CIT 211 Systems Architecure Chapters 1-5 review

byte, bits

A(n) __________ contains 8 __________

boolean

A(n) __________ data item can contain only the values true or false.

heat sink

A(n) __________ improves heat dissipation by providing a thermal mass and a large thermal transfer surface.

string

A(n) __________ is an array of characters.

server

A(n) ____________ is a computer that manages shared resources and allows other computers to access them through a network

register

A(n) ____________ is a storage location implemented in the CPU.

static RAM

____ is implemented entirely with transistors.

firmware

Software stored in NVM is called ____.

general-purpose

A CPU is a(n) ____________ processor capable of performing many different tasks simply by changing the program

cylinder

A ____ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the edge or spindle on all platter surfaces

random access

A ____ device isn't restricted to any specific order when accessing data.

wait state

A ____ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instruction or data.

serial access

A ____ storage device stores and retrieves data items in a linear, or sequential, order.

microprocessor

A microchip containing all the components of a CPU is called a(n) __________.

algorithm

A problem-solving procedure that requires executing one or more comparison and branch instructions is called a(n) ____________.

formula

A program that solves a(n) ____________ requires no branching instructions.

linked list or index

A set of data items that can be accessed in a specified order by using pointers is called a(n) __________

512

A single disk sector usually holds ____ or 4096 bytes.

volatile

A storage device or medium is ____ if it can't hold data reliably for long periods.

nonvolatile

A storage device or medium is ____ if it holds data without loss over long periods

white paper

A technology brief found on a vendor or manufacturer Web site is often called a __________

magnetic tape

A(n) ____ is a ribbon of plastic with a coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating

unconditional BRANCH, conditional BRANCH

A(n) __________ instruction always alters the instruction execution sequence. A(n) __________ instruction alters the instruction execution sequence only if a specified condition is true.

MOVE

A(n) __________ instruction copies data from one memory location to another.

(inclusive) OR

A(n) __________ instruction transforms the bit pairs 1/1, 1/0, and 0/1 into 1.

data structure

A(n) __________ is a data item composed of multiple primitive data items.

record

A(n) __________ is a data structure composed of other data structures or primitive data elements, commonly used as a unit of input and output to and from files or databases.

class

A(n) __________ is a data structure containing both static data and methods.

benchmark

A(n) __________ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when performing specific tasks.

array

A(n) __________ is a sequence of primitive data elements stored in sequential storage locations.

index

A(n) __________ is an array of data items, each of which contains a key value and a pointer to another data item

gate

A(n) __________ is an electrical circuit that implements a Boolean or other primitive processing function on single bit inputs.

transistor

A(n) __________ is an electrical switch built of semiconducting materials.

double-precision integer

A(n) __________ is an integer stored in double the normal number of bit positions.

object

A(n) __________ is one instance or variable of a class

pointer

A(n) __________ is the address of another data item or structure

word

A(n) __________ is the number of bits the CPU processes simultaneously. It also describes the size of a single register.

singly linked list

A(n) __________ list stores one pointer with each list element.

NOT

A(n) __________ operation transforms a 0 bit value to 1 and a 1 bit value to 0.

integrated circuit, microchip

A(n) __________ or __________ contains multiple transistors or gates in a single sealed package.

RISC

A(n) __________ processor limits the number and type of complex instructions

computer network

A(n) ____________ consists of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer to share information, software, and hardware resources.

instruction

A(n) ____________ is a command to the CPU to perform one processing function on one or more data inputs.

grid

A(n) ____________ is a group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run an application.

cluster

A(n) ____________ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application

Operating system

A(n) ____________ is the most common type of system software.

supercomputer

A(n) ____________ typically uses the latest and most expensive technology

milliseconds

Access times for secondary storage devices are typically expressed in ____ or microseconds.

doubly linked list

An element in a(n) __________ contains pointers to both the next and previous list elements.

inclusive, exclusive

Applying a(n) __________ OR transformation to input bit values 1 and 1 generates true. Applying a(n) __________ OR transformation to the same inputs generates false.

hexadecimal

Assembly (machine) language programs for most computers use __________ notation to represent memory address values

IEEE Computer Society

Computer- and network-related standards can be found in the digital library of the __________

digital electrical signals

Data is represented in the CPU as ____.

floating-point notation

Data represented in _____________ is transmitted accurately between computer equipment from different manufacturers if each computer's CPU represents real numbers by using an IEEE standard notation.

business modeling and requirements

During the __________ UP disciplines, the business, its environment, and user requirements are defined and modeledbusiness modeling and requirements

ACM, AITP, IEEE Computer Society

IS students and professionals should be familiar with professional societies, such as __________, __________, and __________

integer, floating-point

In a CPU, _____________ arithmetic generally is easier to implement than _____________ arithmetic because of a simpler data coding scheme and data manipulation circuitry

radix point

In a positional numbering system, the __________ separates digits representing whole number quantities from digits representing fractional quantities.

program status word (PSW)

In many CPUs, a register called the __________ stores bit flags representing CPU and program status, including those representing processing errors and the results of comparison operations.

EBDCIC

In older IBM mainframe computers, characters were encoded according to the __________ coding scheme

float memory model

In the __________, memory addresses consist of a single integer.

numeric range

Increasing a numeric representation format's size (number of bits) increases the _____________ of values that can be represented.

volatility

Key characteristics that distinguish primary and secondary storage include cost, capacity, speed, and ____________

double-precision

Many computers implement __________ numeric data types to increase accuracy and prevent overflow and underflow

nonvolatile memory

Memory devices comprised of semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention are generically known as ____.

semiconductors

Modern computers use memory implemented with ____.

segmented memory model

Most Intel CPUs use the _____________ , in which each memory address is represented by two integers.

programming language

Most programs are written in a(n) ____________, such as FORTRAN or Java, which is then translated into equivalent CPU instructions.

drive array

Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ____.

hertz (Hz)

One __________ is one cycle per second.

memory or main memory, RAM

Primary storage can also be called ____________ and is generally implemented with ____________.

sequentially

Programs usually access instructions and data items ____.

synchronization

Read/write circuitry uses ____ data to compensate for minor variations in rotation speed and other factors that might disturb the precise timing needed for reliable reading and writing.

design or architectural design

Selecting hardware, network components, and system software is an activity of the UP __________ discipline

access time

Storage device speed is called ____.

executes

The CPU ____________ program instructions one at a time.

wait statues

The CPU incurs one or more __________ when it is idle, pending the completion of an operation by another device in the computer system.

storage medium

The ____ is the device or substance that actually holds data

double inline memory module

The ____, a newer packaging standard, is essentially a SIMM with independent electrical contacts on both sides of the module.

system bus

The __________ enables the CPU, primary storage, and secondary storage devices to communicate

ISO, Latin-1

The __________ has defined a character-coding table called __________, which combines the ASCII-7 coding table with an additional 128 Western European multinational characters.

cycle

The __________ time of a processor is 1 divided by the clock rate (in Hz)

instruction pointer

The address of the next instruction to be fetched by the CPU is held in the __________.

op code, operands

The components of an instruction are its __________ and one or more __________.

load

The contents of a memory location are copied to a register while performing a(n) __________ operation.

control unit, registers, and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The major components of a CPU are the ____________, ____________, and ____________

collating sequence

The ordering of characters in a coding table is called a(n) __________.

underflow, truncation

The result of adding, subtracting, or multiplying two integers might result in overflow but never __________ or __________

areal density

The surface area allocated to store on a bit is called the ____.

magnetic decay

The tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time is called ____.

RAM

The term ____ describes primary storage devices that are implemented as microchips, can read and write with equal speed, and can randomly access bytes, words, or larger data units.

technology architecture

The term __________ includes several other types of computer-related architecture including computer, network, and software architecture.

secondary storage

The term ____________ describes the collection of storage devices that hold large quantities of data for long periods

memory or main memory

The term ____________ refers to storage devices, not located in the CPU, that hold instructions and data of currently running programs

track-to-track time

The time needed to move from one track to another is called ____, typically measured in milliseconds.

rotational delay

The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ____.

least significant bit

The__________ is the bit of lowest magnitude in a byte or bit string

AND

Two 1-bit values generate a 1 result value when a(n) __________ instruction is executed. All other input pairs generate a 0 result value.

mainframes, supercomputers

Types or classes of larger servers include ____________, which are generally optimized for data storage and I/O capability, and ____________, which are generally optimized for computational capacity and speed

unicode

Unlike ASCII and EBCDIC, __________ is a 16-bit or 32-bit character coding table.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

WWW resources are identified and accessed by a(n) ____________.

instruction register, decoded

When an instruction is first fetched from memory, it's placed in the __________ and then ___________ to extract its components.

registers

____ in the CPU are storage locations for instructions and data.

block

____ is a generic term for describing secondary storage data transfer units.

synchronous DRAM

____ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus

speed

____ is the most important characteristic differentiating primary and secondary storage

dynamic RAM

____ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor

resistance

__________ generates heat in electrical devices.

pipelining

__________ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions can execute in different stages simultaneously.

Gallium arsenide

__________ is a semiconducting material with optical properties.

floating-point

__________ notation encodes a real number as a mantissa multiplied by a power (exponent) of 2.

overflow

__________ occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store it

Moore's Law

__________ predicts that transistor density will double every two years or less.

virtualization

____________ is a technique that enables a single computer to host multiple virtual machines.

Grosch's Law

____________ says that larger computer classes are more cost-efficient than smaller ones - a statement that doesn't accurately describe modern computing hardware.

UP Deployment Discipline

configuring hardware and system software is an activity of the _____________________