Cisco

Well-Known Ports -

Destination ports that are associated with common network applications are identified as well-known ports. These ports are in the range of 1 to 1023.

RFC's (Request for Comments) for internet standards are published and managed by an organization called ...

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Which protocol is used by routers to forward messages?

IP

Which three settings must be configured on a PC in order for it to communicate with devices located across the internet? (Choose three.)

IP address subnet mask default gateway address

The IEFT records and publishes internet standards in documents known as

RFC

Which type of connected device is placed on objects to track and monitor them?

RFID tags

Used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices.

Secure Shell (SSH)

This are hosts that have software installed which enables them to provide information to other hosts on the network.

Servers

SSID stands for

Service Set Identifier.

Sends email messages and attachments from clients to servers and from servers to other email servers.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

The Layer 3 IP packet contains

Source IPv4 address Destination IPv4 address

Specifies the channel over which communication will occur. By default, this is set to Auto to allow the access point (AP) to determine the optimum channel to use.

Standard Channel

This connects these independent local networks and controls the traffic flowing between them. It is responsible for ensuring that traffic between hosts on the local network stays local.

The distribution layer

What IP address will be assigned automatically to the first device that connects to the wireless router?

The first available. the first device that connects to the wireless router might be assigned an IP address like 192.168.0.2, assuming the router's IP address is 192.168.0.1.

Who sends a DHCP Request asking to use the suggested IPv4 address.

The host

If the default gateway is configured incorrectly on the host, what is the impact on communications?

The host can communicate with other hosts on the local network, but is unable to communicate with hosts on remote networks.

This layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Transport

True or False: Any organization (home, school, office, company) can use the 10.0.0.0/8 address.

True

True or False: Private IPv4 addresses are assigned to devices within an organization's intranet (internal network).

True

True or False: Public IPv4 address exhaustion is a reason why there are private Ipv4 addresses and why organizations are transitioning to IPv6.

True

True or False: To access a device over the internet, the destination IPv4 address must be a public address.

True

True or False: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) does not use acknowledgments to track the receipt of segments.

True

True or false: All of the five RIRs, ARIN, APNIC, LACNIC, AfriNIC, and RIPE NCC have exhausted their IPv4 address pools.

True

local networks within a LAN are under one administrative control.

True

True or false: RIRs receive IP addresses from IANA and are responsible for allocating these addresses to ISPs and some other organizations.

True RIRs, or Regional Internet Registries, are organizations that manage and allocate IP address space and autonomous system numbers (ASNs) within specific geographical regions around the world. The primary role of RIRs is to ensure fair and efficient distribution of IP address resources, which are essential for the functioning of the Internet.

True or false: The TCP/IP transport layer and OSI Layer 4 provide similar services and functions.​

True The TCP/IP transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication, providing error detection and correction through protocols like TCP and UDP. OSI Layer 4 (Transport layer) is also focused on end-to-end communication, providing services such as segmentation, flow control, and error recovery.

DHCP Offer is

a suggestion for an IPv4 address for the client.

Every input device like mouse and keyboard will translate human interaction into ____ for the CPU to process and store.

bits

The fundamental unity of bandwidth is ...

bits per second

Which of the following measurements includes any latency encountered during data transmissions?

bits per second

In this case, the wireless router is

both a DHCP client and a server. The wireless router acts as a client to receive its IPv4 configuration from the ISP and then acts as a DHCP server for internal hosts on the local network.

A group of eight (8) bits is known as a ...

byte

Fiber-optic cables

can be either glass or plastic with a diameter about the same as a human hair and it can carry digital information at very high speeds over long distances. Fiber-optic cables have a very high bandwidth, which enables them to carry very large amounts of data.

A smart phone uses web browser software to request and display a web page. The smart phone is considered what type of computer?

client

What is one function of a Layer 2 switch?

determines which interface is used to forward a frame based on the destination MAC address

If the access point is configured to accept only one 802.11 standard then ...

devices that do not use that standard cannot connect to the access point.

By default, routers do not

forward broadcasts.

Data communications protocol is a set of rules that ...

govern the communication process

Coaxial cable

has an inner wire surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, that is then surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Most coax cables also have an external insulating sheath or jacket.

IPv6 addresses are represented using

hexadecimal numbers. This base sixteen number system uses the digits 0 to 9 and the letters A to F: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Which two characteristics describe MAC addresses? (Choose two.)

physical address assigned to the NIC identifies source and destination in Layer 2 header

What protocol header information is used at the transport layer to identify a target application?

port number

The default configuration on a home wireless router provides which type of addresses to devices using DHCP?

private IP addresses

Routers do not

propagate broadcasts. When a router receives a broadcast, it does not forward it out other interfaces.

What networking term describes a particular set of rules at one layer that govern communication at that layer?

protocol

The rules that govern network communications including the message format, message size, timing, and encapsulation, are known as network:

protocols

Data Link

protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.

Physical

protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de- activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Presentation

provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

Network

provides services to exchange the individual of data over the network between identified end devices.

What is the purpose of protocols in data communications?

providing the rules required for a specific type of communication to occur

A call to a regular telephone (landline or cell phone) requires a gateway to access the ____.

public switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Depending on the service, there may be charges associated with this type of call.

On Fiber-optic cables, Transmission is achieved by converting the electrical signals into

pulsating light

What are three options for signal transmission on a network?

radio waves, electrical pulses, light pulses

What is the purpose of using twisted pairs of wires in an Ethernet cable?

to reduce interference

What is one reason for subnetting an IP network?

to reduce the scope of broadcast flooding

What was the reason for the creation and implementation of IPv6?

to relieve IPv4 address depletion

What is the purpose of NAT?

translating private IP addresses to a public registered IP address

What is the purpose of the OSI physical layer?

transmitting bits across the local media

A student is sending files from a phone to a computer across a network. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for reassembling these messages as they are received on the computer?

transport

At which layer of the TCP/IP model does TCP operate?

transport

Which layer of the OSI model defines services to segment and reassemble data for individual communications between end devices?

transport

Which two OSI model layers have the same functionality as two layers of the TCP/IP model? (Choose two.)

transport network

Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for ensuring packets are sent reliably and any missing packets are resent?

transport layer

Tunneling is a method of

transporting an IPv6 packet over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet, similar to other types of data.

Which network migration technique encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets to carry them over IPv4 network infrastructures?

tunneling

Determines if the SSID will be broadcast to all devices within range. By default, set to Enabled.

SSID Broadcast

This determines if the SSID will be broadcast to all devices within range.

SSID broadcast

Loopback addresses

(127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254) are more commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1.

Link-local addresses

(169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) are more commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self-assigned addresses.

Entries can be made to the routing table in two ways:

**dynamically** updated by information received from other routers in the network, or **manually** entered by a network administrator.

Private IP address 10.0.0.0 to ...

10.255.255.255 all addresses that start with 10

IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to how many bits?

128

IPv6 addresses are ____ in length and written as a string of ____ values.

128 bits hexadecimal

IPv6 addresses are

128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal values. Every four bits is represented by a single hexadecimal digit. IPv6 addresses are not case-sensitive and can be written in either lowercase or uppercase.

4 hexadecimal digit = ____ binary digits

16 for a total of 32 hexadecimal values x : x : x : x : x : x : x : x x = 4 hexadecimal digit

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 172.16.4.100 255.255.0.0. What is the network address of Host-A?

172.16.0.0

What is the network number for an IPv4 address 172.16.34.10 with the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0?

172.16.34.0

Private IP address 172.16.0.0 to

172.31.255.255 **16 + 16, but only up to 31.255.255 **

Private IP address 192.168.0.0 to

192.168.255.255 ** anything that starts with 192.168 is private **

A byte consists of how many bits?

2

Bluetooth is a wireless technology that operates in the _____ frequency band

2.4 GHz

What is the typical frequency range for home networks

2.4 GHz and 5GHz

The unlicensed frequency ranges most frequently used in home wireless networks are ...

2.4GHz and 5GHz

Which IPv6 address notation is valid? 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234 ABCD:160D::4GAB:FFAB 2001:DB8:0:1111::200 2001::ABCD::

2001:DB8:0:1111::200 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234 - Invalid. Double colons (::) can only be used once in an IPv6 address to represent a series of consecutive zeros, not multiple times. ABCD:160D::4GAB:FFAB - Invalid. The use of "G" is not a valid hexadecimal digit. Hexadecimal digits in IPv6 addresses are 0-9 and A-F. 2001:DB8:0:1111::200 - Valid. This notation follows the correct IPv6 address format, including the use of double colons for zero compression. 2001::ABCD:: - Invalid. Similar to the first option, double colons (::) can only be used once to represent consecutive zeros.

Which address prefix range is reserved for IPv4 multicast?

224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

SMTP requests are sent to port

25.

Which destination IPv4 address does a DHCPv4 client use to send the initial DHCP Discover packet when the client is looking for a DHCP server?

255.255.255.255 This address ensures that the DHCP Discover message reaches all devices on the local network, allowing the client to discover available DHCP servers and request an IP address configuration.

When a PC boots and tries to request an available IP address, which destination IP address will the PC place in the IP header?

255.255.255.255 This is the broadcast address in IPv4 and is used to send the DHCP Discover message to all devices on the local network segment. DHCP Discover messages are broadcasted to discover available DHCP servers and request an IP address configuration.

How large are IPv4 addresses?

32 bits

How many octets exist in an IPv4 address?

4

What two characteristics describe an Ethernet cable? (Choose two.)

4 pairs of twisted cables color coded pairs of cables

Requests for secure HTTP are sent to port

443 These requests use https in the site address in the browser, rather than http.

How much data can be encapsulated into a normal sized Ethernet frame before it is sent over the network?

46 to 1500 bytes

The standard that governs the WLAN environment is

802.11

RJ-11 connector is used for ...

A DSL connection will have a port for a telephone-type cable.

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

A URI is a string of characters that identifies a specific network resource.

This server establishes the first connection with the client to control traffic that consists of server commands and client replies.

A characteristic of FTP connection.

How does the source host determine the MAC address of the router?

A host is given the IPv4 address of the router through the default gateway address configured in its TCP/IP settings.

A limited broadcast is sent to

A limited broadcast is sent to 255.255.255.255. By default, routers do not forward broadcasts.

Which statement describes the relationship of a physical network and logical IPv4 addressed networks?

A physical network can connect multiple devices of different IPv4 logical networks. Multiple IPv4 logical networks can exist on one physical network. The hosts with the same network number in their IPv4 addresses will be able to communicate with each other, but will not be able to communicate with the other hosts with a different network number without the use of routing.

In a Ethernet LAN, what 2 methods are used to locate other devices.

Broadcast and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

What two protocols are used to determine the MAC address of a known destination device IP address (IPv4 and IPv6)?

ARP ND

Host-A has an Ethernet frame to send to Host-B on the same network. Host-A knows the IP address of Host-B but not its MAC address. What message will Host-A send to determine the MAC address of Host B?

ARP request

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol For IPv4 packets

Disadvantages of a single local segment:

All hosts are in one broadcast domain which causes more traffic on the segment and may slow network performance Harder to implement QoS Harder to implement security

What are two features of IPv4 addresses? (Choose two.)

An IPv4 addressing scheme is hierarchical. IPv4 is a logical addressing scheme. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit (4 octets) long. IPv4 addresses are logical addresses and are assigned to host network interfaces as needed. IPv4 addressing is hierarchical and each IPv4 address is made up of two parts, the network number (or network address) and the host number. IPv4 addresses are used both on local networks and on the internet.

OSI Model

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

TCP/ IP Model

Application Transport internet Network Access

Which three layers of the OSI model make up application layer of the TCP/IP model?

Application, Presentation, Session

Advantages of a single local segment:

Appropriate for simpler networks Less complexity and lower network cost Allows devices to be "seen" by other devices Faster data transfer - more direct communication Ease of device access

This is the maximum capacity at which a medium or interface can carry data.

Bandwidth

The term bit is an abbreviation of

Binary digit

Which wireless technology uses a device-pairing process to communicate and operates over short distances of 100 meters?

Bluetooth Originally an IEEE 802.15 WPAN standard that uses a device-pairing process to communicate over distances up to . 05 mile (100m).

For two hosts, each on a different network, which of the following statements are true? (Choose three.)

Both hosts will have different IP addresses. Both hosts will have different default gateway addresses. Both hosts will have different MAC addresses.

For two hosts that are on the same network, which of the following statements are true?

Both hosts will have the same default gateway address. Both hosts will have different MAC addresses. Both hosts will have different IP addresses.

_________ are computer hosts that have software installed that enables the host to request and display the information obtained from the _______

Clients, Server

Ethernet switches make their forwarding decision based on what field of the Ethernet frame?

Destination MAC address

The Layer 2 Ethernet frame contains:

Destination MAC address Source MAC address

A client that needs an IPv4 address will send a

DHCP Discover message which is a broadcast with a destination IPv4 address of 255.255.255.255 (32 ones) and a destination MAC address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF (48 ones).

Which type of packet is sent by a DHCP server after receiving a DHCP Discover message?

DHCP Offer

A host PC is attempting to lease an address through DHCP. What message is sent by the server to let the client know it is able to use the provided IP information?

DHCPACK DHCPOFFER: DHCP servers respond with a DHCPOFFER, indicating the IP address and configuration information they are willing to provide.

The Ethernet switch is a device that is used at what layer of the OSI Model.

Data Link

This Layer's protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.

Data Link

Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)

Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses. Class A used a fixed /8 prefix with the first octet to indicate the network address and the remaining three octets for host addresses (more than 16 million host addresses per network).

Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 - 223.255.255.0 /24)

Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. Class C used a fixed /24 prefix with the first three octets to indicate the network and the remaining octet for the host addresses (only 254 host addresses per network).

Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 - 191.255.0.0 /16) -

Designed to support the needs of moderate to large size networks with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses. Class B used a fixed /16 prefix with the two high-order octets to indicate the network address and the remaining two octets for host addresses (more than 65,000 host addresses per network).

End Devices

Desktop, Laptop, printer, IP phone, wireless tablet

Resolves internet names to IP addresses.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A PC is configured with both an IPv4 and IPv6 address on the same network adapter. What IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence strategy is implemented on the PC?

Dual stack

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network protocol used to automatically assign and manage IP addresses and configuration information to devices on a network. DHCP simplifies the process of network configuration by dynamically assigning IP addresses to devices when they join a network. This eliminates the need for manual IP address configuration.

Used to automatically configure devices with IP addressing and other necessary information to enable them to communicate over the internet.

Dynamic Host configuration Protocol (DHCP)

What is a characteristic of a peer-to-peer application?

Each device using the application provides a user interface and runs a background service.

On copper wire, transmission is achieved by representing data as ...

Electrical Signals

A network infrastructure contains three categories of hardware components

End Devices, intermediary devices Media Wireless

What are the 3 categories of Hardware components used for Network Infrastructure?

End devices, Intermediate devices, Network media (Wireless, LAN, WAN Media)

this uses a suite for protocols that allow network devices to communicate over a wired LAN connection.

Ethernet

Cable Provides what kind of connection to the internet

Ethernet connection

Home wireless routers typically have two primary types of ports ...

Ethernet/ LAN Internet WAN

The destination MAC address of an Ethernet broadcast in hexadecimal is:

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

Which destination address is used in an ARP request frame?

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

If you have devices on your wireless network that are using a variety of different 802.11 standards, then you should set your network to the highest standard to get the best throughput.

False

True or False: The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) does not keep track of segments sent to the destination.

False

Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cordless phones all use the same frequency ranges.

False Wi-Fi uses two different frequency ranges: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Bluetooth also uses the 2.4 GHz frequency range. However, cordless phones operate at a lower ~900 MHz frequency range.

This is made either glass or plastic with a diameter about the same as a human hair and it can carry digital information at very high speeds over long distances.

Fiber optics

Used to interactive file transfer between systems.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Which device is an intermediary device?

Firewall

When a switch receives an Ethernet frame and the destination MAC address of that frame is not in its MAC address table, the switch will:

Forward the frame out all ports except in the incoming port.

When an Ethernet switch receives a frame that is broadcast, it will:

Forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port

Data is encoded into pulses of light.

Glass or plastic fibers within cables (fiber-optic cable)

Which protocol is used by web servers to serve up a web page?

HTTP

Which protocol is used to transfer web pages from a server to a client device?

HTTP

Host-A sends an ARP request and receives an ARP reply from Host-B. What is in the ARP reply that Host-A did not know and needs to communicate with Host-B?

Host B's MAC address An ARP reply will include the IP and MAC address of the host that sent the reply

Used by web browsers to request web pages and web servers to transfer the files that make up web pages of the World Wide Web.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Which three acronyms/initialisms represent standards organizations?

IANA, IEEE, IETE

ND

ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery For IPv6 packets

The main organization responsible for the creation of wireless technical standards is

IEEE

With a static assignment, the network administrator must manually configure the network information for a host. At a minimum, this includes the following:

IP address - This identifies the host on the network. Subnet mask - This is used to identify the network on which the host is connected. Default gateway - This identifies the networking device that the host uses to access the internet or another remote network.

addresses are 32 bits in length

IPv4

What addresses are mapped by ARP?

IPv4 address to a destination MAC address

Dual stack allows for

IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network segment. Dual stack devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously

This provides a link between the home network and the internet

ISP (internet service provider)

Reasons to divide a network into multiple smaller networks.(Choose two.)

Increase network security To maintain smaller broadcast domains

This organization is mainly responsible for the creation of wireless technical standards.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

This server receives and stores massages addressed to its user. It keeps the messages until deleted by the user, and listens for clients on port 143.

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4)

Used by email clients to retrieve email and attachments from a remote server.

Internet Message Assess Protocol (IMAP)

What happens when a switch receives a frame with an unknown source MAC address?

It broadcast to all except to the port is came from.

What action does the router take when it does not find a route to the destination network in its routing table?

It drops the packet.

What will a Layer 2 switch do when the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table?

It forwards the frame out of all ports except for the port at which the frame was received.

Which statement describes one purpose of the subnet mask setting for a host?

It is used to determine to which network the host is connected.

What will a host on an Ethernet network do if it receives a frame with a unicast destination MAC address that does not match its own MAC address?

It will discard the frame.

What measurement is used to indicate thousands of bits per second?

Kbps

Category 5e is the most common wiring used for

LAN The cable is made up of 4 pairs of wires that are twisted to reduce electrical interference.

This is an important network utility that can be used to verify active TCP connections.

Netstat

What type of device is commonly connected to the Ethernet switch ports on a home wireless router?

LAN device

The Ethernet protocol is at what layer of the OSI Model?

Layer 2 Data Link

switches make their forwarding decision based on the Layer 2 MAC address

Layer 2 MAC address

routers make their forwarding decision based on the Layer 3 IP address.

Layer 3 IP address.

LAN stands for

Local Area Network

Each IP address must be unique within the ...

Local network

Frame forwarding decisions are based on MAC address and port mappings in the ...

MAC Address table.

The switch forwards data to a specific destination based on the information found in the ...

Mac address table

Data is encoded into electrical impulses.

Metal wires within cables

Advantages for having a Host on a Remote Segment

More appropriate for larger, more complex networks Splits up broadcast domains and decreases traffic Can improve performance on each segment Makes the machines invisible to those on other local network segments Can provide increased security Can improve network organization

The internal network is not directly accessible from the internet because

Most DHCP servers are configured to assign private addresses to the hosts on the internal network, rather than internet routable public addresses.

Which technology enables devices in an IPv6-only network to communicate with devices in an IPv4-only network?

NAT64

This utility is used to verify the connections to the local host.

Netstat Command, By default, the netstat command will attempt to resolve IP addresses to domain names and port numbers to well-known applications. The -n option can be used to display IP addresses and port numbers in their numerical form.

IP addressing occurs at which layer of the OSI Model

Network

allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices

Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) using a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4 packet and an IPv4 packet is translated to an IPv6 packet.

Determines the type of technology that must be supported. For example,802.11b,802.11g,802.11n or Mixed Mode.

Network Mode

What configuration setting are included in 802.11 standard for wireless routers

Network Mode, Network Name (SSID), Standard Channel, SSID Broadcast

Used to identify the WLAN. All devices that wish to participate in the WLAN must have the same SSID.

Network Name (SSID)

A computer that functions as both a server and client on a Network.

P2P (peer-to-peer)

In small businesses and home network, many computers function as both servers and clients on the network. This type of network is called ...

Peer to Peer

This Layer's protocols describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Physical

There are two primary addresses assigned to a device on an Ethernet LAN:

Physical address (the MAC address) - Used for NIC-to-NIC communications on the same Ethernet network. Logical address (the IP address) - Used to send the packet from the source device to the destination device. The destination IP address may be on the same IP network as the source, or it may be on a remote network.

Registered Ports

Ports 1024 through 49151 can be used as either source or destination ports. These can be used by organizations to register specific applications such as IM applications.

Private Ports

Ports 49152 through 65535 are often used as source ports. These ports can be used by any application.

This server does not keep messages after the client has downloaded the message, and uses port 110.

Post Office Protocol (POP3)

Which Ethernet frame field indicates the beginning of an Ethernet frame?

Preamble and SFD

Wireless technologies use use ________ to carry data between devices.

Radio waves

Reference model

Reference model - This type of model describes the functions that must be completed at a particular layer, but does not specify exactly how a function should be accomplished. A reference model is not intended to provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely how each protocol should work at each layer. The primary purpose of a reference model is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and processes necessary for network communications.

IANA manages and allocates blocks of IP addresses to the

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). The five RIRs are AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) - Africa Region APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) - Asia/Pacific Region ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - North America Region LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry) - Latin America and some Caribbean Islands RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) records and publishes internet standards in documents known as:

Request for Comments (RFC)

Disadvantages or having a Host on a Remote Segment

Requires the use of routing (distribution layer) Router can slow traffic between segments More complexity and expense (requires a router)

This moves information between local and remote networks.

Routers

Which of the following devices is used to divide a network into smaller networks?

Routers

Physical locations (Routers)

Routers in the distribution layer can be used to interconnect local networks at various locations of an organization that are geographically separated.

Logical grouping (routers)

Routers in the distribution layer can be used to logically group users, such as departments within a company, who have common needs or for access to resources.

Broadcast containment (routers)

Routers in the distribution layer can limit broadcasts to the local network where they need to be heard.

Security requirements (Routers)

Routers in the distribution layer can separate and protect certain groups of computers where confidential information resides.

What is routing?

Routing is a process to determine the best path to a destination.

This is essentially the name of a wireless network.

SSID

Which protocol is responsible for guaranteeing reliable delivery?

TCP

To begin an FTP session, control connection requests are sent to the server using destination ____. When the session is opened, the server uses ____to transfer the data files

TCP port 21 TCP port 20

Telnet servers listen for client requests on

TCP port 23. Note: Telnet is not considered to be a secure protocol.

Communication between two DNS servers always uses

TCP.

Wi-Fi Alliance is responsible for

Testing wireless LAN devices from different manufactures.

This provides an easy method to transfer files from one computer to another.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A host running FTP client software can access an FTP server to perform various file management functions including file uploads and downloads.

This coding language tells the browser how to format the web page and what graphics and fonts to use.

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Host-B receives an ARP request. Host-B will return an ARP Reply if:

The IP address in the ARP request matches its own IP address.

What destination MAC address would be included in a frame sent from a source device to a destination device on the same local network?

The MAC address of the destination device.

When an Ethernet frame is sent out an interface, the destination MAC address indicates:

The MAC address of the device, which is on this network, that will receive the Ethernet frame.

What destination MAC address would be included in a frame sent from a source device to a destination device on a remote local network?

The MAC address of the local router interface.

This provides the structure for secure remote login and other secure network services.

The Secure Shell (SSH) protocol SSH

application

The application layer contains protocols used for process-to process communications.

default gateway address is

The default gateway address is the IP address of the router interface that the host uses to reach destinations outside of its own subnet.

If the default gateway is configured incorrectly on a host, what is the impact on communications?

The host is unable to communicate with hosts on remote networks.

A computer has to send a packet to a destination host in the same LAN. How will the packet be sent?

The packet will be sent directly to the destination host.

Routing is

The process of forwarding the packets toward their destination network

Session

The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Which statement describes the treatment of ARP requests on the local link?

They are received and processed by every device on the local network.

What statement describes a characteristic of MAC addresses?

They are the physical address of the NIC or interface.

Protocol model

This model closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. A protocol suite includes the set of related protocols that typically provide all the functionality required for people to communicate with the data network. The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it describes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols within the TCP/IP suite.

the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time.

Throughput

True or False: A subnet mask setting for a host is used to determine to which network the host is connected.

True. A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host portions. It helps identify the network to which a host belongs by indicating which portion of the IP address is the network address and which portion is the host address within that network. The subnet mask essentially defines the boundary between the network and host portions of the IP address.

Wires that are grouped in pairs and twisted together to reduce interference.

Twisted

This provides unreliable delivery of segments.

UDP

This defines the network location of a specific resource on the network.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) HTTP or HTTPS URLs are typically used with web browsers. Other protocols such as FTP, SFTP, SSH, and others can be used as a URL.

This identifies only the namespace of the resource (web page, document, image, etc.) without reference to the protocol.

Uniform Resource Name (URN)

what are the two URI specializations

Uniform Resource Name (URN) Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

This technology converts analog voice signals into digital data.

Voice over IP (VoIP)

What is another term for the internet port of a wireless router?

WAN Port. Also known as the internet port.

IEEE 802.11 standard governs the WLAN environment. Also called

Wi Fi

This organization is responsible for testing wireless LAN devices from different manufacturers.

WiFi Alliance

WLAN stands for _____ and is informally known as _____, which stands for ____.

Wireless Local Area Network WiFi Wireless Fidelity

Intermediary Device

Wireless Router, LAN Switch, Router, Multi layer Switch, Firewall appliance

NFC (Near Field Communication)

Wireless communication technology that enables data to be exchanged by devices that are in very close proximity to each other. ie paying something with your smartphone

Data is encoded via modulation of specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves.

Wireless transmission

An ARP request is sent out as:

a broadcast, so all devices on the same network will receive it

What does a double colon (::) represent in an IPv6 address notation?

a continuous string of one or more hextets that contain only zeros

A multicast packet is a packet with

a destination IP address that is a multicast address.

A router forwards a packet to one of two places:

a directly connected network containing the actual destination host, or to another router on the path to reach the destination host.

DSL (Digital subscriber Line) provides and runs on ...

a high bandwidth, always on, connection to the internet over a telephone line.

Multicast transmission reduces traffic by allowing

a host to send a single packet to a selected set of hosts that subscribe to a multicast group

A default route is the interface through which the router forwards:

a packet containing a destination IP network address that is not in the routing table of the router

The term **intranet** is often used to refer to

a private LAN that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the members of the organization, employees, or others with authorization.

The source port number acts as

a return address for the requesting application.

Each interface on a router is connected to

a separate network.

What is an example of a binary value from everyday life?

a simple light switch

What type of device is able to create physical movement?

actuator

A broadcast packet must be processed by

all devices in the same broadcast domain.

A host is transmitting a broadcast. Which host or hosts will receive it?

all hosts in the same network

A broadcast packet has a destination IP address with

all ones (1s) in the host portion, or 32 one (1) bits.

What is the primary advantage of using NAT?

allows a large group of users to share one or more public IP addresses (Network Address Translation) NAT allows multiple devices within a private network to share a single or a small pool of public IP addresses when communicating with external networks, such as the internet.

Which three layers of the OSI model map to the application layer of the TCP/IP model?

application presentation session

DHCP automatically assigns addressing information such

as IPv4 address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

The capacity of the medium to carry data is known as:

bandwidth

Because ARP messages rely on broadcast frames to deliver the requests, all hosts in the local IPv4 network must

be in the same broadcast domain.

Network administrators can ____ that is placed into the routing table so that a packet will not be dropped due to the destination network not being in the routing table.

configure a static default route

router is a networking device that

connects multiple Layer 3, IP networks

A router is a networking device that

connects multiple Layer 3, IP networks. It makes their forwarding decision based on the Layer 3 IP address.

Which two layers of the OSI Model maps directly as the single network access layer in the TCP/IP model? (Choose two)

data link physical

When a router receives a packet destined to another network the router does this to the message

de-encapsulates the Ethernet frame, and then reads the destination IP address in the IP packet. It then determines where to forward the message. It re-encapsulates the packet back into a new frame, and forwards the frame on to its destination.

Transport

defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

What information in the IP packet does the router use to determine which interface to forward the packet?

destination IP address

Which information is used by routers to forward a data packet toward its destination?

destination IP address

A message is sent to all hosts on a remote network. Which type of message is it?

directed broadcast. A message sent to all hosts on a remote network is typically a directed broadcast. In a directed broadcast, a packet is addressed to all devices within a specific network segment, identified by the network address, and the broadcast address within that network. This type of broadcast is limited to a specific subnet.

A broadcast may be directed or limited.

directed or limited.

If the router cannot determine where to forward a message, it will

drop it.

Which techniques use native IPv6 connectivity?

dual stack

What is an advantage of the peer-to-peer network model?

ease of setup

Each user with a mailbox must then use an ____ to access the mail server and read these messages.

email client

The process of prepending protocol information with information from another protocol is called:

encapsulation

What process is used to place one message inside another message for transfer from the source to the destination?

encapsulation

Computer, web servers, network printers, IP cameras and Mobile devices are examples of ______ in a network.

end devices

Which letter represents the hexadecimal value of the decimal number 15?

f because, The first 10 digits (0-9) represent the values 0 to 9, and then the letters A to F are used to represent the values 10 to 15.

This is the primary medium that connects the internet backbone

fiber-optic cable

All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication are classified as ...

hosts

A directed broadcast is sent to all

hosts on a specific network.

The router provides a gateway through which

hosts on one network can communicate with hosts on different networks.

Example of a URL

https://www.example.com/author/book.html

mixed mode wireless network environment can

include devices that use any of the existing Wi-Fi standards. Note: This environment provides easy access for older devices.

When using your credit card to make purchases at several places, the credit card company can use this information to learn about your location and your preferences. This type of personal data is known as:

inferred data

Routers increase the complexity of the network configuration and can

introduce latency, or time delay, on packets sent from one local network to the other.

Multiprotocol Label Switching, or MPLS

is a networking technology that routes traffic using the shortest path based on "labels," rather than network addresses, to handle forwarding over private wide area networks.

Category 5e

is the most common wiring used in a LAN. The cable is made up of 4 pairs of wires that are twisted to reduce electrical interference.

broadcast traffic should be limited so that

it does not adversely affect the performance of the network or devices.

DHCP is generally the preferred method of assigning IPv4 addresses to hosts on large networks because

it reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually eliminates entry errors.

What is a benefit of adding a router within an IP network?

keeps broadcasts contained within a local network

Refereeing to the amount of time, including delays, for data to travel from one given point to another.

latency

What makes fiber preferable to copper cabling for interconnecting buildings?

limited susceptibility to EMI/RFI greater bandwidth potential greater distances per cable run

What type of address is 169.254.0.2?

link-local

On issuing the ipconfig command, the user finds that the IP address of the computer is displayed as 169.254.0.2. What type of address is this?

link-local In IPv4, link-local addresses belong to the range 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255, with the subnet mask 255.255.0.0.

Disabling SSID broadcasting can

make it more difficult for legitimate clients to find the wireless network. Turning off the SSID broadcast is not sufficient to prevent unauthorized clients from connecting.

What is the role of IANA?

managing the allocation of IP addresses and domain names

four main criteria for choosing network media are:

maximum **distance** that the media can successfully carry a signal **environment** in which the media will be installed **amount of data** and at what **speed** must it be transmitted **cost** of the media and installation

Which three elements do all communication methods have in common?

message destination message source message data

What is an advantage of using IPv6 ?

more addresses for networks and hosts

Sockets enable

multiple processes, running on a client, to distinguish themselves from each other, and multiple connections to a server process to be distinguished from each other.

IP addressing occurs at what layer of the OSI Model?

network

NIC stands for ...

network interface card

Which two parts are components of an IPv4 address?

network portion and host portion

The first three octets of an IPv4 address is the ...

network portion of the address

They define how messages are exchanged between the source and the destination.

network protocols

Another benefit of DHCP is that an address is

not permanently assigned to a host but is only leased for a period of time. If the host is powered down or taken off the network, the address is returned to the pool for reuse. This is especially helpful with mobile users that come and go on a network

Ethernet hubs are considered:

obsolete

The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is to

omit any leading 0s (zeros) in any hextet. This rule only applies to leading 0s, NOT to trailing 0s.

Unicast transmission refers to

one device sending a message to one other device in one-to-one communications.

A network where two computers are communicating with each other as both a client and as a server is known as a:

peer-to-peer network

local area network (LAN)

refers to a local network, or a group of interconnected local networks that are under the same administrative control.

What type of port number is assigned by IANA to commonly used services and applications?

registered port

What is one function of the ARP protocol?

resolving an IPv4 address to a MAC address

The transport layer keeps track of source port and the application that initiated the request so that when a

response is returned, it can be forwarded to the correct application.

Which network device can serve as a boundary to divide a Layer 2 broadcast domain?

router

When a host sends a message to a remote network, the host must use a ____, and it encapsulates the packet in a frame using the ____ as the destination.

router MAC address of the router

Typically, which network device would be used to perform NAT for a corporate environment?

router Routers are commonly configured to perform NAT in corporate environments.

Which table does a router use to determine which interface to use to send packets to the destination network?

routing table

Routers use ____ to store information.

routing tables

What role does a router play on a network?

selecting the path to destination networks

Broadcast transmission refers to a device

sending a message to all the devices on a network in one-to-all communications.

Unicast transmission refers to one device

sending a message to one other device in one-to-one communications.

ARP uses a three step process to discover and store the MAC address of a host on the local network when only the IPv4 address of the host is known:

sending host creates and sends a frame addressed to a broadcast MAC address sending host creates and sends a frame addressed to a broadcast MAC address The sending host receives the message and stores the MAC address and IPv4 address information in a table called an ARP table.

A computer that has software installed to provide information such as email or web pages to other devices is known as a:

server

Which term is used to describe a network device with the primary function of providing information to other devices?

server

a message sent by a DHCP ___ in response to a DHCP request from a ___is called ...

server, client, DHCP Acknowledgment.

Which two situations are the result of excessive broadcast traffic?

slow network operations slow device operations

Ethernet switches add entries to their MAC address table based on what field of the Ethernet frame?

source MAC address

Which type of address does a switch use to build the MAC address table?

source MAC address

Which term refers to the set of rules that define how a network operates?

standard

IPv4 addresses can be assigned either

statically or dynamically.

The second rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is

that a double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit hextets consisting of all zeros. The double colon (::) can only be used once within an address.

Common characteristics of LANs are

that they typically use Ethernet or wireless protocols, and they support high data rates.

Which address should be configured as the default gateway address of a client device?

the IPv4 address of the router interface that is connected to the same LAN

Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are managed by

the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

Ports are assigned and managed by an organization known as

the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

switches, which make their forwarding decision based on

the Layer 2 MAC address

If the router must forward the packet to another router through a routed interface, it will use

the MAC address of the connected router. Routers obtain these MAC addresses from ARP tables.

What is used to identify a specific wireless network?

the Service Set Identifier (SSID)

Routing tables contain

the addresses of networks, and the best path to reach those networks

The wireless router serves as

the boundary between the local internal network and the external internet.

A host will send a packet to the default gateway when:

the destination IP address is on a different network

Which criterion can be used to select the appropriate type of network media for a network?

the environment where the selected medium is to be installed

The network assigned to the internet side of the wireless router is referred to as

the external, or outside, network.

The netstat Windows command would display what protocols in use?

the local address and port numbers, the foreign address and port numbers, and the connection state.

Which characteristic describes the default gateway of a host computer?

the logical address of the router interface on the same network as the host computer The default gateway is the IP address of the router's interface that allows the host to send traffic to destinations outside its own subnet or network. It serves as the exit point for traffic leaving the local network.

A source IP address can only be a unicast address because

the packet can only originate from a single source.

Every host on a network must use

the router as a gateway to other networks.

Classless addressing ignores

the rules of classes (A, B, C).

What addressing information is recorded by a switch to build its MAC address table?

the source Layer 2 address of incoming frames

Which information does a switch use to keep the MAC address table information current?

the source MAC address and the incoming port

Which information does a switch use to populate the MAC address table?

the source MAC address and the incoming port

What is the internet?

the type of physical media used by computers to access the World Wide Web

Broadcast transmission refers

to a device sending a message to all the devices on a network in one-to-all communications.

What is the purpose of the FCS field in a frame?

to determine if errors occurred in the transmission and reception

What is the purpose of the subnet mask in conjunction with an IP address?

to determine the subnet to which the host belongs

What is the purpose of configuring a default gateway address on a host?

to identify the device that allows local network computers to communicate with devices on other networks

What is the purpose of using a source port number in a TCP communication?

to keep track of multiple conversations between devices

What are two methods that can be used to shorten the IPv6 address notation?

use of a double colon (::) to represent a string of all zero hextets omit all leading zeros from all hextets in the address

What is the basis of subnetting?

using host bits to create additional subnets.

What are two actions performed by a Cisco switch?

using the source MAC addresses of frames to build and maintain a MAC address table. utilizing the MAC address table to forward frames via the destination MAC address

FTP, HTTP, and TFTP applications port numbers are defined as

well-known port numbers group.

The IPv4 address assigned to the interface identifies

which local network is connected directly to it.

wireless stations (STAs)

wireless devices used by SSID

Which type of intermediary device acts as a boundary between a home wireless network and the internet?

wireless router