CHPTR 7, part 1, Davis. Adv. Assessments w/ Pre & Post

Which of the following responses would you expect to see when fluid volume is too low? Select all that apply. Increased renin release Increased aldosterone Osmoreceptor swelling Increased BNP Decreased antidiuretic hormone levels

Increased renin release Increased aldosterone Osmoreceptor swelling

An isotonic IV solution ______________________. Select all that apply. causes no fluid gain or loss by cells. is used to counteract cellular swelling. has a higher tonicity than the blood. causes cell swelling. has the same tonicity as the blood.

has the same tonicity as the blood. causes no fluid gain or loss by cells

In conditions of fluid volume deficit, which of the following would you expect to be elevated? Select all that apply. risk for edema thirst natriuretic peptide renin antidiuretic hormone

thirst renin antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following exerts oncotic pressure? Potassium Sodium Glucose Albumin

Albumin

Which of the following is a primary determinant of oncotic pressure? Intracellular sodium Intracellular potassium Glucose Albumin

Albumin

Increases sodium and water retention by the kidneys Renin Aldosterone

Aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands, and the target for aldosterone is the kidneys. Aldosterone stimulates sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys, increasing fluid volume. Release of renin can lead to aldosterone release, but renin does not directly increase sodium and water retention by the kidneys.

Which of the following increase the likelihood for edema? Select all that apply. Increased capillary permeability Decreased plasma volume Decreased oncotic pressure Hypoalbuminemia Decreased hydrostatic pressure

Decreased oncotic pressure

Type of edema in the lower extremities Dependent Independent

Dependent edema is fluid accumulation underneath the skin. Most commonly, dependent edema develops in the lower extremities when a person is standing due to hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries.

The main intracellular cation Potassium Magnesium

Due the action of the sodium-potassium ATP pump, which transports potassium into the cell, the main intracellular cation is potassium.

A client has fluid volume excess. Which are the symptoms the client might exhibit due to fluid volume excess? Select all that apply. Hypotension Thirst Elevated heart rate Edema Increased urine output

Edema Increased urine output

Characterized by excess fluid in interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments Dehydration Edema

Edema is fluid accumulation, most commonly in the interstitial space between cells. Edema may be due to increased fluid loss by the vascular system or lymph blockage preventing removal of fluid from the interstitial space.

Type of IV given to reduce cellular swelling (Mannitol IV solution is an example) Hypertonic Isotonic

Hypertonic - solutes are added to bloodstream & cause fluids to shift from ICF to ECF

Diminished water volume in intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid Dehydration Third-Space Accumulation

Loss of fluid volume from the intracellular and extracellular compartments is known as dehydration. Cell shrinkage, tachycardia, and hypotension may accompany dehydration.

Which hormone is released when a fluid volume excess is present? Aldosterone Renin Antidiuretic hormone Natriuretic peptide

Natriuretic peptide

Excreted in response to fluid volume overload Aldosterone Natriuretic Peptides

Natriuretic peptides are hormonal signals released by the brain and heart in response to excess fluid in the body. These signals increase urine output and reduce fluid volume. Aldosterone, on the other hand, increases fluid volume by stimulating retention of sodium and water.

Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream Isotonic Oncotic

Oncotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins. In the blood, albumin is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant of oncotic pressure.

The pressure exerted by solutes in solution Oncotic Osmotic

Osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by solutes in solution. In the bloodstream, osmotic pressure is exerted mainly by sodium ions and plasma proteins.

Occurs when application of pressure over a bony area leaves an indentation Pitting Edema Dependent Edema

Pitting Edema

The main determinant of extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity Calcium Sodium

Sodium is the major ion in the ECF, thus it plays a primary role in plasma osmolarity.

Fluid sequestration in the body cavities Pitting Edema Third-Space Accumulation

Third-space accumulation results from loss of fluid from the vascular space that becomes trapped in body compartments, such as the peritoneum. In pitting edema, edema is present, normally in the extremities, and when pressure is applied an indentation or depression is left on the skin surface.

Standard IV solution used as a bloodstream volume expander (0.9% NaCl is commonly used) Hypertonic Isotonic

Tonicity is the difference in particle concentration across a membrane. An isotonic IV solution has the same concentration as intracellular fluid. With isotonic IV solutions, cells do not gain or lose fluid, but use of this IV solution adds to the total fluid volume of the body.

Which of the following statements is correct? Water is attracted to sodium. Water cannot cross the plasma membrane. Water in the body can only move from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF), not ECF to ICF. Water is repelled by albumin.

Water is attracted to sodium.

A young male arrives at the emergency department having suffered a severe traumatic brain injury. To reduce swelling of the brain's cells, a __________________ IV solution is administered. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic isosmotic

hypertonic

Does Aldosterone increase or decrease fluid volume?

increases fluid volume by stimulating retention of sodium and water.