CJ Final Exam Study Guide

Parole is granted by ___________ a) A parole board b) A judge c) A warden d) All of these answers are correct

a) A parole board

Researchers who have studied punishment believe that the motive for harsh punishment is not deterrence but ___________ a) Retribution b) Restoration c) Rehabilitation d) None of these answers are correct

a) Retribution

Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime? a) The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime b) The threat of harsh punishments almost always deters crime c) The threat of harsh punishment only deters offenders from committing certain offenses, such as murder, robbery, or assault d) The threat of harsh punishments only deters crime among certain offenders, such as those who are employed and have a family

a) The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime

_____________ are individuals who have some information pertinent to the trial. a) Witnesses b) Attorneys c) Victims d) Defendants

a) Witnesses

Who could be considered a victim in a bank robbery? a) The bank b) All of these answers are correct c) The customers d) The employees

b) All of these answers are correct

A condition or probation of parole is often ___________ a) All of these answers are correct b) No Fourth Amendment protection against a police search c) Job visits d) Home searches

b) No Fourth Amendment protection against a police search

Only juveniles ages __ & __ can be tried as adults in California. a) 13 & 14 b) 14 & 15 c) All of these answers d) 16 & 17

d) 16 & 17

Probation is granted by __________ a) A probation board b) A warden c) An attorney d) A judge

d) A judge

In California, a juvenile convicted of a serious crime can serve a maximum sentence until __________ a) Parole b) Death c) 18 d) Age 25

d) Age 25

Before granting bail, a judge must consider _________ a) Flight risk b) Seriousness of the offense c) The safety of the community d) All of these answers are correct

d) All of these answers are correct

Victims of crime can suffer from __________ a) Physical injuries b) Emotional trauma c) Financial loss d) All of these answers are correct

d) All of these answers are correct

An __________ __________ is a document containing legal arguments in an appellate case, submitted to a court by attorneys for one party. a) Corpus Delecti b) Presentence Investigation Report c) Appellate Brief d) Court Record

c) Appellate Brief

Johnny used his computer to hack into his school's records system. He changed all his grades to "A"s. Johnny has committed __________ a) A cybercrime b) Identity theft c) Terrorism d) Hate crime

a) A cybercrime

Factors that influence an offender's sentence include ____________ a) All of these answers are correct b) Prior record of the offender c) Severity of the offense d) Statutory sentencing minimums

a) All of these answers are correct

The defendant facing a year in jail has a right to __________ a) All of these answers are correct b) An attorney c) A jury d) A speedy trial

a) All of these answers are correct

Unauthorized use of another person's identifying information to obtain credit, goods, services, money, or property, or to commit a misdemeanor or felony is known as ___________ a) Identity theft b) Terrorism c) All of these answers d) Grand theft

a) Identity theft

Defendants wait for trial in ___________ a) Jails b) Halfway Houses c) Prisons d) All of these answers are correct

a) Jails

Victim rights were created through ___________ a) Legislation b) The Constitution c) The Bill of Rights d) The Supreme Court

a) Legislation

There are _________ absolute qualifications for becoming a state or local judge. a) No b) Strict c) Two d) Many

a) No

The legal doctrine that gives the government authority to step in and make decisions about children to safeguard their best interests ___________ a) Parens Patriae b) Status offense c) Minors who are tried as adults d) Juvenile delinquency

a) Parens Patriae

Eventually, correctional philosophy shifted from punishment to ________, which emphasizes changing an individual from an offender into someone who is law-abiding. a) Rehabilitation b) Incapacitation c) Retribution d) Deterrence

a) Rehabilitation

What is one purpose of the creation of a separate juvenile court system? a) Rehabilitation b) Retribution c) Restitution d) Vengeance

a) Rehabilitation

Female prison guards _____________ a) Work in male prisons b) Can work in male prisons only if the inmates are non-violent c) None of these are correct d) Can only work in female prisons

a) Work in male prisons

Retribution is _____________ a) Is a goal of sentencing that prevents future crime b) A goal of sentencing that focuses on the punishment matching the crime c) Is a goal of sentencing that keeps the defendant from committing a crime while incarcerated

b) A goal of sentencing that focuses on the punishment matching the crime

People who are on parole __________ a) Have been convicted of a felony b) All of these answers are correct c) Are supervised and supported to reintegrate into the community d) Have served time in prison

b) All of these answers are correct

Hate crime targets _________ a) Ethnicity b) Any of these c) Religion d) Race

b) Any of these

Most juveniles who are detained by police _________ a) Are placed into juvenile hall b) Are released to their parents c) Are booked into jail d) Are given a citation

b) Are released to their parents

How did citizens in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England make sure that punishment of offenders, particularly hanging, would have the desired deterrent effect? a) By making the hanging live-streamed b) By making the hanging a public event in the town square c) By hanging people every day d) None of these are correct

b) By making the hanging a public event in the town square

_______________________ determines which inmates go to which institutions and the specific conditions under which they will be confined. a) Risk analysis b) Classification c) Gang affiliation d) Race

b) Classification

The three levels in California's Court system include the Superior Courts, ____________________, and the Supreme Court. a) District Courts b) Courts of Appeal c) Municipal Courts d) Courts of Limited Jurisdiction

b) Courts of Appeal

Jails hold only misdemeanor inmates. a) True b) False

b) False

The only goal of sentencing is to punish the offender. a) True b) False

b) False

There have always been separate courts for juveniles. a) True b) False

b) False

Victims of property crimes, such as theft, can be reimbursed through victim compensation funds. a) True b) False

b) False

The trial court made an error, but the error was __________ and would not change the case if it had not occurred. a) Forgivable b) Harmless c) Reversible d) Unconscionable

b) Harmless

Convicts who were transported from Britain to American colonies and sold to private individuals to act as servants for a period of time were ____________ a) Walnut Servants b) Indentured Servants c) Hulk Servants d) Penitentiary Servants

b) Indentured Servants

Which of the following was one of the lasting effects of the Martinson Report of 1974? a) New treatment programs were created in many prisons b) Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them altogether c) The federal government called for more funding for prison treatment programs d) Funding for treatment programs in prisons increased

b) Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them altogether

A juvenile under ______ years of age in California can never be charged with a crime __________ a) 10 b) None of these answers c) 12 d) 14

b) None of these answers - There is no minimum age

Defendants are sent to prison for ___________ a) Only misdemeanors b) Only felonies c) None of these are correct d) Only violent crimes

b) Only felonies

The Auburn system differed from the Pennsylvania system in that inmates were ____________ a) Permitted to share cells b) Permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence c) Permitted to communicate with each other d) Not permitted to have Bibles in their cells

b) Permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence

_____________ have almost absolute power to determine when to bring criminal charges and which charges to bring. a) Police Officers b) Prosecutors c) Defense Attorneys d) Judges

b) Prosecutors

If the error had not been made during the trial, the jury may have come to a different decision. This is called a __________ error. a) Unconscionable b) Reversible c) Forgivable d) Harmless

b) Reversible

Historically, people believed that the only way to control crime was through severe punishments and _____________ a) Large fines b) The fear of being caught c) Embarrassment d) All of these answers are correct

b) The fear of being caught

___________ happen in lower courts, not in appellate courts. a) Appeals b) Trials c) Arguments d) All of these answers are correct

b) Trials

People who work with victims are called __________ a) Victim allies b) Victim advocates c) Counselors d) Victim volunteers

b) Victim advocates

Which of the following statements is true about workhouses? a) Men, women, and children were often segregated, but families were allowed to remain together b) Workhouses held a mix of people, including jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals c) Only the most hardened and violent criminals were housed there d) Workhouses were safe and contained excellent sanitary facilities

b) Workhouses held a mix of people, including jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals

Consider that you were housed in an American prison where you spent all of your time working in a small cell and were not permitted to communicate with other inmates or family members on the outside. You were most likely housed in the _____________ a) Isla Maria Jail b) Elmira Reformatory c) Eastern State Penitentiary d) Almond Prison

c) Eastern State Penitentiary

A defendant who is arrested can get out of jail and wait for trial at home if ________ a) He is charged with a non-violent crime b) He has a good lawyer c) He posts bail c) He is innocent

c) He posts bail

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called ___________ a) House of Corrections b) Halfway Houses c) Hulks d) Galleys

c) Hulks

General deterrence is different from specific deterrence because ___________ a) It is focused on helping the defendant change his life b) It focuses on preventing the defendant from committing the crime c) It focuses on preventing others from committing the crime

c) It focuses on preventing others from committing the crime

Juveniles can be tried as adults after this document is approved by the court __________ a) Habeas corpus b) A writ c) Juvenile waiver d) Juvenile diversion

c) Juvenile waiver

Jails are run by _____________ a) States b) All of these answers are correct c) Local cities and counties d) Federal government

c) Local cities and counties

A person on probation ___________ a) Is always released from prison b) Has never been to jail c) Often is released from jail d) Has been paroled

c) Often is released from jail

A deal in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced or lesser sentence is called a ___________. a) Ex Post Facto b) Nolo Contendre c) Plea Agreement d) Light Sentence

c) Plea Agreement

What did a study in Canada find concerning harsh punishments? a) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were less likely to be rearrested b) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to commit suicide in prison c) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be rearrested d) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be charged as adults when they committed subsequent crimes

c) Researchers found that adolescents prosecuted in harsh criminal courts were more likely to be rearrested

A separate juvenile justice system was started by __________ a) Case law b) The Constitution c) The Child Saving Movement d) Gladys R. v. U.S.

c) The Child Saving Movement

The ________ is considered to be the first penitentiary. a) Almond Street Jail b) Auburn Prison c) Walnut Street Jail d) Cherry Hill Jail

c) Walnut Street Jail

The most common form of early punishment was ___________ a) Fines b) Banishment c) Imprisonment d) Corporal Punishment (Torture)

d) Corporal Punishment (Torture)

_____________ attorneys represent the defendant in a criminal case. a) Prosecuting b) Expensive c) Free d) Defense

d) Defense

Dan was acquitted of murder, but if police find new evidence proving he committed the crime __________ a) Voir dire prevents him from being tried for the same crime twice b) Ex post facto prevents him from being tried for the same crime twice c) He can be re-tried if the courts allow it d) Double jeopardy prevents him from being tried for the same crime twice

d) Double jeopardy prevents him from being tried for the same crime twice

Over the last 90 years, the U.S. inmate population has ___________ a) Slightly increased b) Slightly decreased c) Decreased significantly d) Increased significantly

d) Increased significantly

English common law recognized the _______ by which children under age 7 could not be criminally prosecuted because they were too young to form mens rea, or criminal intent. a) Juvenile defense b) Child defense c) Adolescence d) Infancy defense

d) Infancy defense

If a victim gives a statement in court and is emotional __________ a) It may not be considered by the court b) The judge should not consider the impact on the victim when issuing a sentence c) The defendant may object because it could be unfair to him d) It can be considered by the court in sentencing

d) It can be considered by the court in sentencing

If an inmate is incarcerated under poor living conditions ____________ a) He can hire an attorney to get him out of jail b) He can appeal his conviction c) He should have thought about that before he committed a crime d) It may violate the Eighth Amendment

d) It may violate the Eighth Amendment

The report that assists a judge in determining sentence is ___________ a) A public record available to anyone b) Is available to the defense only c) Is available to the judge only d) Prepared by the probation department

d) Prepared by the probation department

A report that provides the court with a basis for making a sentencing decision _________ a) Is prepared by the prosecution b) Sentencing Document c) Is prepared by the defense d) Presentence Investigation Report

d) Presentence Investigation Report

The term "corrections" reflected a widely held belief that the corrections systems would ___________ a) Restore what was damaged in the community during the commission of a crime b) Deter future offenders from committing crime c) Provide victims and their families with justice d) Transform offenders into law-abiding citizens

d) Transform offenders into law-abiding citizens

Cruel and unusual punishment __________ a) Is common b) Includes the death penalty c) Only relates to unfair sentences d) Violates the Eighth Amendment

d) Violates the Eighth Amendment

Juvenile delinquency is __________ a) Minors who are tried as adults b) None of these answers c) When the court steps in to make decisions instead of parents d) Violations committed by juveniles

d) Violations committed by juveniles

__________ __________ is the process of questioning prospective jurors. a) Direct Examination b) Jury Poll c) Cross Examination d) Voir Dire

d) Voir Dire

A written judicial order requiring that a prisoner's case be reviewed in court to determine if the person is being held unconstitutionally. a) Appellate Brief b) Exclusionary Rule c) Corpus Delecti d) Writ of Habeas Corpus

d) Writ of Habeas Corpus