Chpt 3

During which stage of an individual's life do health habits develop? Multiple choice question. Adulthood Childhood Infancy Adolescence

Childhood

Identify the stage in an individual's life when health habits are good. Multiple choice question. Childhood Late adolescence Early adolescence Young adulthood

Childhood

Identify the stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change where people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment. Multiple choice question. Contemplation Precontemplation Action Preparation

Contemplation

What is the focus of health promotion efforts among older adults? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Adherence to the seven basic health habits Controlling alcohol consumption Appropriate behavior in real or simulated emergencies Maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet

Controlling alcohol consumption Maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet

Identify the beneficial effects as a result of successful modification of health behavior. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Reduction in deaths due to autoimmune disorders Decrease in incidence of communication disorders Decrease in annual costs on health and illness Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy

Decrease in annual costs on health and illness Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy

Why are health habits relatively independent of each other and unstable? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Different health habits are controlled by similar factors. Similar factors may control the same health behavior for different people. Different factors may control the same health behavior for different people. Different health habits are controlled by different factors.

Different factors may control the same health behavior for different people. Different health habits are controlled by different factors.

_____ is most successful among people who are already moving through the action phase into the long-term maintenance phase of the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Multiple choice question. Emphasis on self-reinforcement, social support, stimulus control, and coping skills An intervention that assesses how one feels or thinks about the problem and how stopping it will bring about a change Providing information about the problem An intervention that emphasizes on how and when to change behavior

Emphasis on self-reinforcement, social support, stimulus control, and coping skills

True or false: Cue elimination used in relapse prevention programs is possible for all habits. True false question.

F

True or false: Teachable moments are confined to childhood and adolescence.

F

Identify the true statements about the role of the Internet in health habit modifications. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. It does not provide individualized feedback for health-related behavior. It can target multiple risk factors simultaneously through computer-tailored lifestyle interventions. It can be used to augment the effectiveness of other interventions. It is a relatively expensive process to recruit a large number of participants for studies.

It can target multiple risk factors simultaneously through computer-tailored lifestyle interventions. It can be used to augment the effectiveness of other interventions.

What is the concept of cue elimination in relapse prevention techniques? Multiple choice question. It involves changing the environment in ways that increase people's abilities to practice a particular health habit. It involves removing an aversive factor in the environment after successful modification of the target behavior. It involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke the target behavior. It involves withdrawing a positive reinforcer in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.

It involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke the target behavior.

Which of the following are used in lifestyle rebalancing techniques to help reduce the likelihood of a relapse? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Stress management techniques Exercise Self-hypnosis Cognitive restructuring

Stress management techniques Exercise

True or false: Although health habits may initially develop because of reinforcement by positive outcomes, they eventually become independent of the reinforcement process.

T

True or false: People who are identified as intelligent in childhood have better health-related biological profiles in adulthood, which may be explained by their practice of better health behaviors in early life. True false question. True

T

Which of the following provides information and low-cost access to health interventions for millions of people? Multiple choice question. Mass media campaigns Workplace interventions Community-based interventions The Internet

The Internet

Which of the following do not include the component of self-efficacy? Multiple choice question. The health belief model The theory of planned behavior Protection motivation theory Self-determination theory

The health belief model

What is the strategy used by self-help groups to bring about health habit modifications in the United States? They provide information and low-cost access to health interventions for millions of people. They bring together people with the same health habit problem, and with the help of a counselor, attempt to solve the problem together. They provide on-the-job health promotion programs that help employees stop smoking, reduce stress, change their diet, and exercise regularly. They tailor their interventions to the needs of the specific person.

They bring together people with the same health habit problem, and with the help of a counselor, attempt to solve the problem together.

How do people react when they test positive for a risk factor of a specific disease? They may not monitor their condition. They may not use appropriate services. They can become defensive. They may become altruistic.

They may not monitor their condition. They may not use appropriate services. They can become defensive.

What is the aim of primary prevention? Multiple choice question. To study the impact of health institutions and health professionals on people's behavior To teach people how to develop vigilant coping skills in high-stress situations To estimate the mortality and morbidity rates in a specific geographic area To combat risk factors before an illness has a chance to develop

To combat risk factors before an illness has a chance to develop

What is the aim of relapse prevention techniques? Multiple choice question. To integrate conscious processing with automatic behavioral enactment To eliminate the discriminative stimuli that evoked the problem behavior from the environment To help people develop coping skills that will help manage stressful events To get people to work through any ambivalence they experience about changing their health behaviors

To help people develop coping skills that will help manage stressful events

What is the goal of motivational interviewing techniques? To help the client express their positive or negative thoughts regarding the behavior in an atmosphere that is free of negative evaluation To help people systematically reward themselves to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior To help the client remove the positive reinforcer in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed To help people recognize and modify their internal monologues to promote health behavior change

To help the client express their positive or negative thoughts regarding the behavior in an atmosphere that is free of negative evaluation

Medical practitioner Community and national policy makers

To teach people how to achieve a healthy lifestyle and help people at risk for particular health problems offset or monitor those risks -To emphasize good health and provide information and resources to help change poor health habits

Which of the following include health promotion programs that help stop smoking, reduce stress, change diet, lose weight, control hypertension, limit drinking, among other problems and also have health clubs, gyms, and restaurants that provide healthy food? Multiple choice question. Workplace interventions Mass media campaigns Self-help groups Community-based interventions

Workplace interventions

Creating new discriminative stimuli in stimulus-control interventions signals that _____. Multiple choice question. a conditioned response will be reinforced a new response will be reinforced the stimuli that evoked the problem behavior has been eliminated the target behavior has been controlled

a new response will be reinforced

in the context of learning self control of behavior, cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses heavily on _____. Multiple choice question. ridding the environment of discriminative stimuli that evoke the problem behavior beliefs that people hold about their health habits getting people to work through any ambivalence they experience about changing their health behaviors deep breathing and progressive relaxation

beliefs that people hold about their health habits

The practice of good health behaviors among people is associated with _____. Multiple choice question. cognitive factors genetic factors high socioeconomic status high self-esteem

cognitive factors

The most effective approach to health habit modification that focuses on the target behavior, the conditions that elicit and maintain it, and the factors that reinforce it is called _____. Multiple choice question. psychoanalytic therapy cognitive-behavior therapy gestalt therapy impulse-control therapy

cognitive-behavior therapy

Psychologists and other practitioners generally use _____ for health habit modifications. Multiple choice question. applied behavioral therapies self-hypnosis biofeedback cognitive-behavioral techniques

cognitive-behavioral techniques

An intervention that may induce people to assess how they feel and think about a problem and how stopping it will change them would help people move from the _____ to the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Multiple choice question. maintenance stage action stage precontemplation stage contemplation stage

contemplation stage

A form of self punishment in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist or one's spouse, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a behavior is called

contingency contracting

Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they _____. Multiple choice question. have information regarding the health services available in their proximity have good information about their habits have a fear that a particular habit is damaging their health have a high level of self-esteem

have good information about their habits

According to the -----a person practices a health behavior based on two factors: whether the person perceives a personal health threat, and whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.

health belief model

-----is a philosophy that has at its core the idea that good health, or wellness, is a personal and collective achievement.

health promotion

Flu increases the risk of _____ among older adults.

heart disease

Cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions delivered via the Internet _____. Multiple choice question. help people who might not seek a therapist on their own help target a few specific health behaviors provide feedback that can supplement standardized interventions for health-related behavior have profound effects on health practices among the adolescent population

help people who might not seek a therapist on their own

People who test positive for a risk factor of a disease show _____. addictive behavior assertive behavior hypervigilant behavior passive behavior

hypervigilant behavior

The major venue for health habit modifications in the United States are _____. workplace interventions private practitioners schools self-help groups

self-help groups

Some poor health habits, such as drinking and overeating, can develop among people in response to _____. Multiple choice question. fear appeals social anxiety extraversion negative self-reward behaviors

social anxiety

People who perceive their health to be _____ practice better health habits than others. Multiple choice question. under personal control under a health practitioner's control a social influence a chance factor

under personal control

the ---- scale measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance.

health locus of control

Interviewers adopt a(n) _____ style of communication during motivational interviewing. Multiple choice question. discouraging confrontational assertive nonjudgmental

nonjudgmental

A theory that guides health behavior modification and builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals is known as the

self determination theory

People with low _____ for the behavior change are more likely to relapse.

self efficacy

The belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior is called

self efficacy

The rationale of ------is that a person must understand the dimensions of the poor health habit before the change can begin.

self monitoring

Systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior is called

self reinforcement

Programs on relapse prevention techniques train participants to engage in constructive ---that will help them through tempting situations.

self talk

Overeaters Anonymous and TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly) and Alcoholics Anonymous are prominent examples of _____ to bring about health habit modifications such as smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption among people. self-help groups workplace interventions mass media campaigns community-based interventions

self-help groups

Health habits are _____ over time. Multiple choice question. unstable consistent controlled by the same factor related to each other

unstable

Health habits in individuals stabilize around the age of _____. Multiple choice question. 16 20 25 11

11

According to Cohen et al. _____ is an important stage during school education to learn several health-related habits. Multiple choice question. middle school preschool high school elementary school

middle school

_____ messages used for successful health behavior change may be reflected in patterns of brain activation.

persuasive

Attitudes toward a specific action Subjective norms regarding an action Perceived behavioral control

It refers to the likely outcomes of an action and evaluations of those outcomes. It refers to normative beliefs and the motivation to comply with those normative beliefs. It refers to the belief that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect.

What are the main causes for nearly half the deaths in the United States? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Problem drinking Suicide Smoking Obesity

Problem drinking Smoking Obesity

Identify the true statement about using cellular phones and landlines as low-cost interventions for health habit modifications. Multiple choice question. Personalized text messages are not used often. Automated phone interventions can prompt people to maintain health behavior change. It can build on social support for reinforcing adherence to recommended health changes. It does not target the older adults.

Automated phone interventions can prompt people to maintain health behavior change.

Identify the characteristic features of unhealthy behaviors that can be triggered by emotions. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Automatic Addictive Reclusive Passive

Automatic Addictive

What are the important components targeted by the self-determination theory? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Self-monitoring Perceived threat detection Autonomous motivation Perceived competence

Autonomous motivation Perceived competence

Which of the following preventable disorders' development involve behavioral factors? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Schizophrenia Cardiovascular disease Lung cancer Alzheimer's disease

Cardiovascular disease Lung cancer

Identify the characteristics that make educational appeals persuasive. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Communications should be colorful and vivid. Messages should implicitly state conclusions. Communications should be steeped in statistical data and jargon. Messages should be short, clear, and direct.

Communications should be colorful and vivid. Messages should be short, clear, and direct.

Identify the stage during which teachable moments often arise in an individual's life. Early childhood Late childhood Young adulthood Adolescence

Early childhood

dentify the factors that promote better health habits. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Less defensive behavior High unmitigated communion High social support Low levels of stress

High social support Low levels of stress

What are the benefits of workplace interventions for health habit modifications? (Check all that apply.)

Higher morale Reduced health care costs Greater productivity

Identify the true statement about self-monitoring. It builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals. It assesses the frequency of a target behavior and the antecedents and consequences of that behavior. It assumes that behavior changes are guided by conscious motivation. It targets autonomous motivation and perceived competence as two important components that are fundamental to behavior change.

It assesses the frequency of a target behavior and the antecedents and consequences of that behavior.

Positive self punishment

It involves the administration of an unpleasant stimulus to punish an undesirable behavior.

Negative self punishment

It involves withdrawing a positive reinforcer in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.

identify the characteristic features about people that can help in successful relapse prevention. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. People who comply with their normative beliefs to promote health behavior change People who believe in avoidance-oriented messages to promote health behavior change People who perceive their behavior change to be a long-term goal People who develop coping techniques to manage high-risk situations

People who perceive their behavior change to be a long-term goal People who develop coping techniques to manage high-risk situations

What are the advantages of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions that are delivered to people via the Internet? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Reduced travel time Lower chances of relapse Low cost Saves therapists' time

Reduced travel time Low cost Saves therapists' time

According to Kahana et. al., which of the following health promotion methods has particularly strong health benefits among the very old? Multiple choice question. High-carbohydrate diet Reduced intake of pills Regular exercise Meditation

Regular exercise

Identify the factor that can have a beneficial as well as an adverse effect on people's health habits. Knowledge Social influence Self-control of health habits Intuition

Social influence

What is the characteristic feature of the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change? Multiple choice question. The person intends to change his or her behavior but has not yet done so successfully. The person is aware that there is a problem but has not yet made a commitment. The person has no intention of changing his or her behavior. The person often generates internal monologues that interfere with his or her ability to change the behavior.

The person has no intention of changing his or her behavior.

Health habits typically deteriorate in _____ and improve again in _____. Multiple choice question. late childhood; older people early childhood; adolescence young adulthood; adolescence adolescence; older people

adolescence; older people

In the context of message framing to promote health behaviors, people who have a(n) _____ orientation that emphasizes minimizing risks are more influenced by messages that stress the risks of not performing a health behavior.

avoidance

Venues for low-cost interventions to modify health habits among people include _____. Multiple choice question. self-help groups community-based interventions workplace interventions cellular phones and landlines

cellular phones and landlines

In childhood, regular exercise is practiced because it is built into the school curriculum. In adulthood, this behavior must be practiced intentionally. This is an example of a health behavior change caused by factors that _____. Multiple choice question. change across a person's lifetime have a social influence change over the history of the behavior are guided by emotions

change across a person's lifetime

Health habits practiced by a teenager or college student may determine the type of _____ disease he or she develops later in adulthood. Multiple choice question. communicable chronic autoimmune acute

chronic

Door-to-door campaigns, dietary modification programs, media blitzes, and mixed interventions involving both media and personal contact are examples of _____ for health habit modifications among people. Multiple choice question. clinical interventions mass media interventions community-based interventions self-help group interventions

community-based interventions

Attitude change techniques assume that behavior changes are guided by _____ motivation. Multiple choice question. subconscious achievement fear conscious

conscious

Increasingly, health practitioners are intervening with _____ to improve health. Multiple choice question. families mass media campaigns community-based intervention programs self-help groups

families

Persuasive messages that elicit too much _____ may actually undermine health behavior change. Multiple choice question. anger uncertainty fear hostility

fear

In the context of framing health messages for changing health habits, messages that emphasize the benefits of good health practices are more persuasive for health behaviors that _____. Multiple choice question. have certain outcomes need to be practiced only once deal with issues about which people are fearful deal with practices such as vaccinations

have certain outcomes

Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they _____. Multiple choice question. have good information about their habits have a high level of self-esteem have a fear that a particular habit is damaging their health have information regarding the health services available in their proximity

have good information about their habits

Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health are called

health behaviors

A health behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically without awareness is called a

health habit

A technique that helps the long-term maintenance of a behavior change that can be promoted by leading the person to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes is called

lifestyle rebalancing

Depression among older adults can lead to an accelerated _____. Multiple choice question. immune system dysfunction short-term memory loss atherosclerosis physical decline

physical decline

The benefit of targeting at-risk people is that it can _____. Multiple choice question. prevent occurrence of the disease altogether help people come to terms with their condition reduce the severity of the symptoms prevent the occurrence of opportunistic infections

prevent occurrence of the disease altogether

Research on _____ risk factors adopts the perspective of health promotion. Multiple choice question. gender-related age-related preventable genetic

preventable

involves the task of instilling good health habits and changing poor ones.

primary prevention

Negative self-reward involves _____ after successful modification of the target behavior. Multiple choice question. removing an aversive factor in the environment administration of an unpleasant stimulus withdrawal of a positive reinforcer in the environment rewarding oneself with something desirable

removing an aversive factor in the environment

Cognitive-behavior therapy emphasizes , which requires clients to actively monitor their own behaviors and apply the techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy to bring about some change.

self control

The discriminative stimulus is important because it _____. Multiple choice question. helps to perceive a health threat signals that a positive reinforcement will subsequently occur instills the belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior helps to discriminate the target behavior

signals that a positive reinforcement will subsequently occur

Health habits are strongly affected by early _____. Multiple choice question. socialization access to health care delivery systems development of personal goals diagnosis

socialization

The times that are better than others for modifying health practices are called

teachable moments

A theory that attempts to link health beliefs directly to behavior is called the

theory of planned behavior

The _____ analyzes the stages and processes people go through in bringing about a change in behavior and suggested treatment goals and interventions for each stage. Multiple choice question. protection motivation theory health belief model transtheoretical model of behavior change self-determination theory

transtheoretical model of behavior change

Identify the true statements about cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions. (Check all that apply.) Several complementary methods are used to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context. It can be implemented individually, through group therapy or the Internet. It integrates conscious processing with automatic behavioral enactment. It builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals.

-Several complementary methods are used to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context. -It can be implemented individually, through group therapy or the Internet.