NATIONAL GLORY
TRUE
KENNEDY REGARDED TELEVISION AS AN ALLY
TRUE
KENNEDY WAS JUST AS BORED AND IMPATIENT WITH CONGRESSIONAL POLITICS DURING HIS PRESIDENCY AS HE HAD BEEN WHILE SERVING IN THE HOUSE FOR 6 YEARS AND IN THE SENATE FOR 8 YEARS
TRUE
KENNEDY WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO ALLOW PRESS CONFERENCES TO BE TELEVISED WITHOUT RESTRICTION
TRUE
KENNEDY'S CAMPAIGNS WERE MANAGED BY MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY, USUALLY HIS BROTHER ROBERT
TRUE
KENNEDY'S GIFTEDNESS OR CHARIMSA MATCHED THAT OF AMERICAN'S FEELING THAT IT COULD SAVE THE WORLD'S PROBLEMS AND BREAK THROUGH ANCIENT BARRIERS THAT PREVIOUSLY HAD LIMITED HUMAN KIND
TRUE
KENNEDY'S RELATIONS WITH LEGISLATURES WERE EXTRAORDINARILY DIFFICULT THROUGHOUT HIS ABBREVIATED PRESIDENCY
TRUE
KENNEDY'S TRIUMPH CHANGED PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS BECAUSE COORDINATION AND LIASION WITH THE PARTY WOULD BE OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE
TRUE
Kennedy declared that the U.S. could no longer afford a president " who is praised primarily for what he did not do, the disasters he prevented, the bills he vetoed- a president wishing his subordinates would produce more missiles or build more schools"
TRUE
Kennedy said that Roosevelt's New Deal promised security and succor to those in need. But Kennedy argued that more prosperous times called for a new frontier that was not a set of promises but a set of challenges
TRUE
Kennedy said that the New Frontier sums up what I intended NOT what I intended to offer the American people but what I intend TO ASK OF THEM. IT APPEALS TO THEIR PRIDE NOT TO THEIR POCKET BOOKS -IT HOLDS NOT THE PROMISE OF MORE SACRIFICE INSTEAD OF SECURITY
TRUE
Kennedy was elected president in 1960 to "getting this country moving again" by lifting the U.S. out of the complacency (content) that seemed to have settled on it during the Eisenhower years
TRUE
Kennedy's popularity persisted not only because of his tragic death but also because of certain actions that he displayed as president
TRUE
LYNDON B. JOHNSON SIGNED THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT IN TO LAW ON JULY 2, 1964
TRUE
NIXON MADE A MORE DETERMINED EFFORT THAN EISENHOWER TO USE THE PRESIDENCY AS A LEVER FOR A BROADLY CONSERVATIVE DOMESTIC POLICY
TRUE
NIXON PURSUED A LIBERAL CIVIL RIGHTS PROGRAM THAT MADE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION- PRACTICE OF GRANTING PREFERENCES OF EMPLOYMENT, CONTRACTING, AND EDUCATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE OR GENDER- A NATIONAL POLICY
TRUE
NIXON WAS DIFFERENT FROM EISENHOWER BECAUSE HE AGGRESSIVELY SOUGHT TO EXPAND PRESIDENTIAL POWER
TRUE
NIXON WAS NOT RIGIDLY OPPOSED TO WELFARE STATE
TRUE
NIXON WAS THE FIRST REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT SINCE THEODORE ROOSEVELT TO EMBRACE AND EXPANSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY
TRUE
NIXON'S AGGRANDIZMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER EXTENDED TO FOREIGN POLICY
TRUE
NIXON'S COMMITMENT TO SELECTIVE DECENTRALIZATION IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM WENT HAND IN HAND WITH THIS PARAMOUNT DESIRE TO CENTRALIZE POWER IN THE WHITE HOUSE. LIKE ANDREW JACKSON, NIXON WAS CONVINCED THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND ITS SPECIAL INTERESTS HAD GROWN SO POWERFUL THAT ONLY A STRONG PRESIDENT COULD REVERSE THE FLOW OF POWER AND RESOURCES FROM THE STATES AND COMMUNITIES TO WASHINGTON
TRUE
NIXON'S NEW FEDERALISM WAS CONSERVATIVE MAINLY IN ITS CHALLENGE TO THE NEW DEAL PRESUMPTIONS THAT SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE ALWAYS ADDRESSED MORE EFFECTIVELY AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
TRUE
NO SERIOUS OPPOSITION TO THE 25TH AMENDMENT AROSE DURING THE RATIFICATION PROCESS. THE REQ APPROVAL OF 38 STATES WAS ATTAINED ON FED 10TH, 1967
TRUE
Neustadt's solution to the dilemma of the modern presidency was for each president to struggle to overcome the political obstacles that fetter the office. It was the president's job to resurrect the aggressive and skillful, style of leadership that Franklin D. Roosevelt had displayed, so that congressional leaders, cabinet officers, party officials, and others would "feel obliged" to do what the president "wants done"
TRUE
Nixon's successors : Ford and Carter inherited a tarnished and diminished office
TRUE
ON AUGUST 5, 1963, THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION SIGNED A NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY, THEIR FIRST BILATERAL ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENT
TRUE
ONE ENDURING LEGACY OF THE KENNEDY-JOHNSON YEARS WAS THE 25TH AMENDMENT PROPOSED BY CONGRESS IN 1967
TRUE
ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT CRITICISMS OF KENNEDY, BOTH WHEN HE WAS PRESIDENT AND AFTER HIS DEATH WAS THAT HE PLEDGED MUCH MORE IN THE WAY OF DOMESTIC REFORM THAN HE DELIVERED
TRUE
OPERATIONS THAT WERE TOO BIG TO BE RUN OUT OF THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE, LIKE PEACE CORPS, WERE HOUSED IN INDEPENDENT AGENCIES, WHERE THEY WOULD BE FREE OF STANDARD BUREAUCRATIC ROUTINE
TRUE
On November 22, 1963, less than 3 years after he took the Oath as president, Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas
TRUE
Only Lincoln's death had evoked as profound a sense of unfulfilled promise as Kennedy's death
TRUE
PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS, ESPECIALLY FDR HAD USED PRESS CONFERENCES TO ENCOURAGE REPORTERS TO CONVEY THEIR MESSAGES TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
TRUE
SEVERAL TASK FORCE PROPOSALS BECAME LAW; THEY FORMED THE HEART OF THE GREAT AMERICAN SOCIETY AGENDA
TRUE
SOME MEMBERS OF CONGRESS COMPLAINED THAT KENNEDY'S CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONS STAFF LACKED RESPECT FOR THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
TRUE
THE "HONOR" COMPONENT OF NIXON'S GOAL WAS OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE TO HIM. HE AND HIS NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER HENRY KISSINGER, BELIEVED THAT UNLESS THEY COULD EXTRICATE THE U.S. FROM THE WAR IN A MANNER THAT DEMONSTRATED RESOLUTNESS OF PURPOSE AND CERTAINITY OF ACTION, THEY WOULD LOSE RESPECT ABROAD FROM FRIENDS FOE ALIKE
TRUE
THE 25TH AMENDMENT INCLUDED NO DEFINITION OF DISABILITY
TRUE
THE BAY OF PIGS WAS NOT KENNEDY'S FINAL ATTEMPT TO OVERTHROW CASTRO. THE PRESIDENT'S MILITANT ANTI-COMMUNIST AND STRONG ANIMUS AGAINST CUBA'S RULER LED TO A SERIES OF FAILED PLOTS TO ASSASSINATE CASTRO
TRUE
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 EMPOWERED THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY, ESPECIALLY THE DEPT OF JUSTICE, HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE AND THE EEOC TO ASSIST THE COURTS BY CREATING PARALLEL ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS. THESE MECHANISMS PROVED TO BE EFFECTIVE AND IN 4 YEARS THE JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION ACCOMPLISHED MORE DESEGREGATION IN SOUTHERN SCHOOLS THAN THE COURTS HAD IN THE PREVIOUS 14, WHICH FOLLOWED THE SUPREME COURT'S DECISION IN BROWN V. BOARD OF EDU
TRUE
THE CONSTITUTION GAVE NO GUIDANCE ABOUT WHAT A DISABILITY WAS, HOW THE VICE PRESIDENT WAS TO STEP IN SHOULD THE NEED ARISE, OR EVEN WHETHER THE VICE PRESIDENT WAS TO BECOME PRESIDENT OR MERELY ASSUME THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE OFFICE UNTIL THE PRESIDENT RECOVERED
TRUE
THE DEPTS AND AGENCIES OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH INCLUDED A LARGE PERPONDERANCE OF DEMOCRATIC LIBERALS. THIS WAS ALSO A CHALLENGE TO NIXON BECAUSE THE WAS A CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICAN
TRUE
THE EARLY YEARS OF THE LYNDON B. JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION MARKED THE HISTORICAL HEIGHT OF PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT. THE WHITE HOUSE STAFF AND THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT HAD BEEN INCREASING PROGRAMS SINCE THE ADMINISTRATION OF FDR
TRUE
THE FAILURE IN VIETNAM HAD FOSTERED CYNICISM ABOUT THE MERITS OF PRESIDENTIAL POLICIES, OPPOSITION TO THE UNILATERAL USE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND A GREATER INCLINATION OF THE NEWS MEDIA TO CHALLENGE THE WISDOM OF PRESIDENTIAL PROPOSALS AND THE VERACITY OF PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENTS
TRUE
THE FIRST REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT OF THE NEW DEAL ERA-EISENHOWER, OFTEN SPOKE OF RESTORING BALANCE BETWEEN THE BRANCHES BY RETURNING AUTHORITY FROM THE PRESIDENT TO CONGRESS
TRUE
THE INABILITY TO DELIVER ON PROMISES HAS BEEN A RECURRING PROBLEM OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY
TRUE
THE INVENTION AND SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AFTER 1945, HEIGHTENED PUBLIC CONCERN THAT AN ABLE PRESIDENT BE ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO WIELD THE POWERS OF THE OFFICE IN THE EVENT OF A SUDDEN SOVIET ATTACK
TRUE
THE JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION TOOK GREAT CARE TO IMMUNIZE THE TASK FORCES AGAINST POLITICAL PRESSURE, EVEN KEEPING THEIR PROCEEDINGS SECRET. TASK FORCE MEMBERS WERE TOLD NOT TO WORRY ABOUT THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS BEING ACCEPTABLE TO CONGRESS OR PARTY LEADERS
TRUE
THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION INITIATED THE ILL-FATED AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM
TRUE
THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION WAS RESPONSIBLE THE FOR THE DISASTEROUS INVASION OF CUBA ON APRIL 17, 1971 BY A BRIGADE OF 14 HUNDRED EXILES FROM THE COMMUNIST REGIME OF FIDEL CASTRO. THE REBELS WERE CRUSHED THREE DAYS LATER AFTER LADING IN ZAPATA SWAMP AND CUBA'S PAY OF PIGS. THEIR FAILURE TO OVERTHROW CASTRO WAS A HUMILIATING DEFEAT FOR KENNEDY WHO HAD BEEN IN OFFICE LESS THAN 100 DAYS
TRUE
THE KENNEDY ADMINSTRATION FORSHADOWED A NEW ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC CONCENSUS THAT WOULD ENABLE EACH PRESIDENT TO MORE READILY PUT THEIR STAMP ON THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH BUT AT THE RISK OF SACRIFICING VALUABLE POLITICAL EXPERIENCE AND POLICY EXPERTISE
TRUE
THE KENNEDY ORGANIZATION ALSO MADE ITS MARK ON THE GOVERNMENT BECAUSE KENNEDY APPOINTED MOST MEMBERS OF HIS CAMPAIGN STAFF TO SIMILAR POSITIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE, WHICH FURTHER CONTRIBUTED TO THE PERSONALIZATION OF THE PRESIDENCY
TRUE
THE KEYS TO HIS SUCCESS WERE CAREFUL PREPARATION AND AN ABILITY TO APPEAR RELAXED AND IN COMMAND INFRONT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.KENNEDY'S QUICK WIT, PLEASING PERSONALITY, AND IMPRESSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF GOV SET A STANDARD THAT HIS SUCCESSORS HAVE STRUGGLED TO MEET
TRUE
THE LAST PRESIDENT TO NOT SEEK REELECTION AFTER ONLY 5 YEARS IN OFFICE HAD BEEN COOLIDGE, NOW JOHNSON DID NOT SEEK REELECTION
TRUE
THE LEGACY OF THE JOHNSON YEAR FOR THE PRESIDENCY WAS MIXED: MORE GOVERNING AUTHORITY BUT LESS POLITICAL INFLUENCE
TRUE
THE LIVE, TELEVISED PRESS CONFERENCE RELEGATED REPORTERS TO THE ROLE OF SUPPORTING ACTORS
TRUE
THE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION OF AUGUST 5, 1963, DID NOT BAN UNDERGROUND TESTS
TRUE
THE ONE AREA THAT KENNEDY EXPANDED ON THE STAFF ORGANIZATION OF THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION WAS IN CONGRESSIONAL RELATIONS
TRUE
THE PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL OF 1964 WAS TO ELIMINATE THE ENTRENCHING DISCRIMINATION IN THE SOUTH
TRUE
THE PUBLIC HEARD AND SAW MORE OF KENNEDY THROUGH THE PRESS CONFERENCE THAN IN ANY OTHER WAY
TRUE
THE RULES OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY WERE REVISED IN 1971 BY THE PARTY APPOINTED MCGOVERN-FRASER COMMISSION IN AN EFFORT TO MAKE PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATING CONVENTIONS MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PARTY'S RANK AND FILE, IN RESPONSE TO THEN NEW RULES, MOST STATES SHIFTED FROM SELECTING DELEGATES IN CLOSED COUNCILS OF PARTY REGULARS TO ELECTING THEM IN DIRECT PRIMARIES OR OPEN CAUCUSES
TRUE
THE SUCCESS OF KENNEDY'S ORGANIZATION A.K.A THE KENNEDY MACHINE, DIMINISHED THE SIGNIFICANCE OR THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGULAR PARTY ORGANIZATION
TRUE
THE VIETNAM WAR DEMONSTRATED JOHNSON'S SHORTCOMINGS AND THE MORE TROUBLING ASPECTS OF PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT
TRUE
THROUGHOUT HIS PRESIDENCY KENNEDY AND OTHER MEMBERS OF HIS ADMINISTRATION STAGED WIDELY PUBLICIZED SPECTACLES OR MESSAGE LADEN SYMBOLIC DISPLAYS THAT PROJECTED YOUTH, VIGOR, AND NOVELTY, THAT RECAST THE PRESIDENCY ITSELF AS HEADQUARTERS FOR INTELLIGENCE AND MASTERFUL WILL
TRUE
The combination of a sluggish economy, a simmering civil rights movement, and the soviet threat had created doubts about the nation's future that led a slim plurality of the voters back to the Democratic party. The popular Eisenhower, who disapproved of the 22nd Amendment, was forbidden to run again- an ironic consequence of the republican inspired two-term constitutional limit
TRUE
The efforts to expand the powers of the modern executive characterized not only the Kennedy administration, but also the administration of his two successors: Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon
TRUE
UNDER JOHNSON, POLITICAL AND POLICY RESPONSIBILITY WAS CONCENTRATED IN THE PRESIDENCY TO AN UNPRECEDENTED EXTENT
TRUE
UNLIKE THEODORE ROOSEVELT (WHO WAS THE FIRST CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF EITHER PARTY TO REGARD THE PRESIDENT AS THE STEWARD OF PUBLIC AFFAIR) NIXON SOUGHT TO RECAST THE OFFICE AS THE AGENT OF THE GROWING SKEPTICISM ABOUT SOCIAL REFORM
TRUE
WHEN KENNEDY WAS KILLED, THE PRESIDENCY WAS PLACED IN THE HANDS OF LYNDON B. JOHNSON, A TEXAN WHO KENNEDY HAD SELECTED AS HIS VICE PRESIDENT RUNNING MATE IN 1960 TO BALANCE THE TICKET GEOGRAPHICALLY
TRUE
WILSON AND FDR DID MUCH TO ADVANCE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PRESIDENCY WITH THE PEOPLE
TRUE
WOODROW WILSON BELIEVED THAT THE EXTRAORDINARY ISOLATION OF THE PRESIDENCY IF USED EFFECTIVELY ALLOWED THE PRESIDENT TO BOTH INSPIRE AND BENEFIT FROM PUBLIC OPINION
TRUE
When Kennedy was inaugurated he was 43 years old- the youngest person ever elected as president
TRUE
EVEN THOUGH JOHNSON WAS A GIFTED WASHINGTON INSIDER, JOHNSON COULD NOT ROUSE THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN THE WAYS REQUIRED BY THE OFFICE HE HAD HELPED TO RE-CREATE. HE WAS UNABLE TO CULTIVATE THE BROAD, STABLE BASE OF POPULAR SUPPORT THAT HIS DOMESTIC AGENDA REQUIRED IN ORDER TO BE IMPLEMENTED EFFECTIVELY
TRUE ***JOHNSON COULD NOT STIMULATE, INSPIRE, AND UNITE ALL THE PEOPLE IN THE COUNTRY
JOHNSON ESTABLISHED GOVERNING COALITION THAT REACHED BEYOND HIS PARTY
TRUE ****BUT JOHNSON OVER EXTENDED HIMSELF. THE PERSONALIZATION OF JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION CONTRIBUTED TO ITS UNDOING (DOWNFALL)
UNDER NIXON THE POTENTIAL POWER OF ORDER 11246 WAS FULLY EXPLOITED
TRUE ****NIXON'S LABOR SECRETARY, GEORGE SCHULTZ, ISSUED A DIRECTIVE CALLED THE PHILADELPHIA PLAN, WHICH REQUIRED LOCAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AND UNION TO ADOPT SPECIFIC GOALS AND TIMETABLES FOR HIRING MINORITIES. A SECOND IMPLEMENTING ORDER EXTENDED THE FIRST ONE TO FEDERAL CONTRACTORS OF ALL KINDS AND STIPULATED THAT THEY HAD TO RECRUIT WORK-FORCES THAT REFLECTED THE RACIAL MAKEUP OF THE APPLICANT POOLS IN THOSE LOCAL AREAS.
KENNEDY'S TELEVISED SPEECHES WERE BUT ONE ELEMENT OF HIS STRATEGY FOR PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
TRUE ***AFTER KENNEDY WAS INAUGURATED HE WENT BEFORE THE CAMERAS NINE TIMES TO DELIVER PREPARED MESSAGES
LYNDON B. JOHNSON DEFINED AS HIS FIRST TASK AS PRESIDENT THE ENACTMENT OF KENNEDY'S NEW FRONTIER, INCLUDING CIVIL RIGHTS, A TAX CUT, AND MEDICARE
TRUE ***HE SUCCEDED: CONGRESS PASSED ALL OF THESE CONTROVERSIAL MEASURES IN SHORT ORDER
KENNEDY WAS FAULTED FOR HIS FAILURE AS A LEGISLATIVE LEADER
TRUE ***HIS NEW FRONTIER PROGRAM EMBODIED THE HIGH EXPECTATIONS HE HAD ARTICULATED IN HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS
UNDER KENNEDY'S AUSPICES, THE PRESS CONFERENCE BECAME THE FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT OF A FIRESIDE CHAT
TRUE ***IT GAVE THE PRESIDENT A RELATIVELY INFORMAL AND PERSONAL WAY OF REACHING THE PUBLIC DIRECTLY OVER THE HEADS OF CONGRESS AND THE PROPREITORS OF THE MEDIA
BY THE LATE 1963, THE PRESIDENT'S PROGRAM WAS IN DEEP TROUBLE SEVERAL MEASURES THAT KENNEDY SOUGHT, LIKE MEDICARE, FEDERAL AID TO EDU, AND CIVIL RIGHTS, REMAINED IN LEGISLATIVE LIMBO AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH
TRUE ***KENNEDY HOPED TH THE 1964 ELECTION WOULD BRING ENOUGH NEW LIBERAL DEMOCRATS INTO CONGRESS TO MOVE THE NEW FRONTIER FORWARD
THE VICE PRESIDENCY BECOMES VACANT WHEN THE PRESIDENT DIES, RESIGNS, OR IS IMPEACHED AND REMOVED, OR WHEN THE VICE PRESIDENT DIES, RESIGNS, OR IS IMPEACHED AND REMOVED
TRUE **SUCH OCCURENCES LEFT THE NATION WITH OUT A VICE PRESIDENT 16 TIMES BETWEEN 1789 AND 1963: 7 TIMES BECAUSE THE VICE PRESIDENT DIED, 8 TIMES BECAUSE THE PRESIDENT DIED, AND ONCE MORE BECAUSE THE VICE PRESIDENT RESIGNED
KENNEDY CAN BE ALSO FAULTED FOR ACCELERATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR MISSILES TO FULFILL A CAMPAIGN PROMISE TO CLOSE THE MISSILE GAP WITH THE SOVIET UNION
TRUE *** NUCLEAR BUILD UP WAS CARRIED OUT EVEN THOUGH AN INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS CONDUCTED SOON AFTER KENNEDY TOOK OFFICE REVEALED THAT THE MISSILE GAP WAS A MYTH. IN TRUTH, SOVIET MISSILE DEVELOPMENT LAGGED FAR BEHIND THAT OF U.S.. YET TO KENNEDY'S BUILD UP OF THEIR OWN, THE U.S. WAS FORCED INTO A SPIRALING NUCLEAR ARMS RACE
SOME OF KENNEDY'S LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES BECAME LAW INCLUDING THE PEACE CORPS
TRUE ****BUT MOST OF KENNEDY'S IMPORTANT BILLS WERE SPURRED (REJECTED WITH DISDAIN OR CONTEMPT BY CONGRESS
PRESS CONFERENCES BECAME THE PRINCIPLE FORM OF KENNEDY REACHING THE PUBLIC
TRUE ****THIS WAS BECAUSE HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE WOULD GET TIRED OF FORMAL SPEECH MAKING
JONSON MORE THAN MAINTAINED THE POWER AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE PRESIDENCY
TRUE ***BUT HIS FAILURES BROUGHT IN THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE NATIONAL INTEREST IS SERVED WHENEVER THE PRESIDENT DOMINATES THE AFFAIRS OF STATE
INSPITE OF UNSUCCESSFUL EVENTS DURING HIS PRESIDENCY, KENNEDY DID HAVE SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS AS PRESIDENT
TRUE ***DURING THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS KENNEDY LED BRILLIANTLY UNDER THE MOST DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES
TO REINFORCE THE PERSONALIZATION OF THE PRESIDENCY, KENNEDY CONCENTRATED MORE RESPONSIBILITY FOR POLICY MAKING IN THE WHITE HOUSE THAN WAS THE PRACTICE IN PAST ADMINISTRATIONS
TRUE ***FOR EXAMPLE KENNEDY'S ASSISTANT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY, BUNDY, CARRIED OUT MANY DUTIES TRADITIONALLY RESERVED FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE
FOR SEVERAL DAYS IN OCT 1962, AFTER THE U.S. DISCOVERED SOVIET MISSILES IN CUBA, THE WORLD WAS POISED ON THE BRINK OF A NUCLEAR WAR
TRUE ***KENNEDY AND SOVIET PREMIER NIKITA KHRUSHEV ENGAGED IN WHAT SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK LATER CALLED AN "EYEBALL" TO "EYEBALL" CONFRONTATION ***THE IMPASSE WAS RESOLVED ONLY WHEN, IN RESPONSE TO AN AMERICAN NAVAL QUARANTINE OF CUBA, THE SOVIETS AGREED TO DISMANTLE THEIR NEWLY INSTALLED MISSILES ***IN RETURN, THE U.S. PLEDGED NOT TO ATTACK CUBA. KENNEDY ALSO ASSURED KHRUSHEV PRIVATELY THAT HE WOULD REMOVE AMERICAN NUCLEAR MISSILES FROM TURKEY, WHICH SHARED A BORDER WITH THE SOVIET UNION
SPEAKING AT THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY ON JUNE 10, 1963, KENNEDY CALLED FOR A NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY THAT WOULD REDUCE TENSIONS WITH THE SOVIETS
TRUE ***KENNEDY ARGUED THAT BOTH THE SOVIETS AND THE U.S. HAD A MUTUAL INTEREST IN HALTING THE ARMS RACE AND SEEKING AN EVENTUAL END TO THE COLD WAR
WITH KENNEDY AND THE ADVENT OF TELEVISION, THE PRESIDENCY BECAME THE PERSONAL PRESIDENCY
TRUE ***KENNEDY'S EFFECTIVE USE OF T.V. WAS PART OF HIS PERSONALIZATION OF THE OFFICE. HIS POLITICAL CAMPAIGN AND GOVERNING STYLE ALSO ESTABLISHED SIGNIFICANT PRECEDENT
PARTLY BECAUSE OF KENNEDY, THE EVOLUTION OF THE EXECUTIVE GAVE RISE TO A MORE POWERFUL, PROMINENT, AND YET POLITICALLY ISOLATED PRESIDENT
TRUE ***THE PRESIDENCY WAS TRANSFORMED INTO AN ELABORATE AND FAR-REACHING INSTITUTION WITH CONSIDERABLE AUTONOMOUS POWER. BUT AT THE SAME TIME MOST MODERN PRESIDENTS HAVE DISTANCED THEMSELVES FROM THEIR PARTY AND CONGRESS, MAKING IT MORE DIFFICULT TO SATISFY PUBLIC DEMANDS BY ENACTING LASTING REFORMS ***KENNEDY DID NOT CREATE THESE CONDITIONS BUT HIS LEGACY TO HIS SUCCESSORS WAS A SIGNIFICANT PERSONALIZATION OF THE PRESIDENCY THAT GREATLY MADE IT MORE NOTICEABLE ITS SEPARATION FROM OTHER CENTER'S OF POLITICAL POWER IN THE U.S.
JOSEPH CALIFANO, THE CHIEF WHITE HOUSE AID FOR DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, SUPERVISED THE CREATION OF DOZENS OF TASK FORCES COMPOSED OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND PROMINENT ACADEMICS
TRUE ***THESE TASK FORCES WERE CHARGED WITH FORMULATING INNOVATIVE PROPOSALS IN VIRTUALLY EVERY AREA OF DOMESTIC POLICY, INCLUDING POVERTY, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, URBAN PLANNING AND AID TO EDUCATION
THE WAR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA BECAME IN AN UNPRECEDENTED WAY THE PRESIDENT'S WAR
TRUE **BUT IN VIETNAM, THERE WAS NO TREATY OBLIGATION OR OTHER COMMITMENTS THAT REQUIRED THE U.S TO INTERVENE AND CONGRESS DID NOT DECLARE WAR EITHER ****CONGRESS ONLY PASSED THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION, AFTER THE COMMUNISTS ALLEGEDLY ATTACKED 2 AMERICAN NAVAL DESTROYERS OFF THE COAST OF NORTH VIETNAM. THE RESOLUTION STATED THAT CONGRESS APROVES AND SUPPORTS THE DETERMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF, TO TAKE ALL NECESSARY MEASURES TO REPEL ANY ARMED ATTACK AGAINST THE FORCES OF THE U.S. AND TO PREVENT FURTHER AGRESSION **BUT BY 1968, THE MILITARY SITUATION IN VIETNAM HAD DETERIORATED SO SEVERELY THAT JOHNSON'S POLITICAL CONSENSUS AT HOME CRUMBLED
UNLIKE EISENHOWER WHO WAS CAUTIOUS, NIXON WAS A SELF-DESCRIBED CHANCE TAKER
TRUE **HIS ENTIRE POLITICAL CAREER WAS PUNCTUATED BY PERSONAL CRISIS AND BOLD RESPONSES - OR AT LEAST INTOLDERABLE IMPASSES THAT COULD ONLY BE RESOLVED BY DRAMATIC AND DRASTIC MEASURES
LYNDON B. JOHNSON PREVAILED IN GETTING THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 PASSED
TRUE **LYNDON B. JOHNSON'S GREATEST STRENGTH AS MAJORITY LEADER OF THE SENATE HAD BEEN PERSONAL PERSUASION, A TALENT HE USED TO PERSUADE REPUBLICAN LEADER EVERETT DIRKSEN, TO ENDORSE THE BILL AND ENLIST MODERATE REPUBLICANS IN THE CAUSE
THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION AGGRESSIVELY PURSUED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, EVEN TO THE POINT OF PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, NOT ONLY IN CONTRACT COMPLIANCE BUT ALSO THROUGH EXECUTIVE ORDER 11478, IN HIRING FOR THE FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE.
TRUE **NIXON CREATED THE MODERN STRUCTURE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION THAT HAS REPEATEDLY BEEN UPHELD BY THE COURTS AS A VALID EXERCISE OF THE PRESIDENT'S EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY
KENNEDY'S ADEPT AND WELL TIMES TELEVISION APPEARANCES MADE A POSITIVE IMPRESSION ON THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
TRUE **OPINION SURVEYS REVEALED A 91% PUBLIC APPROVAL RATING OF HIS PERFORMANCE IN PRESS CONFERENCES
BEGINNING WITH THE 1968 ELECTIONS, VOTERS EXHIBITED A GREATER TENDENCY TO SPLIT THEIR TICKETS- TO DIVIDE THEIR VOTES BETWEEN THE PARTIES. ALTHOUGH TICKET SPLITTING BEGAN TO DECLINE IN THE 1980s, VOTERS CONTINUED TO EXPRESS STRONG AMBIVALNECE ABOUT ENTRUSTING EITHER THE DEMOCRATIC OR REPUBLICAN PARTY WITH COMPLETE CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT
TRUE **THE CHIEF RESULT OF THE SPLIT-TICKET VOTING AND PUBLIC ALIENATION FROM THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM WAS DIVIDED GOVERNMENT, IN WHICH THE PRESIDENT'S PARTY DOES NOT CONTROL CONGRESS.
FROM THE BEGINNING, MOST CONGRESSIONAL CONCERNS ABOUT THE 25TH AMENDMENT INVOLVED ITS DISABILITY PROVISIONS. AS DRAFTED BY BAYH AND ENACTED BY CONGRESS, THREE SITUATIONS WERE COVERED BY SECTIONS 3 AND 4 OF THE AMENDMENT:
1. THE PRESIDENT IS UNABLE TO DISCHARGE THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF HIS OFFICE AND RECOGNIZES THIS CONDITION-SAY BEFORE OR AFTER UNDERGOING SURGERY. A SIMPLE LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT TO THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE AND THE PRESIDENT PRO-TEMPORE OF THE SENATE IS ALL IT TAKES TO MAKE THE VICE PRESIDENT THE ACTING PRESIDENT. A SUBSEQUENT PRESIDENTIAL LETTER DECLARING THAT THE DISABILITY IS ENDED RESTORES THE PRESIDENT'S POWERS 2. THE PRESIDENT IS DISABLED BUT PERHAPS HAVING SUDDENLY LOST CONSCIOUSNESS, IS UNABLE TO SAY SO. IF THIS HAPPENS, EITHER THE VICE PRESIDENT OF AN EXECUTIVE DEPT MAY CALL A MEETING OF THE VICE PRESIDENT AND CABINET TO DISCUSS THE SITUATION. IF BOTH THE VICE PRESIDENT AND A MAJORITY OF THE HEADS OF DEPTS DECLARE THE PRESIDENT DISABLED, THE VICE PRESIDENT BECOMES ACTING PRESIDENT BUT THIS IS UNTIL THE PRESIDENT WRITES TO THE LEADER OF CONGRESS TO ANNOUNCE AN END TO THE DISABILITY 3. INSTANCES IN WHICH A QUESTIONABLE MENTAL HEALTH OR SEVER PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT, IN WHICH THE PRESIDENT'S ABILITY TO FULFILL THE OFFICE IS IN DOUBT- THE PRESIDENT CLAIMS TO BE ABLE BUT THE VICE PRESIDENT AND CABINET DISAGREE. THE AMENDMENT PROVIDES THAT IF THIS HAPPENS THE VICE PRESIDENT BECOMES THE ACTING PRESIDENT UNTIL CONGRESS CAN RESOLVE THE MATTER. CONGRESS WOULD HAVE A MAX OF 3 WKS TO DECIDE WHETHER THE PRESIDENT IS DISABLED WITH A 2/3 VOTE OF BOTH THE HOUSE AND SENATE TO OVERTURN THE PRESIDENT'S JUDGEMENT
KENNEDY AND HIS BROTHER, ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT KENNEDY, DID THEIR BEST FOR MORE THAN 2 YEARS TO SHUN SERIOUS ACTION. BUT THE PRESIDENT FINALLY GOADED TO ACT BY A PERSISTENT CAMPAIGN AND AN IMMEDIATE EVENT
TRUE **THE PERSISTENT CAMPAIGN WAS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, WHICH UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR AND OTHERS HAD BEEN STAGING A SERIES OF REAL LIFE MORALITY PLAYS THROUGH THE SOUTH. IN BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA NONVIOLENT, HYMN-SINGING DEMONSTRATORS STOOD UP FOR JUSTICE AGAINST VIRULENTLY SEGREGATION SOUTHERN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS WHO RUTHLESSLY DEPLOYED OVERWHELMING FORCE. WHAT THE KENNEDY'S HATED THE MOST ABOUT THE SPECTACLES WERE THE IMAGES OF WHITES BEATING BLACKS THAT APPEARED IN NEWSPAPERS ALL OVER THE WORLD. MAINLY IN DOZENS OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT AFRICAN AND ASIAN NATIONS THAT HAD BECOME MAIN COLD WAR BATTLEGROUND BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION. COMMUNIST OFFERED SCENES AS LIVING DISPROOF OF AMERICANS CLAIM TO STAND FOR THE PRINCIPLE THAT ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE CREATED EQUAL ***THE IMMEDIATE EVENT OCCURRED ON JUNE 11, 1963, WHEN ALABAMA GOVERNOR GEORGE C. WALLACE SURROUNDED BY A NETWORK TELEVISION CAMERAS, THEORETICALLY DEFIED AND YIELDED TO FEDERAL OFFICIALS WHO CAM TO TUSCALOOSA TO ENROLL TWO BLACK STUDENTS IN THE PREVIOUSLY ALL WHITE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA.THAT NIGHT A FED UP KENNEDY DELIVERED A STINGING PRIME TIME ADDRESS IN WHICH HE TOLD THE NATION HE WOULD ASK CONGRESS TO ACT ON CIVIL RIGHTS BILL, TO MAKE A COMMITMENT IT HAS NOT FULLY MADE IN THE 20TH CENTURY PROPOSITION THAT RACE HAS NO PLACE IN AMERICAN LIFE OR LAW. 8 DAYS LATER HE SENT THE LEGISLATION TO CAPITAL HILL, TRIGGERING VOWS BY SOUTHERN DEMOCRATIC SENATORS TO WAGE A FILIBUSTER AGAINST IT
THE LEADERS OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, INITIALLY HAD BEEN SKEPTICAL AND HOSTILE OF KENNEDY'S CANDIDACY TO THE PRESIDENCY BECAUSE NO ROMAN CATHOLIC BEFORE HAD BEEN ELECTED PRESIDENT
TRUE **TO THRAWT THEM, KENNEDY WENT OUTSIDE NORMAL PARTY CHANNELS, USING POLITICAL AMATEURS TO ROUND UP VOTES IN STATE PRIMARIES, AND AFTER SUCCEEDING IN THAT ARENA, VIRTUALLY FORCING THE CONVENTION TO ACCEPT HIM AS ITS NOMINEE
THE MAIN PURPOSE OF NIXON'S MAJOR DOMESTIC POLICY INITIATIVE, THE NEW FEDERALISM, WAS TO SORT OUT THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNANCE SO THAT NATIONAL PROBLEMS WOULD BE HANDLED BY THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND PROBLEMS MORE AMENABLE TO DECENTRALIZED SOLUTIONS WOULD BE HANDLED BY STATE AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES.
TRUE **WELFARE, WHICH NIXON BELIEVED REQUIRED A NATIONAL SET OF STANDARDS, WAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE FORMER. JOB TRAINING, WHICH HE THOUGHT WOULD BENEFIT FROM A MORE FLEXIBLE APPROACH, TYPIFIED THE LATTER
THE CENTRAL PARADOX OF NIXON'S ADMINISTRATION WAS THAT IN ORDER TO REDUCE FEDERAL POWER, IT WAS FIRST NECESSARY TO INCREASE PRESIDENTIAL POWER
TRUE AS NIXON SAID "BRINGING POWER TO THE WHITE HOUSE WAS NECESSARY TO DISH IT OUT
