Civil Liberties & Civil Rights

The doctrine of prior restraint prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication ______

before the fact

The double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from which of the following?

being tried again

In what year did the Supreme Court lift the moratorium on the death penalty?

1976

To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?

Attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans after the Civil War were largely unsuccessful for decades

The Supreme Court briefly outlawed which of the following in the 1970s by asserting that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner?

Capital punishment

The establishment clause was created, in part, as a reaction to which of these?

English Legal system

In what two ways does the Constitution protect civil rights?

by ensuring that government officials do not discriminate against citizens and by granting federal and state governments power to protect citizens against discrimination and private individuals

How did the Framers of the Constitution create a system of government designed to protect the rights of all people simply by virtue of the fact they are human?

by reference to natural rights, which are not dependent on citizenship

Which clause prevents the national government from sanctioning an official religion?

Establishment

Which Supreme Court case upheld California's three felonies rule, which allowed 25-years-to-life sentence for certain convictions?

Ewing v. California

Which rule bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial?

Exclusionary

Profanity, obscenity, and threats are examples of which of the following?

Fighting words

Selective incorporation makes the protections from the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through which of the following amendments?

Fourteenth

The USA PATRIOT Act expands an exception found in which amendment to allow spying?

Fourth

Which of the following is an accurate statement about naturalization?

It is a legal act that confers citizenship on a resident alien

What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. United States (1944) regarding the internment of those with Japanese ancestry living in the United States?

It was permissible because the United States was at war with Japan

Rose parks war arrested for challenging which of the following?

Jim Crow laws

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?

Jim Crow laws

Which test examines the constitutionality of religious establishments?

Lemon

A false written statement is considered to be ______, while utterances that have the power to provoke individuals to acts of violence are considered ______

Libel, fighting words

Which Supreme Court case developed the exclusionary rule?

Mapp v. Ohio

______ are derived from the notion that every person, by virtue of being a human being, has an equal right to protection against arbitrary treatment and an equal right to civil liberties

Natural rights

In Miller v. California, the U.S Supreme Court held that material must have a deficit of meaningful artistic, literary, political, or scientific worth to be considered ______

Obscene

Civil Liberties are _______ that the government cannot take away

Personal freedoms

Which of the following Supreme court cases applied to selective incorporation?

Powell v. Alabama

The Bill of Rights is made up of the first ______ amendments of the U.S Constitution

Ten

Which of the following most accurately describes the shift in percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women since 1870, as seen in Figure 12.1?

Th percentage of bachelor's degrees awarded to women has increased during most decades, and women are currently overrepresented in the graduating classes

Which of the following is an example of a regulatory taking?

The City of Detroit builds a new landfill, rendering adjacent properties uninhabitable due to odor and land pollution

What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law

Which of the following statements best describes the global community's attitude toward the importance of education for boys and girls based on the Pew Global Attitudes Survey in 2007?

There is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries, even in those where education for girls is lacking, although 14 percent of respondents viewed education for boys as more important

If a group of people had been systematically discriminated against in the past, to remedy this, which affirmative action policy would help members of this group of overcome the legacy of this discrimination?

a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group

Substantive due process created a standard whereby the states had a legal burden to prove that their laws were which of the following?

a valid exercise of power

If a police officer has a reasonable belief that someone is committing or about to commit a crime, that officer can stop and frisk the suspect without __________.

a warrant

The Constitution protects against search of an individuals person, home, or vehicle without ______

a warrant

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 allows the government to jail detainees without an opportunity to file which of the following?

a writ of habeas corpus

According to Roe v. Wade, a woman has which type of right to an abortion in her first trimester?

an absolute right

The Supreme Court has ruled that states can limit abortions if the regulations do not pose which of the following?

an undue burden

What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee to those accused of a crime?

assistance of counsel

The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

citizenship rights

Miranda rights include the right to which of the following?

counsel

When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?

decades after blacks won the right to vote

The Supreme Court case of Boumediene v. Bush dealt with which of the following?

detention of citizens without counsel or access to a court of law

Which of these does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

discrimination in public accommodations

The civil rights movement pushed for racial equality. When did this movement take place?

during the 1950s and 1960s

What do proponents of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility call its prisoners?

enemy combatants

The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" is known as the __________ clause.

equal protection

Convicted criminals whose sentences increase during their prison term due to a change in the law have been illegally subjected to what kind of law?

ex post facto

Article I of the Constitution prohibits which of the following, which make an act punishable as a crime even if the act was legal when it was committed?

ex post facto laws

The USA PATRIOT Act enhances the governments ability to do which of the following?

examine private records

In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court held that the Bill of Rights limits _______, not ________ action

federal, state

Shouting profanities in public is an example of __________, which is not protected speech.

fighting words

What kind of speech is by its very utterance intended to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of peace?

fighting words

Romer v. Evans (1996) was a victory for ______

gay rights activists

The Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of ______

gays and lesbians

What type of jury privately hears evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons should be required to stand trial?

grand

Over the course of the early 2000s, the Supreme Court ruled that detainees have a right to which of the following?

habeas corpus

Which of the following would be the least likely to qualify for a strict scrutiny or even a heightened scrutiny test by the Supreme Court to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?

having different minimum ages for men and women to marry

What did Mapp v. Ohio find to be unconstitutional?

illegally obtained evidence

The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery. When was it passed?

immediately after the Civil War

Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses and wheelchair

Which of the following is responsible for determining whether enough evidence exists to support a conviction against a criminal defendant?

jury

The Supreme Court has used selective incorporation to ______ the rights of states

limit

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) use most effectively to advance civil rights for African Americans?

litigation

Which of the following occurred during the period including both world wars that facilitated employment and social gains for African Americans?

migration of African Americans to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. insisted that civil disobedience aimed at ending discrimination in the South should be conducted ______

nonviolently

In recent years, the Supreme Court has struggled to address __________ on the Internet in a First Amendment context.

obscenity

In matters of religion, the free exercise clause protects individuals from which of the following?

obstruction

Although the speech in question was suppressed, the Court in Gitlow v. New York held that not all forms of __________ can be limited.

political speech

What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?

practice

The right of the individual to contract, to acquire useful knowledge, and to marry are liberties that are expressly protected by which type of due process?

procedural

Which of the following could pass muster and could not be considered obscenity under the Roth test?

profane language

A law that classified people according to __________ would be given strict scrutiny by the Supreme Court to determine its constitutionality.

race

The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees the right to vote regardless of ______

race

What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

racial segregation

The free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following?

religion

Which of the following rights has the Supreme Court found to be one of the unstated liberties linked to explicitly stated rights?

right to privacy

Base on Figure 11.1, Timeline of Selective Incorporation, which class of rights has the Supreme Court most frequently applied to the states?

rights of the accused

What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?

segregation of schools

The "right to remain silent" is a citizen's protection against which of the following?

self-incrimination

What type of due process protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws?

substantive

Women are guaranteed the right to vote by

the Nineteenth Amendment

What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Ala.

What provision of the Constitution did Congress use to justify laws prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels are restaurants?

the commerce clause

Today, the United States is one of only two industrialized nations that currently use which of the following to punish crimes?

the death penalty

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

the equal protection clause

In Employment division v. Smith, the Supreme Court developed which of the following?

the free exercise clause

Which of the following created the right to privacy?

the judiciary

Which of the following describes the right of expatriation?

the right of individuals to renounce their citizenship

Which of the following is a example of procedural due process?

the right to a speedy trial

What was the objective of the women's suffrage movement?

the right to vote

What are natural rights?

the rights of all people to dignity and worth

Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman's right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy?

Roe v. Wade

Which amendment protects the right to bear arms?

Second

New York Times v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of which of the following in order to find libel against a public figure?

Actual malice

High school is one of only two places where which of the following is constitutional?

Prior restraint

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court determined that ______ were unconstitutional

Racial quotas

According to Table 11.1, Rights in the Original Constitution, which of the following is a right specified in the original Constitution?

trail by jury in the national courts

The USA PATRIOT Act lowered requirements for which of these?

warrant approval

In the South after Reconstruction, what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?

whites-only primaries

Journalists argue that they must have the right to _________ in order to protect their sources' confidentiality.

withhold information