CLA 30
The morpheme {damant}, found in words like adamant and, means _________.
"conquerable"
The morpheme {pept/peps}, found in brand names like Pepsi and words like peptides, means __________.
"cook, digest"
English cynosure informally refers to a "guiding light" or something that attracts attention. Etymologically, however, cynosure means ________.
"dog's tail"
"April!" Leslie chastised. "Don't be so cynical about our work! We're trying to make a difference!" April narrowed her eyes and responded, "Don't call me ______________; I know the etymology of that word!"
"dog-like"
California's state motto is the Greek word "Eureka," which you might exclaim with strong emotion on certain occasions. What does this word literally mean in Greek?
"I have found (it)!"
Which of the following sentences is using an interrogative pronoun CORRECTLY? 2
"To whom should I pass the ball?"
What does the medical term osteoma literally mean if we analyze its morphemes?
"bone-tumor"
The word laconic comes from Greek Λακωνικός and today means _____________.
"brief, pithy, concise"
Demeter/Ceres
-Another sister of Zeus/Jupiter -Goddess of the harvest -Gives us modern cereal!
Starting things off well...
-First Uranus (Οὐρανός = Sky) reigns with Gaea (Γαῖα = Earth). -Cronus (Κρόνος) castrates Uranus (birth of Aphrodite/Venus) -Then Cronus reigns with Rhea ( Ῥεία). -Zeus/Jupiter and the Olympians battle the Titans. -Now Zeus/Jupiter (Ζεύς) and Hera/Juno ( Ἥρα) reign.
Which of the following kinds of words can a genus name be made from?
A word made up from Greek and Latin roots and combining forms A Greek word altered to fit Latin grammar A modern word altered to fit Latin grammar
English hammock comes from Taíno hamaka, which means___________.
"fishing nets"
One could describe Scrooge McDuck as a very pecunious person, literally meaning he is _____________.
"full of money"
Christina felt a lot of anxiety about her first blind date in 10 years! As the date went on, she couldn't stop herself from talking every time the threat of an awkward silence loomed. Finally, Christina sighed and said, "I'm sorry for talking so much - I'm really nervous!" Luckily her date just responded, "There's nothing wrong with being verbose! It's great to learn more about you." By verbose, Christina's date literally means she is _________.
"full of words"
Orpheus made a katabasis to try to save his wife, Eurydice, although his anabasis proved to be a disappointment! By katabasis, we mean Orpheus literally made a __________ before his anabasis, or literally his ___________.
"going down"; "going up"
After the operating theater was prepped for surgery, Dr. Morales said to the team, "We're ready to go! Has our patient already been given anesthesia?" Literally, Dr. Morales is asking whether her patient has been given _____________.
"the condition of no feeling/sensation"
At first Michelle's mind blanked when she was asked to define heliotropism on her biology quiz about plant behavior. Luckily, though, she took CLA30 last spring! After breaking it down into its morphemes, Michelle remembered that heliotropism literally means ________.
"the process of turning toward the sun"
Villains - like Scar in The Lion King! - are well known for using sarcastic, contemptuous speech. Sarcasm's etymology also has a villainous ring to it, as literally it means _______________.
"the tearing/rending of the flesh"
Whenever you eat a bowl of cereal, you are literally eating ______________.
"the things related to Ceres, the goddess of the harvest"
Plankton was very sad to learn that his name literally means __________.
"the wandering thing"
Which of the sentences below uses one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY?192801
After her recital, Pam took her daughter Sally for desert at the ice cream shop.
Which of the following sentences contains an INTRANSITIVE verb?
After missing the bus again, Tina sighed.
When ____________ conquered the Eastern Mediterranean, Greek became the lingua franca of the region.
Alexander the Great
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun. It answers questions like: What kind...? How many...? Which one(s)...? Adjectives are often formed comparatively by adding the suffixes -er and -est. Other times, comparative adjectives are formed by adding the words more or most before them. So, if you can either add -er or -est to the base morpheme OR place more or most before the word and it makes sense, you're looking at an adjective!
But before Linnaeus...there was Aristotle
Aristotle was deeply interested in firm definitions - how to define one time vs. another thing ´Ex. How do I know I am looking at a horse vs. a snake? Or something closer in appearance, like a mouse vs. a rat? ´Aristotle based his understanding of definitions on an organism's form. I know this is a mouse because it has the form of a mouse. ´Aristotle's concepts were translated from Greek into Latin (and in some cases, into Arabic!) and were influential up to and for Linnaeus.
Which of the following sentences contains an example of hypercorrection?
As Alfredo knocked on the door, he announced, "It is I! Your dear friend has arrived."
Assimilation
Ad - similate Adsimilate Assimilate Assimilation as an actual word demonstrates its meaning: "the process in which the final consonant of a prefix changes its form to that of the first consonant of the base to which it is being prefixed" Examples: originally, Latin: ad + similat = assimilate ob + fer > offer in + mortal > immortal But ASSIMILATION DOES NOT OCCUR when a prefix ending in a consonant is added to a base beginning with a vowel or h. Ex. adhesive (not ahhesive), adopt (not aoopt), inhere (not ihhere), exhale (not ehhale)
Adverbs
Adverbs are harder - we don't have such reliable morphological and syntactical tests. Instead, we keep in mind the following: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs answer the questions "how?" "when?" and "where?"
What would the name Aeschylus look like in the original Greek?
Ae > αι ch > χ•y>υ• us> ος• So: Αἰσχύλος
biscuit
Biscuit < ME < MF (Ofr) < Latin bis coctus bis ("twice") + coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum ("to cook") More visible in: biscotto, biscotti
Γαῖα is the Greek entity for the Earth in its creation stories. How would Γαῖα be transliterated following the rules of Classical Latin (which is the form we still use for her name today)?
Gaea
Although English borrows many words from Old Norse, both languages in fact belong to the same language family! Which language family is that?
Germanic
English is part of which language branch?
Germanic
English, Dutch, Swedish, and Icelandic all belong to the ___________ language family.
Germanic
the seven days:
God is said to have created the world in seven days Included in his creation is the firmament firm=steady, stable, cf. firm, affirm, confirm Hebrew רִקּוּעַ Greek στερέωμα Latin firmamentum English firmament
After Alexander the Great conquered much of the Eastern Mediterranean, ___________ became the lingua franca of the region.
Greek
Surgeons
Greek Hippocratic Oath οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein.
Hellenistic Period (323 - 31 BCE)
Greek becomes the language of the administration over this region - OR Greek becomes the lingua franca
Herodotus -
Greek historian of the 5th century BCE - From Halicarnassus in Asia Minor. - "The Father of History" according to the Roman orator Cicero ...quamquam et apud Herodotum patrem historiae et apud Theopumpum sunt innumerabiles fabulae "...although both Herodotus, the father of history, and Theopumpus tell innumerable tall-tales."
Enter the Romans (63 BCE)
Greek peoples living in Sicily, off the coast of the Italian peninsula Greek alphabet picked up by the Etruscans, then spread to the Romans
English, Greek, and Latin all descend from_______________, a reconstructed mother language.
Proto-Indo-European
Which sentence below uses one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY? 9o121p
Robert and Joe had a violent alteration over Pokemon cards.
Which of the following would be an example of a true polynomial, following the tradition of scientific nomenclature prior to the intervention of Carl Linnaeus?
Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro
Which groups were a part of the Germanic invasions of Britannia (the British Isles) in the 5th century CE that led to the development of English?
Saxons, Angles, and Jutes
Which of the following uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? 012901
If you want to find tranquility, you should accept the things that can't be changed.
How is proto-indo-european related to Greek, Latin, and English?
The Indo-European language family was discovered by Sir William Jones, who noted resemblances among Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Germanic, and Celtic languages. He hypothesized an ancestral language that long ago gave rise to languages in these groups.
Latin is part of which language branch?
Italic
Roman Interference: The Sequel
Just as we saw the Romans decide Greek -ον should be changed to Latin -um, they decided that Greek nouns ending in -ος should be changed to their Latin equivalent -us. Examples (note the personal names): - Εὐθύδημος > Euthydemus - Πύρρος > Pyrrhus - κρόκος > crocus • BE CAREFUL: this does not include ως! ῥινοκέρως > rhinoceros
What is proto-indo-european?
The existence of a single common ancestral language. (cannot be proved with certainty )
Which sentence below is using one of our Latin Phrases INCORRECTLY?2332
This committee always acts pro forma; we never follow protocol since no one cares.
Greek and Roman grammarians originally divided up language into eight parts of speech:
Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Pronouns Conjunctions Interjections
Rome is supposedly founded in 753 BCE
Like the Greeks, expansion over a series of wars - First Punic War (264-241 BCE) - Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Further and further expansion... - Until the Roman empire controls the Mediterranean basin... - And becomes the lingua franca?
First "Greek" Alphabets:
Linear A (Minoans on Crete, 1800 to 1450 BCE) Linear B (Mycenaeans, c. 1450 BCE)
J.R.R. Tolkein wrote The Lord of the Rings from 1937-1949 CE. Based on this information, The Lord of the Rings is written in ___________.
Modern English
Plurals of nouns in English
Most nouns in English form their plurals by adding an -s. dog > dogs book > books bone > bones BUT a small number change form and/or vowel man > men ox > oxen wife > wives goose > geese foot > feet hoof > hooves mouse > mice louse > lice die > dice
What is the proper transliteration of παχυκεφαλóσαυρος?
Pachycephalosaurus
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK • Days of the week were based on the "seven planets"
Planet Day of Week SUN Solis dies sol, solis MOON Lunae dies luna, lunae MARS Martis dies mars, martis MERCURY Mercurii dies mercurius, mercurii JUPITER Jovis dies juppiter, jovis VENUS Veneris dies venus, veneris SATURN Saturni dies saturnus, saturni
THE PLANETS
Planets < πλάνητες (ἄστέρες), "wandering (stars)" Originally seven planets, one ruling over each day of the week: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn Now: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
When we first hear about the Romans?
around 500 B.C.E. (the middle part of the first millennium B.C.E.)
Consider the following sentence: "Brenda tried to distract Fiona so her birthday party would be a surprise." By distracting Fiona, Brenda literally wants to "draw her ________." (Hint: what does the morpheme {dis-} mean?)
away
{se}
away, apart
Pick the Roman numeral equivalent of 1776.
b) MDCCLXXVI
Following Roman conquest, Latin became the lingua franca of the __________ Mediterranean.
Western
Which sentence uses one of our Latin Phrases INCORRECTLY? 56781
With everything going so well in her life, Sofia felt overjoyed and in extremis.
Which of the following can you NOT USE to form a species name?
a Latin(ized) adverb
Which of the following CANNOT be used to form species names?
a Latin(ized) verb
The morpheme {super}, found in words like Superman and superego, means ___________.
above; over
"Oh crap," Guillermo said upon realizing he had forgotten that his best friend Wei's birthday was the next day. As he looked through his contacts, he muttered, "Well, time to form a(n) _________ party planning committee!"
ad hoc
By attacking his character instead of addressing the matter at hand, we could say that you have made a(n) ___________ attack against poor Quintus!
ad hominem
{meta}
after, among, changing
The morpheme {contra}, found in words like contradict, means __________.
against
{ob/of/op}
against/toward
The morpheme {aev/ev}, found in words like primeval and medieval, means _________.
age
The suffix {-ist}, found in words like geologist and psychologist, makes ________.
agent nouns
Which of the following words is an example of assimilation?
aggression immature affirm
Certain Greek prefixes that end with a vowel - such as {epi/ep/eph}, {cata/cat/cath}, and {hypo/hyp/hyph} - have more ________ than other prefixes; they can change their form when combined with a base under certain conditions.
allomorphs
{dis/dif}
apart, away
{dys}
bad, poor, difficult
Loanwords from Arawakan Languages
barbecue < Sp. barbacoa < barbakoa = framework of sticks (orig. Haiti) •canoe < Sp. canoa < canaoua (orig. Taíno) •hammock < Sp. hamaca < hamaka = "fishing nets" (orig. Taíno) •potato < Sp. patata < batata (orig. Haiti)
A _______ is a morpheme to which other morphemes can be added and which holds the central meaning of the word.
base
If I were to analyze the word inspector, I would have: {in}{spect}{or}. Following this, I can see that {spect} is a _________ and {or} is a _________.
base; suffix
In the word creation, the morpheme {creat} is a ___________ and the morpheme {ion} is a ___________.
base; suffix
Josef was miserable after his film came back from the ratings board. It was supposed to be a gritty, tough action flick, but those stuffy judges wanted to __________ it and cut out every curse word and cool fight scene! It'd be totally sanitized!
bowdlerize
who's who of hades
cerberus charon, who ferries the dead across the river styx (stygian, adj.) lethe (lethargy, lethargic) elysian fields v. tartarus sisyphus (trapped wither thanatos(death) or hades himself- no more death. pays the price with a sisyphean task tantalus (some kind of food crime. now forever tantalized by the tantalizing sight of food and water) ixion (broke the rules of xenia (xenophobia))
Let's say I give you the name Achilleus? What would it look like in the original Greek?
ch > χ - eu > ευ - No #h- means no rough breathing in the Greek. - So: Ἀχιλλεύς
Χ χ
chi/ch loch
ð - eth (th)
eth (th)
We started this week by thinking about how to escape the underworld! One person we met there was Tantalus, whose "food crime" story gives English the word tantalizing. Today, tantalizing means _____________.
incredibly tempting, deeply desirable
Ι ι
iota/i sit
{strat(i)/strat(o)}
layer
The alligator in this photo has white scales because it suffers from _____________.
leucism
βίος (noun) = life
life
how does the story end
like father like son- cronus also swallows his children rhea gets fed up, saves one of her sons-zeus/jupiter-and feeds her husband a stone wrapped in cloth zeus grows up to kill his father and rules the cosmos
A comet is literally a _____________.
long-haired (star)
Alexander the Great's favorite sculptor, Lysippos, was supposedly able to capture the leader's virile and leonine essence. This was a big part of Alexander's strict self-promotion! If we analyze these two words, we know Alexander therefore appeared ________ and _________ in his statues.
manly; lion-like
We would transliterate μάντις into the Latin alphabet as _________.
mantis
"Do you want to go to Disneyland in July?" Judy asked. "Ugh, no, I have horrible ochlophobia!" Fiona responded. If we analyze ochlophobia, we know that Fiona means she ____________.
is afraid of crowds
When a scientific binomial is written down, the genus and species names should both be _________ and the ________ name should be capitalized.
italicized; genus
Jane discovered a new species of owl while working in the Raptor Center at UC Davis! Her team decides to name the species after her. What would be the correct Latinized species name from Jane?
janeae
Κ κ
kappa/k
Atmospheric Effects
katabatic winds {cata/kata/cat/cath} = below {ba} = go (acrobat) {tic} = adj. maker anabatic winds {ana} = up, back, again {ba} = go (acrobat) {tic} = adj. maker
{onym}
name
Which of our Words of Interesting Origin was transformed over time due to misdivison/metanalysis?
nickname
An enneagon is a shape with ________ sides.
nine
In the word irregular, the morpheme {in/im/il/ir} means _________, whereas in the word impression, it means _________.
not; on/in
Ν ν
nu/n
The Greek letter Ν ν is called ____________ and is transliterated into the Latin alphabet as ____________.
nu; n
The morpheme {kary/cary} is used to refer to a nucleus in Modern English, but it literally means a __________.
nut
Be able to transliterate Greek into the Latin alphabet according to the new rules learned:
o Aspirated forms of π (p), τ (t), κ (c) become φ (ph), θ (th), χ (ch)o The sound and transliteration of nasalized gamma (γγ [ng], γκ [nc], γξ [nx], γχ [nch]).
Greek combining bases use the vowel ________, whereas Latin ones use ________.
o; i
The Greek connecting vowel is _______, whereas we use _______ when connecting Latin bases.
o; i
{cent / centi}
one hundred
Before the intervention of Carl Linnaeus, the practice of scientific nomenclature was to identify organisms with lengthy and unstandardized ___________, which caused a great deal of frustration!
polynomials
In expressions of time, p.m. comes from the Latin phrase __________, which means "after half-day/noon"!
post meridiem
After Quinn and Parker broke up, Quinn invited all of her friends over to her apartment. "Alright everyone," she began tearfully, dumping all of the gifts Parker had given her on the table. "Time to conduct a ________. Let's figure out what killed this relationship."
post-mortem
"I had the wildest camping trip this weekend!" Drew told Danny at lunch on Monday. "During the night, we heard strange noises coming from the bushes near our tent and a big looming shadow through the trees - I think it could've been a werewolf, or Bigfoot, or even a chupacabra!" Raising his eyebrows, Danny scoffed, "Sorry, but I'm going to have to take that __________. You always stay up super late when you go camping, and sleep deprivation can make people see weird things."
cum grano salis
The Greek word δαίμων is transliterated as ____________ following the rules of Classical Latin and ____________ following the rules of later Latin.
daemōn; demōn
Chauvinism now tends to mean having outdated and inequitable ideas about gender roles. Originally, however chauvinism meant ____________.
extreme nationalism
Thanos was the main villain of films like Marvel's Endgame and Infinity War - this means he's considered a bad person! Etymologically, however, if we call Thanos a villain, we would mean he is a _______________.
farmhouse laborer/peasant
{patri}
father
The term ___________ literally means "to punish every tenth person."
decimate
{esthes/esthe/aesthet}
feeling, sensation
The psychological condition narcissism comes from the ancient myth of Narcissus who __________.
fell in love with his own reflexion and eventually turned into a flower.
{pyr(o)}
fire
The film Pan's Labyrinth (orig. El laberinto del fauno) includes a deceptively tantalizing feast. This means the feast is ____________.
deeply tempting
The morpheme {pro-} means ________, while the morpheme {re-} means ________.
forward; back
Medical students also have to learn all the bones that make up the human skeleton, or literally "the __________."
dried up/withered thing
{fuge}
drive away; flee
The morpheme {ge(o)}, found in words like geology and George, means ________.
earth
If you encountered a mysterious organism described as a "heliophage," you could analyze this term into its morphemes and understand that this means it literally ___________ the sun!
eats
The word squirrel is actually Greek in origin! Etymologically, it means __________.
shadow tail
"I can't wait to be an astronaut when I grow up!" Linda exclaimed. Literally, Linda wants to be a ___________.
star-sailor
The morpheme {firm}, found in words like affirm and confirm, means ________.
steady, stable
The word solstice came from the idea that the sun appears to __________ in the sky at certain times of the year.
stop
For example, we learned that we need to do a bit of math to convert Roman numerals into Arabic ones, namely: 1) If a letter of smaller value is placed before one of higher value, you __________. (ex. IV) 2) If a letter of higher value is placed before one of smaller value, you __________. (ex. VI)
subtract; add
In Greek/Roman mythology, Apollo is a solar deity whereas Artemis/Diana is a lunar one. This means Apollo is associated with the ________, whereas Artemis/Diana is associated with the ________.
sun; moon
A _________ is a morpheme added before a base; a _________ is a morpheme added after a base.
prefix; suffix
{grav} is an interesting morpheme because it means not only "heavy" and "serious" but also _________.
pregnant
The Process of Treatment
prognosis diagnosis {gnosis} < Greek γνῶσις "knowledge" {pro} {gnosis} < "before knowledge" {dia} {gnosis} < "during/through knowledge"symptom < Greek συμπίπτω "to befall, happen"
Ψ ψ
psi/ps
The Greek word ψυχή is transliterated into the Latin alphabet as ___________.
psyche
{deuter(o)}
second
Syntactical test:
see if the word makes syntactic sense in the sentence if following a typical noun marker like the, a, some, many, this...
{petit}
seek, desire
English gets the adjective Sisyphean from the ancient myth of Sisyphus, depicted here in the popular video game Hades! Today, we would describe something as Sisyphean if it __________.
seems impossibly difficult to accomplish
How would I analyze the word reductive into its morphemes?
{re}{duct}{ive}
The name of the country of Eritrea comes from {erythr(o)}:
Ἐρυθραία Θάλασσα (Red Sea) -> Mare Erythraeum (Red Sea) (Latin) -> Eritreo(Italicized version of Erythraeum)
Two Latin Concepts
• Art > Latin ars, "skill, craft, trade, deception" Similar to Greek τέχνη (technē) τέχνη > {techn(o)} > technical, technology, technique • Science > Latin scientia, "knowledge, learning" > scire , "to know" Similar to Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistēmē) omniscient conscientious - conscience prescient Similar to Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistēmē) epistemic epistemology
When does the assimilation of a prefix before a base NOT occur?
when a prefix is added to a base beginning with a vowel or "h"
When DOES the assimilation of a prefix before a base occur?
when a prefix is added to a base that begins with a consonant
At his 35th birthday, Harold told the bartender, "Give me some water of life!" Harold knows his etymologies! He therefore means that he wants ___________.
whiskey
The word leukemia literally means "the condition of having _________ blood."
white
Phil, ________ was my best friend in high school, just got a job at Google!
who
The morpheme {hol(o)}, found in words like Holocene and hologram, means ____________.
whole, all
Joon, ________ car I borrowed last week, just started working at the new bakery in town.
whose
Ξ ξ
xi/x fox
OLD ENGLISH PRONOUNS
ic (Nominative) min (Genitive) mec/me (Dative) me (Accusative) þu þin þec/þe þe
The morpheme {phren(o)}, found in words like phrenology and phrenoplegia, means ___________.
mind, diaphragm
B.C.E
"Before common era" - Replaced BC ("Before Christ) and AD ("anno domini")
When the Persian King commanded the Spartans to give up and surrender their weapons before the Battle of Thermopylae, the Spartans famously responded, "μολὼν λαβέ" (molṑn labé), which means ________________.
"Come and take them!"
After slipping on a banana peel in front of his entire class, Professor Sandoval lamented with embarrassment, "Alas, if only I could return to my prelapsarian life!" By prelapsarian," Professor Frank means a life __________.
"before he fell"
What does the New Mexico state motto, "Crescit Eundo," mean?
"It grows as it goes."
Sticking with thanatophobia, the word literally means ________.
"the condition of fearing death"
The group which argued in the 16-17th centuries that Greek and Latin loanwords should be removed from English was called ____________.
"The English Purity Movement"
George L. Banay, Ph.D (1948)
"There is hardly any other aspect of medicine that is so discouraging for the beginning student as medical terminology. The first impact of the long, unfamiliar words is decidedly depressing. A French essayist of the 16th Century made the apt remark that 'The language of medicine is an idiom foreign to the general speech and of discordant sound.' The same criticism could very well apply to present-day medical language, which sounds just as 'discordant' to the uninitiated." "Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority are from Greek and Latin. Some familiarity with the meaning of the most frequently used roots, prefixes, and suffixes will clarify the whole field."
In 650 CE, this class would have been called something like...
"Worda Rot" - "The root of words"
The phrase "rich as Croesus" comes from the ancient narrative of Croesus (pictured in the A+ meme above!). Croesus was _____________.
"a Lydian king of incredible wealth who eventually lost it"
The abbreviation A.D. stands for the Latin phrase anno domini. In English, this phrase means __________.
"in the year of our Lord"
Imagine you are having your weekly game night, and your friend brought Trivial Pursuit. Suddenly, Julius Caesar crashes through your ceiling and wants to play. Since he only understands Latin, Caesar asks, "Why are you playing a game related to the crossroads?" "Silly, Caesar, that's the etymological meaning!" you answer. "These days, trivial means ________________. And by the way, thanks for Kool-Aid Manning my roof!"
"insignificant, of little importance"
The morpheme {lu/luv/lut}, found in words like dilute and antediluvian, means _______.
"to bathe, wash"
The word symptom comes from the Greek verb συμπίπτω, which means ________.
"to befall, happen"
The English words history and story both come from the Greek verb ῐ̔στορέειν, which means __________.
"to inquire"
Plurals of nouns in Latin
2nd Decl. (usually masc.) -us > -i alumnus > alumni focus > foci collosus > collosi nucleus > nuclei radius > radii cactus > cacti 1st Decl. (usually feminine) -a > -ae alumna > alumnae persona > personae antenna > antennae larva > larvae alga > algae formula > formulae 2nd Declension Neuter Nouns: -um > -a stratum > strata datum > data medium > media agendum > agenda millennium > millennia memorandum > memoranda Third Declension Nouns: singular (too variable to list) > -es Greek -is > -es neurosis > neuroses psychosis > psychoses Latin -ex > -ices index > indices appendix > appendices
The Roman numeral X is equivalent to the Arabic numeral ________.
10
The Norman invasion into the British Isles in __________ led to a second wave of Latin words entering English.
1066 CE
When we first hear about the Greeks?
1500 B.C.E. (the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E.)
Words of Interesting Origin 22
1.The students decided to boycott the store after learning workers weren't given fair wages. 2.Cigarette companies often try to put a good spin on the nicotine in their products. 3.Sam wanted to give a valentine to his crush to show he liked them, but he was too shy. 4.Stuffy old critics love to bowdlerize good art, totally sanitizing it. 5. I gotta say, I don't love facial hair, but give me a good pair of sideburns any day! 1.Christian finally managed to bake a cake that seemed edible, but they destroyed their Kitchenaid mixer in the process, leading to the sense of a Pyrrhic victory. 2.During the French revolution, enemies were killed via the guillotine, with heads being caught afterwards in a basket. 1.Justina didn't care what people thought - she was a real maverick and always made her own decisions.
How many adverbs are in the following sentence? "Blackbeard stared quite dramatically at the clouds in the distance."
2
What would CDVII be in Arabic numerals?
407
After the Western Roman Empire "falls" to invaders in ___________, Latin goes on to develop into languages like French, Spanish, and Italian.
476 CE
Assassin (from OED, 3rd ed.)
< Middle French, French assassin, member of the Nizari sect of the Ismaili branch of Islam (1455)...< Arabic hašīšī member of the Nizari sect of the Ismaili branch of Islam (see note below) < hašīš. probably originally a derogatory nickname, with reference to the supposedly erratic behaviour of the members of the sect, as if intoxicated by hashish
What is the myth that inspired Freud's "Oedipus Complex" about?
A man who unknowingly sleeps with his mother and kills his father.
As Dr. Frankenstein's enthusiasm suggests, live morphemes are very exciting! But what exactly is a live morpheme?
A morpheme that can be used to create new words that any competent speaker of English would understand.
While the Romans were losing control of their empire, three Germanic peoples known as the _____________ invaded the British Isles.
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
A.D.
Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord) -before year
What is CD in Arabic Numerals?
Answer: 400
What is XLIV in Arabic Numerals?
Answer: 44
Which of the sentences below contains a transitive verb?
Antonio baked cookies to share with his friends.
The English word barbecue is a loanword from the ______________ language family and originally meant ______________.
Arawakan; "framework of sticks"
The Pseudoscience of Phrenology
Believed that you could explain or predictmental traits and character based on the shape of the skull. In particular, the bumps on the brain = the degree to which that element/characteristic was presentin the individual (all elements had a specific spatial location in the brain, which showed through the skull) Esp. influential in the 18th-19th centuries
The "Indo-Europeans"?
Believed to have lived c. 7,000-8,000 years in the past • Spoke "Proto-Indo European," from which many modern languages developed but not all languages Ex.Semitic languages (like Hebrew, Arabic, Egyptian, and Akkadian) are not part of the PIE family tree.
The Romans usually transliterated the Greek letter Κ κ as ________.
C
How would we transliterate the Greek name Κρόνος into the Latin alphabet?
Cronus
Περι τέχνης (On the Art/Science?)
Chadwick and Mann (1950), Hippocratic Writings "This spirited defense of Medicine is a remarkable document of an age when there were no precautions against unqualified practitioners, and all physicians were exposed to charges of charlatanry. The title is often rendered The Art, but this gives the wrong impression, for it is the writer's main contention that medicine is an exact science, not an undefinable art."
C.E.
Common Era Replaced BC ("Before Christ) and AD ("anno domini")
Types of Words
Content Function
Empty Morphemes
Contribute no meaning to the word - Ex. respect {re} + {spect} - {re} should mean "again," so respect should mean "to see again" - But it doesn't! So, empty morpheme!
Full Morphemes
Contribute significant meaning to the word. - Ex. Invent = {in} + {vent} - {in} means "in, on, into" and {vent} means "to come, arrive" - Invent means "to come to, to reach" in the sense of discovery. - So {in} is full!
English gets the phrase "the sword of ___________" from the story of a man who wanted to learn what it feels like to have incredible power, only to be taught that such power always comes with the threat of losing it.
Damocles
Types of Morphemes
EMPTY INTENSIVE FULL
Idaho
ESTO PERPETUA = Let it be forever!
garden of eden:
Edenic Paradise (latin paradisus <GK. παράδεισος < old persian, cf avestan pairidaeza) paradisic paradisaical (paradisiacal) postlapsarian laps=slip, fall prelapsarian, elapse, collapse
What language family does English belong to?
English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group.
Numerals
English speakers use Arabic numerals these days: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Introduced to Europe in the 10th century, quickly spread (esp. thanks to printing press) Introduced by Arabic speakers from North Africa; from c. 6th century CE in India
"Proto-Germanic" is the mother-language from which _________________ evolved.
English, German, Danish, Dutch, etc
uCertain prefixes have more allomorphs.
Examples: {anti/ant/anth} {apo/ap/aph} {epi/ep/eph} {ana/an} {cata/cat/cath} {dia/di} {hypo/hyp/hyph}
WHAT DOES UKULELE MEAN ETYMOLOGICALLY?
FLEA JUMP A SMALL GUITAR IN HAWAII
Some "fun" Latin tattoo ideas from Sarah Scullin (although she really doesn't want you to get these tattoos!)
For the LOTR nerd γνῶθι Σαύρον For the fungal enthusiast O tempora, o morels For the voyeur vidi, veni For the Han Solo fan καὶ λὸ τέκνον;orSolo primus iecit For the trendy decorator carpe cactum
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY?2341
He seems too ingenuous to be a lawyer - he always tells the truth and always believes his clients are innocent!
Ἑκαταῖος was a famous Greek historian known today as the "Father of Geography"! What does his name look like if we transliterate it following the rules of Classical Latin? Remember to consider Roman interference!
Hecataeus
Greek is part of which language branch?
Hellenic
____________ is the name of an ancient Greek doctor to whom an immensely influential collection of ancient medical writings are attributed; interestingly, though, there's debate about whether he actually existed or wrote any of them!
Hippocrates
In Greek, this goddess' name is: Ἥρα How do we transliterate this name into the Latin alphabet?
Hēra
Seven Central Signs
I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1,000
Horace, Ars Poetica (trans. A. S. Kline)
If a painter had chosen to set a human head on a horse's neck, covered a melding of limbs, everywhere, with multi-coloured feathers, so that what was a lovely woman, at the top, ended repulsively in the tail of a black fish: asked to look at it, could you stifle laughter, my friends? ... But the man who wants to distort something unnaturally paints a dolphin among the trees, a boar in the waves avoiding faults leads to error, if art (ars) is lacking. Whether a praiseworthy poem is due to nature or art is the question: I've never seen the benefit of study lacking a wealth of talent, or of untrained ability: each needs the other's friendly assistance.
Middle ENGLISH PRONOUNS
I, ich (Nominative) my, mine (Genitive) me (Dative) me (Accusative) þou/thou þy/thi þe/thee þe/thee
When she showed it to her mom the next morning, Cassandra said, "It's a mixture of a fish and a lion! I'm going to call it the ______________."
Ichthyoleon
The __________ state motto is Esto Perpetua, which means __________.
Idaho; "Let it be forever"
Intensive Morphemes
Intensify the meaning of the other morpheme(s) in the word - Ex. conspicuous = {con} + {spic} - {con} should mean "with," so conspicuous should mean "to see/ be seen with" - But it doesn't! And yet, it also doesn't mean just "to see/be seen." So: intensive morpheme.
After the Romans controlled much of the Western Mediterranean, ___________ became the lingua franca of the region.
Latin
UC Davis was founded in 1905 - how would we write this in Roman numerals?
MCMV
Neologisms
Neologism < {neo} + {log} < νέο + λογος = 'new word' < Latin mutuus "reciprocal" < flexible < Latin flexibilis "yielding, pliable" All Germanic! go < OE gan < WG *gaian off < OE of < look < OE locian < WG *lokjan OK = disputed (as you know!!) boom = onomatopoeic? Origin unclear salt < OE sealt < PG *saltom -y < OE -ig < PG *-iga; cognate with Greek -ikos and Latin -icus! OE þurst < PG *thurstu-
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Latin Phrases INCORRECTLY?
Maria had a de jure marriage, because she didn't file any legal paperwork with the state.
Imagine for a moment that you are an ancient Roman soldier on the eve of battle looking for violent power to use in the coming flight - based on this, you likely call upon the god __________ to achieve a __________ victory on the battlefield! (
Mars; martial
According to __________, a dictionary should record how a language is being used, not try to standardize it.
Noah Webster
__________, who was working in the United States, believed that dictionaries should reflect current spelling(s), pronunciations, and trends.
Noah Webster
(Greek) - Suffixes
Noun suffixes: {itis} inflammation rhinitis, osteitis {graph/gram} write cardiogram, telegraph {oma} an abnormal swelling; a tumorlymphoma, hematoma, Adjective suffix: {oid} similar to spheroid, ovoid, asteroid, planetoid Verb suffix: {ize} makes verbs from nouns/adjectivessterilize, apologize
What is the proper transliteration of Οἰδίπους?
Oedipus > Edipus? No!
English has a shocking number of loanwords from ________ - such as egg! - due to Viking invasions into the British Isles.
Old Norse
We currently live in the ____________ eon, so-called because its morphemes literally mean the eon of visible life!
Phanerozoic
Which sentence below uses one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY?21
Patrick is turning five, and he's very excited to soon begin alimentary school!
Nouns
Person, place, or thing? Not perfect. Potentially better tests: morphological and syntactical
Archaic Period (600-480 BCE):
Rise of important city-states like Athens and Sparta Then the Persian Wars - First Persian War (492-490 BCE) - The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) - Second Persian War (480-479 BCE) - Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)
WHAT DOES SQUIRREL MEAN ETYMOLOGICALLY?
SHADOW TAIL (SKIA + OURA) A RODENT WITH A BUSHY TAIL
Virginia
SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS = 'Thus always to Tyrants'
English syntax is based on word order. More specifically, English uses __________ word order.
SVO or SV
Unlike Latin, which uses word inflection to create meaning, English bases its syntax on word order. More specifically, English uses _____________ word order.
SVO or SV
ENGLISH DAYS OF THE WEEK
Sunday - from Old English sunnandæg, a loan translation from Latin solis dies! Monday - from Old English mōnandæg, a loan translation from Latin lunae dies! Tuesday - from Old English tiwesdæg, from Tiw: a Germanic god of the sky; related to Old Norse Tyr Wednesday - from Old English wodnesdæg, from Odin/Woden; a loan translation from mercurii dies! Thursday - from Old English þunresdæg, from Thor; a loan translation from Jovis dies! Friday - from Old English frigedæg, from Frige/Frigg; a loan translation from dies Veneris!
An aside: Hippocrates?
Supposedly, Hippocrates c. 460 - c. 370 BC, from Kos The Greeks seem to have believed it!
What event led to many Latin words entering English in 600 CE?
The Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity under the rule of King Æthelbert.
Which dictionary advertises itself as "the accepted authority on the English language"?
The Oxford English Dictionary
Vikings from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) invade Britain repeatedly around c. 800-1000 CE... leading to:
They bring with them another Germanic language, Old Norse Old English picks up a striking amount of vocabulary from Old Norse at this time: Eg. sister, anger, the awk in awkward, bag, their, dirt, dream, egg, get, husband, give, knife, leg, odd, mistake, stagger, take, ugly and many, many more...
Which of the following sentences is using one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY?34
Tom was so tired when he came home that he collapsed prone on the bed, his face smushed into the covers.
Which sentence below uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? 791
When Ximena moved to California, she knew she would have to accept its intense heat and sunny weather.
Taxon
a group believed to form a coherent unit - {tax/tact} = "arrange in order"; from Greek τάξις (taxis, an arrangement) - {on} = a suffix that indicates a division or unit. - Ex. proton, neuron, photon to form a coherent unit) - See {tax/tact} in other words like: - taxonomy, tactic, syntax
You go to school in the municipality of Davis! The word municipality goes back to Latin municipium, which means ____________.
a town
We would transliterate the Greek word ἄγγελος into the Latin alphabet as __________.
angelos
annalis (Latin adjective) = annual, yearly
annual
æ - ash (cat)
ash (cat)
Different Registers in English Today
ask (<Anglo-Saxon / Old English) question (<French <Latin) interrogate (<Latin) kingly (<Anglo-Saxon / Old English) royal (<French <Latin) regal (<Latin) holy (<Anglo-Saxon / Old English) sacred (<French <Latin) pious (<Latin)
Which of the following words DEMONSTRATES assimilation?
attain
Dr. Chrissy Bayati has discovered a new species of butterfly and decides to follow the well-established scientific tradition of naming it after herself!Using her last name of Bayati, what would the correct species name be?
bayatiae
{cata/kata/cat/cath}
below
β (B)
beta/b
{ornith(o)}
bird
The English Purity Movement and its descendants have aimed to remove all Greek and Latin loanwords from English (unsuccessfully so far!) . Considering this, which of the words below would the English Purity Movement support as being part of the English language?
birdlore
The Greeks thought that one was melancholy when one's body had too much ________ bile.
black bile
{cyst/cyst(o)}
bladder
{pne}
blow, breathe (base)
While working on his new novel - a thriller taking place in the freezing cold of Mount Everest -Alejandro thought it would be dramatic to have his protagonist suffer from cyanosis, a condition where the skin turns _________ due to limited oxygen.
blue
Detective Chloe Decker strode into the conference room and threw a file on the table. "Three Kitchen-Aid mixers have been stolen in three days - ipso facto, we've got a baking thief on the loose." Detective Decker knows she sounds cool using her Latin skills, but she also is well aware that ipso facto literally means _____________.
by the fact/act itself
Which of the words below is a loanword from Old Norse (or as the OED calls it, "Early Scandinavian")?
cake
A Spanish speaker would call this animal (a seal!) a foca. A French speaker would call it a phoque, and an Italian speaker would call it a foca. These words are so similar because Spanish, French, and Italian all descend from the same mother-language: Latin! Each language developed its word for "seal" from the same original source. Based on this, these words are all ___________.
cognates
Morphemes: Full/Empty/Intensive/Live?
collaborate commotion vs. motion respect pro-books anti-movie adaptations franken-lipstick post-Red (Taylor's Version)
•Don't _______ me too much, it starts to feel insincere.
compliment
1. I have such a hard time taking ______ after a performance; I get embarrassed and don't know how to respond!
compliments
Which of the following words is NOT an example of assimilation?
conduct
2. Evil villains are sometimes associated with snakes because they _______ someone sneaky and deceptive.
connote
Δ δ
delta/d
The Greek letter Δ δ is called _______ and is transliterated as _______.
delta; d
While walking home from a Lord of the Rings movie marathon, Lance complained: "The ending of The Return Of The King always feels so anticlimactic and artificial with that obvious ____________; the eagles just show up and save the day out of nowhere!"
deus ex machina
Which of the words below is a content word?
dog
Which word(s) below has undergone assimilation?
opponent affluent
{-rrhea}
flow; discharge
The morpheme {pus/pod}, found in words like octopus and podiatrist, means ________.
foot
A(n) _________ morpheme contributes significant meaning to a word, whereas a(n) _________ morpheme contributes no meaning.
full; empty
Γ γ
gamma/g
Today, chaos refers to "disorder" or "mayhem." Etymologically, however, chaos is a(n) ____________.
gaping, opening
As Jake happily prepared bacon-pancakes, he thought, "This is paradise!" Speaking in the modern world, Jake means that this is his ideal place and situation. However, etymologically, paradise means ______________.
garden
What language is written in Linear B?
greek
Hades
hades/pluto and persephone/proserpina reign over the dead, aided by hermes (psychopompos)/mercury
{scler(o)}
hard
Etymologically, a cadaver is "the one who ___________."
has fallen
The 4th Earl of Sandwich had the modern sandwich created because ____________.
he wanted an easy, clean meal to eat while gambling.
Hannah's vet reluctantly told her that a grain-free diet may not be the best bet for her puppy, Spot, since grain-free diets may contribute to Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy. The vet recommended an echocardiogram to see how Spot was doing. All these complicated words felt pretty intense to Hannah! But she took CLA30, so at least she knew the test would be checking Spot's _________. (Hint: remember, what does {cardi(o)} mean?)
heart
{card/cardi(o)}
heart
{grav}
heavy; serious; pregnant
In the miniseries Over the Garden Wall (2014), the narrator begins: "Somewhere lost in the clouded annals of history lies a place that few have seen—a mysterious place called the Unknown..." By annals, the narrator literally means ______________.
historical accounts that proceed year by year
Which of the following words would the English Purity Movement want to remove from the English language?
history
History
history < ME histoire < MFr. histoire < OFr. estorie, estoire < Lat. historia < Gk. ἱστορία < ῐ̔στορέειν, to inquire history according to the OED: I. Senses relating to the narration, representation, or study of events or phenomena.a. A written narrative constituting a continuous chronological record of important or public events (esp. in a particular place) or of a particular trend, institution, or person's life. Common in the titles of books.b. A narration of incidents, esp. (in later use) professedly true ones; a narrative, a story. Now archaic, Caribbean, or as applied to a story or tale so long and full of detail as to resemble a history in sense... 2. a. The branch of knowledge that deals with past events; the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs. Also: this as a subject of study.
{pro}
in front of, before
Where we first hear about the Greeks?
in the area of the Aegean Sea
Related Vocabulary
laconic, "brief, pithy, concise" spartan, "rigorously self-disciplined; austere, frugal" draconian, "extremely severe" (7th c. BCE), named for Athenian lawgiver, Draco. academy, "a school or learned society," from Plato's Academy ostracize, "to exclude someone from a community," < Gk. ὄστρᾰκον democracy < Gk. δημοκρατία: δῆμος, people + κράτος, power (Athens); cf. Latin populus = "people" republic < Lat. res publica, "public business, the people's business" empire < Lat. imperium, "dominion, sovereignty" (Rome after the Battle of Actium 31 BCE or the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra, 30 BCE)
Λ λ
lambda/L
Which was the lingua franca of the western Roman Empire?
latin
"This is a pro-Marvel household!" Deandra shouted at her brother as they argued over dinner. "No it's not!" Dennis retorted. "This is pro-DC territory!" In this exchange, the morpheme {pro} can be best labelled as a(n) ___________ morpheme.
live
One interesting case is Friday, which was frigedæg in Old English and developed out of a(n) _________ of Latin Veneris dies!
loan translation
The word candy is not native English! It was imported into English and actually goes back to a Sanskrit term. Since English got the word candy by taking it from another language, that means candy is a _____________.
loanword
"Oh dear," Alice lamented. "I've become so tall and literally __________."
magnified
A morpheme is a
meaningful unit of a language that cannot be divided further. Ex. sad - one morpheme; sadness - two morphemes; sadnesses - three morphemes - Morpheme comes from the Greek μορφή (morphē)!
Edgar Allan Poe first published his famous creepy poem "The Raven" in 1845 CE. Based on this, we know "The Raven" was written in __________.
modern english
The morpheme {pale(o)}, found in paleography or the phrase "the Paleo diet," means ________.
old
garden
old north french gardin kitchen (garden) orchard palace grounds jardin from vulgar latin hortus gardinus "enclosed garden" gardan
Ω ω
omega/ō low
Ο ο
omicron/o
What is the proper way to combine the morphemes {ophi(o)}{phil(o)}{ic}?
ophiophilic
What is the proper way to combine the morphemes {ornith(o)}{phil(o)}{ia}?
ornithophilia
unwelcome visitors
orpheus, in search of eurydice, descends -{de-}=down herakles/hercules, to complete his herculean tasks odysseus (kind of) while traveling on his odyssey aeneas, for a prophecy
The Latin phrase e pluribus unum, found on the Great Seal of the U.S.A., means _________________.
out of many, one
Φ φ
phi/ph
__________________ are called "function" words
prepositions pronouns conjunctions interjections
For example, languages like English, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit all develop out of _____________.
proto-indio-european
A ___________ is the reconstructed mother language from which many other languages later develop.
proto-language
A cardinal number indicates __________, whereas an ordinal number indicates ___________.
quantity; order
If you're a dedicated birdwatcher, you may use this Latin Phrase with its original meaning! Most people today, though, would use it to mean someone who is "unique or rare." Which Latin Phrase would this be?
rara avis
We transliterate ῥινοκέρως into the Latin alphabet as _____________.
rhinoceros
Ρ ρ
rho/r/rh
Where we first hear about the Romans?
rome
The morpheme {rhiz(o)}, found in words like rhizotomy and rhizophagous, literally means _________.
root
{sapr(o)}
rotten
William A. Spooner (1844-1930) was an English clergyman known for his unintentional transposing of sounds. Which of the following is an example of a "spoonerism", a playful linguistic phenomenon that is named after him?
runny babbit
Σ σ, ς
sigma/s
A monarchy is literally "the rule of the ________," whereas an oligarchy is "the rule of the ________."
single/one; few
{sex}
six
The morpheme {dermat(o)}, found in words like dermatology, means __________.
skin
{lymph(o)}
spring water
What does nasturtium mean etymologically?
something that turns your nose.
The morpheme {psych(o)}, found in psychology or psychosomatic, means ________.
soul, breath
{phon/phem}
sound
We would transliterate the word σφίγξ into the Latin alphabet as _________.
sphinx
{col}
strain
Geologic Ages
stratigraphy < {strat(i)/strat(o)} = layer + {graph} = write, draw, map The International Stratigraphic Commission is in charge of naming geological ages: stratigraphy.org.
The word pandemonium literally means __________.
the realm of all demons
What does the word dysgenics literally mean according to its morphemes?
the study of poor/bad birth
One syntactical test you can perform on a word to test if it is a noun is to see if __________.
the word makes sense after a noun marker, like "a" or "the"
Θ θ
thēta/th
The morpheme {mit(o)}, found in words like mitochondrion and mitosis, means ___________.
thread
How many adjectives are in the phrase "these three adorable otters"?
three
How many adjectives are in the phrase, "those two happy seals"?
three
One often first learns how to ride a tricycle and then a bicycle. A tricycle has _______ wheels, whereas a bicycle has _______.
three; two
The morpheme {per}, found in words like pertain and percolate, means ______.
through
The morpheme {phy}, found in words like physics, literally means _________.
to bring forth, grow, bear, birth
"I feel bad," Yara said. "I usually love hanging out with Lea, but lately been talking about that new Legend of Zelda game ad nauseum." By ad nauseum, Yara literally means that Lea is talking ___________.
to the point of making her nauseous
The morpheme {scribe/script}, found in words like inscription and ascribe, means ___________.
to write
The morpheme {con/com/col/cor/co}, found in words like consume or collaborate, means _______.
together; with
What is Transliteration?
transliteration (n.) = trans + littera = across + letter More specifically, it refers to changing a word from one script to another - Ex. Many different scripts (ways of writing down a language) exist today, such as the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets, as well as Devanagari, Kanji, and many more! Remember: the same script can be used by many different languages.Ex. English, French, Spanish, Italian, Icelandic (mostly), etc. all use the Latin alphabet as their script. - English took on many of its Greek loanwords through exposure to Latin. - Latin transliterated Greek into its own alphabet - and so English absorbed the Greek loanwords already transliterated into its own alphabet (in most cases!). Counter-example: gyro is a loanword from Modern Greek.
{pest(i)}
troublesome animal or plant
t/f: 1066 CE marks the "end" of Old English and the rise of Middle English
true
t/f: C.E. has largely replaced A.D. in historical dating; what we used to write as 46 A.D. would be written as 46 C.E. today.
true
t/f: First Greek inscriptions appear in the 8th century BCE
true
t/f: Middle English lasts until c. 1500 CE
true
t/f: Romans observed the similarity, especially in nouns, and altered Greek forms to match the similar, Latin forms.
true
t/f: The word sister is not native English - but anneal is!
true
t/f: William Caxton invents the printing press in 1476 CE, facilitating language change and the "start" of Modern English
true
In CLA30, we learn about words' etymologies - this literally means we work valiantly to study the __________ meaning of words!
true, real
{etym(o)}
true, real
Which of our Latin Phrases literally means "come with me" and is used today as a term for a guidebook?
vade mecum
cognates
two words that independently descend from the same original source English - four and German - vier
If we break it down into its morphemes, the phrase binomial nomenclature literally means _______________.
two-name, name calling
What does nasturtium mean in everyday speech?
type of flower
When we transliterate Greek into the Latin alphabet, the diphthong ου becomes _______ while the letter υ usually becomes ________.
u; y
________________ are called content words
verbs nouns adjectives adverbs
The morpheme {cyt(o)}, found in words like erythrocyte, means _______.
vessel
The ________ invasions into the British Isles brought many words from Old Norse into English, such as sister, egg, and ugly.
viking
any alternatives?
well, you can always become the victim of necromancy necromancy<necromantia<νεκρομαντεία<νεκρος+μαντεία not much hope of reincarnation per se... reincarnation={re}+{in}+{carnat}+{ion} literally, "the process of being in-fleshed again"
To combine Greek and Latin bases, we sometimes need to add combining vowels. We add an o to combine Greek bases and an i for Latin bases. We don't add combining vowels all the time, though! More specifically, we ADD a combining vowel between two bases ___________.
when the second base begins with a consonant
γράφω (verb) = write
write
Ζ ζ
zēta/z
Which suffix do you add to a base to see if its a verb?
{-ed}
Which of the following suffixes denotes a condition of a disease, disorder, excess, or infection?
{-osis}
(Greek) - Bases
{card/cardi(o)} heart cardiovascular (heart and vein system) electrocardiogram, cardiac {cyst/cyst(o)} bladder cystitis = inflammation of the bladder {gaster/gastr(o)} stomach gastroenteritis, gastric band {ger(o)} old geriatrician, geriatrics {larynx/laryng/laryng(o)} the larynx laryngitis {febr(i)} fever febrifuge, febrile {lymph(o)} spring water lymph (a clear liquid in the body) {hema/ema/hem(o)/em(o)} blood hemorrhage, anemia {my(o)} muscle/mouse myositis = inflammation of a muscle {my(o)} muscle/mouse myositis = inflammation of a muscle {neur(o)} nerve neuralgia =pain along a nerve {oste(o)} bone osteoporosis {ot/ot(o)} ear otorhinolaryngologist {media} < Latin=middle (medial) otitis media is an inflammation/infection of the middle ear {rhin/rhin(o)} nose rhinoplasty, rhinitis {-rrhea} flow/discharge rhinorrhea, diarrhea; logorrhea {scler(o)} hard arterial sclerosis vs. atherosclerosis {tom(o)} cut atom, gastrectomy {acid} sharp acidic {alti} high altitude, altimeter{apert} opening aperture (f-stop on a lens) {arid} dry arid climate, aridity {audi} hear audible, audition, auditorium {confid} trust confident, confidence {conscript} enroll/enlist conscription {correct} rule/guide correction {eras} rub out erasure {ferv} heat/glow fervent, fervid {flex} bend flexible {frag} break fragile: {ble} and {ile} are nearly identical in meaning - fragile ≈ frangible {gel} frost/ice gelid and GELATO {glor} fame glorify {grati} thanks gratitude, gratify {humid} wet humidity, (de)humidifier {infant} can't speak infant, infantile {invest} to put on clothes vestments, vest, invest {juven} young juvenile, juvenilia {liberal} generous liberality {morb} sick morbidity, morbid, morbidly {naviga} sail (a boat) navigation, navigate, navigable {ov/ovi} egg ovoid, oviparous, ovipositor, oval {pall} pale pallid, pallor {pecuni} money pecunious, impecunious, pecuniary {sculpt} carve a sculpture {stup} be motionless stupefy, stupor{sequ} follow sequence{ven} vein venous, venose, vinosity{verb} word verbose, verbal, verbalize, verbatim {vir} man/male virile, virility
Η η
ēta/ ē hey
Words of Interesting Origin 122
´recidivist ´etymology < French récidiviste, from récidiver "to relapse", from Middle French, from Medieval Latin recidivare, from Latin recidivus recurring, from recidere to fall back, from re- + cadere "to fall" ´These days: a convicted criminal who reoffends, especially repeatedly. ´influenza ´etymology: < Italian, literally, influence, from Medieval Latin influentia; from the belief that epidemics were due to the influence of the stars ´These days: an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease caused by any of three orthomyxoviruses. ´jingoism ´These days: extreme nationalism or patriotism, marked especially by a belligerent and aggressive foreign policy ´nickname ´From neke name, a misdivision (or metanalysis) of ekename (c. 1300), an eke name, "a familiar or diminutive name," especially one given in derision or reproach, literally "an additional name," from Old English eaca "an increase" ´Other examples of metanalysis: an ewt > a newt; a napron > an apron; a nadder > an adder ´Today: a familiar or funny name given to someone or something
easily confused words pt333
• raise raize • prone supine • martial marital
Be familiar with the following entries in the "vocabulary of history":
αὐτός ({auto}), βίος ({bio}), γράφω ({graph}), laconic, spartan, draconian, academy, ostracize, democracy, republic, empire, "rich as Croesus," and "the sword of Damocles."
Which of the following Greek letter combinations leads to nasalized gamma?
γκ
THE "REALMS"
• Ethereal Realm: ethereal < αἰθέριος "relating to the upper air" • aether, ether, ethereal • SublunarRealm:sub+ luna = "below the moon"
Genesis
• Genesis <{gen} = birth, come to be • Genesis contains two creation stories: The Seven Days Adam and Eve
• Trivial
• Modern meaning: insignificant, of little importance• Original meaning: from Latin trivium and later Latin trivialis • trivium is a crossroads, or more specifically: where three roads meet; trivialis is an adj. "related to the crossroads" • In Latin, trivialis came to mean "commonplace, vulgar, belonging to the crossroads (where there were a lot of people)
Creation Vocabulary
• Primeval times • faev/ev} = age • Compare: • medieval (mediaeval) • coeval
A "proto" language is:
• The "mother-language" of subsequent language families • Reconstructed based on existing languages • Often not existing in available sources
Cynic
•OED: •Etymology: < Latin cynicus (perhaps in part through French; compare cinicque , 1521 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), < Greek κυνικός dog-like, currish, churlish, Cynic, < κύων , κυνός dog: •1. (With capital initial.) Belonging to or characteristic of the sect of philosophers called Cynics •2. A person disposed to rail or find fault
LATIN PHRASES 0182
• ipse dixit = he himself said (it) today = an unsupported assertion, usually by a person of authority Let us have something more certain than the ipse dixit of our supervisor. • ipso facto = by the fact/act itself today = much the same thing as it does in Latin If a crime occurs then there is, ipso facto, a guilty party. • bona fide = in good faith today = genuine, real, undertaken in good faith a bona fide antique; a bona fide agreement ad hominem = to the man -today = directed against a person (rather than his/her arguments) Ad hominem attacks on one's opponent are a tried-and-true strategy for people who have a case that is weak. ad rem = to the matter today = pertinent, to the point I wish you would keep your comments in this debate ad rem and not resort to ad hominem remarks about your opponent.
Roman Politics
• lex, legis = law (legal) < legere = to gather • rex, regis = king (regal, regent) • senex, senis = old man (cf. senile) • senatus, senatus = senate (senate = council of old men) • consul, consulis = consul (highest elected office in Rome) • imperium, imperii = power, command > empire (imperial, empire) • urbs, urbis = city (> urbanus, -a, -um) urban, urbane, urbanize, urbanization • civis = citizen/civitas = citizenship, a city/civilis = of a citizen civil, civic, civics, civilian, civility, civilization, civilize, citadel, citizen; city • municipium, municipii = a town (civitas sine suffragio) municipal, municipality • civis = citizen/civitas = citizenship, a city/civilis = of a citizen civil, civic, civics, civil, civilian, civility, civilization, civilize, citadel, citizen; city • municipium, municipii = a town (civitas sine suffragio) municipal, municipality • suffragium, suffragii = a vote (support) suffrage
easily confused words
• stationary/stationery - [both from Latin stare = to stand] - stationary is an adj. = to remain in one place - stationery = material that you use to write letters for special occasions (having a fixed station or place from which to sell items) • conservatism/conservation - [both from Latin conservare = to preserve] - conservatism = to preserve one's traditional customs and be against 'progress' - conservation = the attempt to preserve something, usually art/endangered animals, etc. • rout/route - [both from Latin rupta 'broken up'] - rout = [noun] a disorderly retreat; [verb] = to defea someone utterly; rupta here originally =a broken up/defeated group - route = a path or direction to some place (via rupta = broken path)
Subtypes of Pronouns - II. Relative
◦ Relative pronouns appear in relative clauses. A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. Some clauses describe a noun/nouns and function akin to adjectives - these clauses are called dependent, because they cannot stand alone. ◦ Relative clauses work this way; they contain relative pronouns that refer back to a noun in the larger clause. ◦ The relative pronouns are: who, whose, whom, which, that. ◦ Example: That bird which is flying outside the window sleeps in the backyard at night. ◦ Who is used for subjects in relative clauses. ◦ I know the person who needs our help. ◦ Whose is used to show possession in relative clause. ◦ She saw the teacher whose class she took. ◦ Whom is used for objects in relative clauses.◦ Danielle went to preschool with the boy whom you tutored last summer. ◦ Which and that often sub in for who and whom (when it's a direct object) for non-human beings or objects. ◦ The salad that I ate yesterday wasn't that good. ◦ The burger which I ordered was overdone. ◦ Let's practice. If you're unsure, remember what we did before - turn it into a statement using he, him, his. ◦ Don't bring your friend, to whom I owe money. ◦ Mark, who always gets his way, will cause us trouble. ◦ The man at whom I threw the snowball didn't see me. That's the woman with whom I went skiing. That's the guy whose car I borrowed. That is a person whom I never want to see again.
Two Further Morphemes
◦ {trop} = turn ◦ {-al} -> creates adjectives out of nouns ◦ Examples: tropics vs. tropical ◦ Tropics < Greek τρόπος (way, turn)
Henrik R. Wulff, M.D. (2004)
"Today, all the most influential medical journals are written in English, and English has become the language of choice at international conferences. We have entered the era of medical English, which resembles the era of medical Latin in that, once again, medical doctors have chosen a single language for international communication. Whereas in former times new medical terms were derived from classical Greek or Latin roots, now they are often, partly or wholly, composed of words borrowed from ordinary English—e.g. bypass operation, clearance, base excess, screening, scanning..." "For linguists the language of medicine is fascinating for the flow of concepts and words from one tongue to another. For medical doctors, an appreciation of the history and original meaning of words offers a new dimension to their professional language."
George F. Steffanides (1965)
"Words, precise and exact words, are the basic tools of the scientist; and in these two ancient languages the scientists of the Renaissance found their greatest helpers and allies...The vulgar and polyglot languages of Medieval Europe were altogether unfit for the proper and exact delineation of the new discoveries in science; and witness to this fact is the universal use of Latin and Greek in the universities of Medieval Europe. It was, therefore, natural, as well as necessary for the scholars and scientists of this period to employ Greek and Latin in their writings."
While the word clue today refers to "a hint or piece of evidence," it originally had a different meaning! In fact, clue developed out of Middle English clew, which meant _________.
"a ball of yarn or thread"
As Dr. Li looked at Miguel's chart, she saw he had dyspnea. As she walked into the room, Dr. Li said, "Good morning, Miguel - I see you have dyspnea. I know that sounds scary, but literally, all that means is __________."
"a condition of poor breathing"
Today, idiot means a foolish, senseless person. Etymologically, however, it means __________.
"a private citizen"
The morpheme {anti/ant}, found in words like antonym or anti-hero, means ________.
"against, opposite"
Pauline loved living in Davis, California because of the climate - it allowed her to plant many frugiferous trees in her garden! Frugiferous trees are those which literally __________.
"bear/carry fruit'
In an advanced course on human diseases, Dr. Chin asked his students, "Can anyone tell me the prognosis for conjunctivitis?? Dr. Chin is really asking the students if they know how conjunctivitis would typically progress, but more literally he is asking for __________ related to the disease.
"before-knowledge"
Literally, something preternatural is "_________ what is natural," whereas something supernatural is "_________ what is natural."
"beyond; above"
George was immensely pleased by the etymology of his name, as he always wanted to inherit his father's farm and be a literal _________.
"earth worker"
As they introduced themselves in culinary school, John shared, "I'm an omnivore," whereas Aline offered, "I'm ichthyophagous." Laurie, another classmate, then walked by and said, "Oh my gosh, we get it! John knows some Latin and is literally just saying he _________ in a fancy way, whereas Aline is a Greek fan and likewise just _________."
"eats everything"; "eats fish"
"I couldn't have committed the crime!" Meredith exclaimed. "I was a contestant on the Great British Bake Off that day - roll the footage!" "Dang," Officer Douglas muttered. "That's a really good alibi." Literally, the word alibi in Latin means __________.
"elsewhere"
The Latin phrase magnum opus is used to describe someone's masterpiece. Literally, though, magnum opus means _________.
"great/big work"
Moose is a loanword which English took from the Algonquian language family and literally means ________.
"he who strips off"
The Russian word vodka, which literally means __________, is actually cognate with English "water'!
"little water"
Both cosmos and cosmetics go back to Greek κόσμος which means ________.
"order"
As Mark looked around at Philip's Star Wars collection, he remarked, "Man, I love Star Wars, too, but this feels a little extra to me." By extra, Mark literally means the collection is a little __________ what he was expecting.
"outside (of)"
If we analyze the word opponent, it literally means someone _________.
"placed against"
Obi-Wan Kenobi is in a state of confusion! Literally, this means a state where everything is _____________.
"poured/gushed together"
Hannah accidentally fell asleep in her course on human health; as she startled awake, she heard her professor say, "That's the end of Unit 2! Make sure you understand everything we learned about venereal diseases for the next test." Luckily, Hannah was a big fan of Roman mythology - she figured out that venereal today means ________ since its literal meaning is "related to the goddess Venus". At least then she knew what to study!
"related to sexual intercourse"
English trivial means "insignificant, of little importance." It comes, though, from the Latin trivialis, which literally means __________.
"related to the crossroads"
In CLA30, on the other hand, Lenny learned that xiphoid literally means __________.
"resembling a sword"
Palindromes, such as the terms madam and radar, are words which literally __________.
"run back again"
After Thomas received a stern lecture from his boss about the need to be at work on time, his boss finished with "You're dismissed. Get back to work." Thomas felt especially hurt by how rudely he had been dismissed, or literally _________.
"sent away"
English art comes from Latin ars, which means ____________.
"skill, craft, trade, deception"
"You're a lunatic!" Batman shouted at the Joker as they battled atop Gotham City. By calling the Joker a lunatic, Batman literally means that the Joker has been ___________.
"struck by the moon"
The first time Bobby and Jaime ran into each other in the cafeteria after their dramatic breakup, Nancy whispered to Anna, "Oof, you could cut the tension with a knife!" Nancy is commenting on a cringy feeling of awkwardness, but literally, tension means ____________.
"the act of being stretched"
Sticking with expulsion for a minute, the word literally means ______________.
"the act of driving out"
The word solution literally means __________.
"the act of loosening"
If we analyze the word competition, we can see that it literally means __________.
"the act of seeking together"
English words like police, politics, political, politicize, and so forth go back to the Greek word πόλις, which means ______________.
"the city-state" or "people who live in the city-state"
Robbie went to see thirty-four years old Ximena Johnson give a speech explaining why she was running for a position in the senate. "Come on, guys!" Ximena argued. "Are we going to let our modern senate match the ancient etymology of the word? Or are we going to make a change?" In making this argument, Ximena is drawing attention to the fact that senate literally means _______________.
"the council of the old men"
This is the famous acropolis of Athens! What does the word acropolis literally mean when analyzed into its morphemes?
"the high part of the city-state"
After Paola refused to talk to her best friend Sofia for a whole week, Paola's mom sat her down and asked, "Okay, sweetie, so what's the casus belli? Literally, Paola's mom wants to know ___________.
"the occasion of the war"
When Aly and Rebecca were asked what they would like to be when they grow up, Aly replied "A doctor!" whereas Rebecca shared, "Me too! I want to be a physician!" In modern English, Aly and Rebecca are basically saying the same thing, but literally, Aly wants to be ________ whereas Rebecca hopes to be _________.
"the one having been taught"; "the one who knows the nature (of the body)"
We also learned how to analyze the term reincarnation, which literally means __________.
"the process of being in-fleshed again"
In his Theogony, the poet Hesiod narrates how the world and its gods came into being. Literally, the Theogony means ____________.
"the sexual generation of the divine"
The English term science comes from the Latin verb scire, which means ___________.
"to know"
As Pedro began his trek to climb Mount Everest, another climber warned, "Be careful! You don't want to get hypotherma!" By hypotherma, the climber is literally warning Pedro to avoid the condition of ___________.
"too little heat"
The word hypochondriac, which literally means ______________, used to have to do with ideas about the placement of "black bile" in the human body.
"under the cartilage"
When geologists use stratigraphy to study the history of the Earth, they are literally studying the ____________.
"writing/drawing of the layers"
"Joffrey looked very intimidating as he gave out orders ex cathedra." Literally, this means Joffrey is giving orders "from his chair" - which is especially fitting since he's on the Iron Throne! - but today, ex cathedra means _________.
(to speak) from a position of authority
Ancient Greek has 3 accents:
- Acute ́ - Circumflex ͂ - Grave ` Used to express tonal changes, we use now for places of stress/emphasis
Colors in Biology
- Chlorophyll - a green pigment in certain plants - Greek {χλωρο} = {chlor(o)} = green - Greek {φυλλο} = {phyll(o)} = leaf - Cf. - phyllo (from modern Greek), a dough in very thin 'leaves' used to make baklava. - microphyll, megaphyll - Chlorine {chlor(o)} + {-ine} - Note: {-ine} and {-in} are both suffixes that make adjectives. - {-ine} and {-in} come ultimately from the same Greek morpheme; chemists, however, sometimes try to enforce a difference in their use: - {-ine} is used for basic substances - {-in} is used for neutral ones. - Here, {-ine} is the ending given to all halogen elements: - • fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and (now) tennessine. - Cf. other common uses of {-ine/-in}:- morphine (< Morpheus, god of dreams; the name was invented by Ovid from μορφή; he is the maker of forms) - caffeine (< German Kaffee [coffee], influenced by French café) - melanin (< {μελαν(ο)} = {melan(o)} = black) - protein (< {πρωτει(ο)} = {prote-} = primary < {πρωτ(ο)} = {prot(o)} = first) - keratin (< κερατ-} = {kerat-} = horn) - Halogens and Halides- {hal(o)} = salt in Greek; {gen} = make or produce. - Halogens make salts! - When part of a salt (a binary inorganic compound),halogens are called halides (fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide...) - {cyan(o)} = blue, greenish blue, from {κυαν(ο)} - cyanobacteria- cyanogenic/cyanogenesis- acyanoblepsia - {a} = not, {bleps} = seeing, sight - {erythr(o)} = red, from {ἐρυθρ(ο)} - erythrocyte - {cyt(o)} = 'vessel' (Gk.) - erythropoiesis - {poie} means 'produce' or 'make' (Gk.) - erythroblast - {blast} = 'germ' or 'sprout', from βλαστός (Gk.) - erythropoietin - The name of the country of Eritrea comes from {erythr(o)}. - {leuc(o)/leuk(o)} = white, from {λευκ(ο)} - leukocyte - Leukemia - {haem{o}/haemat(o)} = blood - leucite{ite} = (a stone or fossil) mineral (from Gk. -itis) - leucism/leucistic - leucodontia - {melan(o)} = black, from {μελανο} Gk. - melanin- melanite- melancholy - {chole} from χολή Gk., 'bile'; full Gk. term, μελαγχολία
The morpheme {kary/cary}
- From Greek {καρυ}, distilled from κάρυον (karuon), "a nut" - In modern scientific terminology, {kary/cary} = "nucleus" - Ex. an eukaryote is an organism in which genetic material is contained in a distinct nucleus - Analyzed as: {eu} {kary} {ote} - {eu} is from Greek, meaning "good, well" - {ote} is a suffix, corresponding to the plural {ota}; both are used to mark a taxonomic group - SO: eukaryote is literally a "well-nucleused-organism" - karyogamy = {kary] - o - {gam} - y - {gam} = "marriage", from Greek γάμος (gamos) - -y is a noun-making suffix - All together, we get - "nucleus-marriage", or when two nuclei merge into one - Like karyogamy is plasmogamy- {plasm} from Greek πλάσμα (something formed, shaped) - Plasmogamy means "cytoplasm-marriage", or when the cytoplasm of two cells merge - Fun fact! In some fungi, the cytoplasm of two reproductive cells can merge before the nuclei do; in this case, plasmogamy precedes karyogamy, and until karyogamy occurs the cell is dikaryotic: {di} meaning "two" with {kary} to make the cell "two-nucleus-ed"
Physics
- Physics < Greek φύσις, usually translated as "nature" - which itself comes from Latin natura! - Φύσις = {φυ} + the suffix -σις, which makes a noun. Φύσις is literally "the growing/birthing/become state." - Latin natura = {nat}, meaning "birth" with the suffix -ura, which creates nouns. - physics literally is "the growing/birthing/becoming"!
Morphemes often come in 3 common types:
- Prefix - a morpheme added before the base, ex. retake - Base - a morpheme to which other morphemes can be added, holds the central meaning to the word, ex. retake - Suffix - a morpheme placed after the base, ex. talks
Vowels at the beginning of a word were also marked for whether there was rough or smooth breathing, such as:
- Rough ` Sounds like an "h" is pronounced before the vowel Ex. ἥρως - rough breathing, hēros - Smooth '
Greek -ον develops out of the same PIE noun ending as Latin -um.
- So the Romans decided -ον > -um • Ex. ἤλεκτρον > electrum
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
- cardinal number = An adjective or a noun - such as 3, 11, or 412 - used in counting to indicate quantity cardinal = of foremost importance; ME < Lat. cardinalis, serving as a hinge < cardo, cardinis, "hinge" A cardinal, cardinal sins/virtues, cardinal points, cardinal winds- ordinal number = An adjective - such as 3rd, 11th, or 412th - used to indicate the rank/order of something. ordinal; ME < Lat. ordinalis (adj.) < Lat. ordo, ordinis, "order" - cardinal number = An adjective or a noun - such as 3, 11, or 412 - used in counting to indicate quantity but not order. Ex. "I want three apples." "Two plus three is five."- ordinal number = An adjective - such as 3rd, 11th, or 412th - used to indicate the rank/order of something. Ex. "I'm fourth in line." "This is the sixth store I've visited."
alchemist
- {al} < Arabic def. article = the, cf. alcohol - Χημία < Khem "Egypt" in the Egyptian language = land of black [soil]? - χυμεία > χημεία = pharmaceutical chemistry [which was later associated with alchemical practices?] - today=A)apersonwhoattemptstochangebasemetals(e.g.,lead)into precious metals (e.g., gold); B) is a person associated with wizards, magic, and the search for arcane knowledge
Greek {φυ} = English {phy}
- {phy} - "to bring forth, grow, bear, birth" - phylum < Greek φῦλον = tribe ({-ον} {-on}= thing) - {phyto-/-phyte} = plant (a thing that has been birthed) - phytoplankton < {plankt} = wander and {-ον} = thing - zoophyte < {ζῳο} {zoo/zo} = animal (lit., an "animal-plant) - epiphyte < {ἐπί} {epi} = on, upon (lit. an "on-planted) - endophyte < {ἔνδο(ν)} {endo} = within (lit. a "within/inside planted") - neophyte < {neo} = new, young (lit. a "newly-planted")
The rest of the family
-Athena/Minerva, bursts out of Zeus' head after he swallows Metis (Μῆτις), a goddess of wisdom: -Athena becomes the goddess of wisdom, law, civilization, strategy in war. -Ares/Mars, a "problematic fav," god of war, often treated with disdain by other gods -martial = military, war-loving -Aphrodite/Venus, born from Uranus' severed genitals, goddess of erotic love -venereal = relating to sexual intercourse -Hermes/Mercury, trickster god, god of messengers, merchants, thieves; only god who can move between the upper- and Under-world. -mercurial = changeable (ὑδράργυρος > transliterate? -hydrargyrus < {hydr} water {argyr} silver; thus, Hg is the chemical symbol for the metal mercury, quicksilver -Artemis/Diana, goddess of the hunt, wilderness, moon; strong feelings about privacy (see: the myth of Actaeon) -Apollo, god of the sun, healing, prophecy, music -Hephaestus/Vulcan, god of the forge, blacksmith of the gods; Aphrodite/Venus' husband; insight into ancient disability -Dionysus/Bacchus, god of wine, revelry and madness; potentially a "foreign" god originally
Poseidon/Neptune
-God of sea, earthquakes, storms, and horses -Can be very vengeful and have a strong temper -Ex. Poseidon is the main antagonist in Homer's Odyssey
Hera/Juno
-Hera/Juno is both Zeus/Jupiter's sister and legal wife. -Goddess of marriage, childbirth, and the condition of women.
Easily Confused Words122
-Parameter vs. Perimeter -Parameter - a rule or limit that controls what something is or how it can be done vs. Perimeter - the boundary around a geometric figure -We usually see parameter in the plural and with prepositions like within, beyond, on. Ex. "As long as you get the job done within the parameters of the position, I'll be happy." -Compare with perimeter, with tends to describe concrete objects: Ex. "Go check the perimeter of the house to make sure it's safe." or "Calculate the perimeter of the rectangle considering the width is 5 inches and the length is 7." -stare > stanza vs. vertere > verse -stanza = the formally defined unit of a poetic work -verse = formally, a single line in a poetic work -statuere > statue vs. statute
The Brothers of Zeus
-Poseidon/Neptune (god of the sea) and Hades/Pluto (god of the Underworld) -Each brother got his domain by lot; Greeks often thought of their fate as being a "portion, a fixed amount allotted to them" (μοῖρα). -We already talked about Hades/Pluto in our discussion of the Underworld.
The Gods Become Planets!
-The ancient Greeks and Romans associated the planets with their gods - very into astrology (and astronomy, too!). -The planets were thought to have certain qualities or influences. English still has many adjectives related to these beliefs. -Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune (and Pluto) all take their names from the (Greco-)Roman gods. -What about Saturn? -Saturn is the Roman name for Cronus! In Rome, he's an agriculture god. -saturnine = gloomy (associated with the metal lead) -lunar (simply of or pertaining to the moon) -solar (simply of or pertaining to the sun) -
The Twelve Olympians
-Zeus/Jupiter -- Aphrodite/Venus -Hera/Juno -- Dionysus/Bacchus -Poseidon/Neptune -- Ares/Mars -Athena/Minerva -- Hades/Pluto? - lives in the Underworld -Artemis/Diana -Apollo -Hermes/Mercury -Demeter/Ceres -Hephaestus/Vulcan
Zeus/Jupiter
-Zeus: from PIE *dewos- "god" (source also of Latin deus "god," Old Persian daiva- "demon, evil god," Old Church Slavonic deivai, Sanskrit deva-), from root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." -Jupiter: from PIE *dyeu-peter- "god-father" -In Greek and Roman mythology, Zeus is the god of lightning and the sky; he is also the king and literal or figurative father of the gods. -Zeus is very contradictory, both the ultimate authority and yet often the fool. -Ex. "the deception of Zeus" in Homer's Iliad -Perhaps most famous for being perpetually "thirsty": -Zeus has sex with human beings in the form of: himself, other gods, a shepherd, a swan, a shower of light, an ant, a bull, an eagle...the list goes on. -jovial = joyous, good-spirited (Iuppiter, Iovis { i > j})
Oceanography
-cline > inclīnō (Latin, "to tilt") Thermocline {therm(o)}{cline} {therm(o)} =heat (thermometer) {epi/ep/eph} =upon (epidermal, eponymous) amphidromic circulation {amphi}{drom}{ic} {amphi} =around, both (amphibious) {drom} =run, swim (dromedary) Watch out for anoxia! {an/a} = without, not {ox} - related to oxygen{ia} Compare: anoxia vs. hypoxia vs. hyperoxia {an/a} = without, not {hyper} = above, too much (hyperactive) {hypo} = under, too little (hypothermia, hypoglycemia) At the border of studying the land and sea: hydrogenous sediment {hydr(o}) - water {gen} - making, birthing {-ous} - suffix that makes adjectives
When he was 5 years old, Lee said he wanted to create a hydro________ to look for and see mermaids under the water.
-scope
Latin Phrases44
-• terra firma = firm land; today = same, but usually spoken in joy upon arriving on dry land/solid ground after rough seas or a rough flight -rara avis: = rare bird; today = a rare or unique person or thing -Anno Domini (A.D.) = in the year of the Lord; today = C.E. -vade mecum = come with me; today = a guidebook -sui generis = of one's own kind; today = unique, only example of its kind
Latin and Greek begin to enter Old English around this period at two moments:
1) Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianity under King Ethelbert I c. 600 CE 2) The Normans (originally North-men who settled in France) led by William the Conqueror take England in 1066 CE
Samuel went to his public library and saw that its founding date was listed as MCMXVII. This means the library was founded in _____________.
1917
WHAT DOES VILLAIN MEAN ETYMOLOGICALLY?
A FARMHOUSE PEASANT/ L ABORER (LATIN VILLA > OLD FRENCH VILEIN) A BAD PERSON
Which of the following kinds of words can a genus name NOT be made from?
A Latin word altered to fit Greek grammar
WHAT DOES SCRUPLE MEAN ETYMOLOGICALLY?
A SMALL PEBBLE (LATIN SCRUPUS) A FEELING OF GUILT OR CONSCIENCE THAT PREVENTS YOU FROM DOING SOMETHING
Verbs
A verb is a word that describes an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Verbs also have both a morphological and syntactical test. A verb will change its form as it changes its tense.
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY?
After Jack cut his thumb while chopping vegetables, he almost fainted from the sanguinary sight.
Which sentence below is using one of our Creation and Underworld Stories vocabulary terms INCORRECTLY?
After a full 10 hours of sleep, Sally felt such great lethargy - she was full of energy and excitement for the day!
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Latin Phrases INCORRECTLY following modern usage?
After she beat "Elden Ring" in record time to cheers and thunderous applause, Paula became a persona non grata in the video game club.
The words chipmunk and moose are both ____________ in origin and come from descriptions of each animal's behavior!
Algonquian
CONSTELLATIONS
Aquarius - aqua = Lat. "water" • Lit. meaning = "water- bearer" Cancer - Lat. "crab"• From Gk. καρκίνος Cassiopeia - actually a name! Gk. Κασσιόπεια Claimed to be more beautiful than the sea nymphs; Poseidon wasn't pleased Poseidon sends a sea- monster (Cetus) to attack, Cassiopeia's daughter Andromeda is sacrificed but saved • Happy ending? • Everyone becomes happy stars except...Cassiopeia! Pegasus - Lat. Pegasus • From Gk. Πήγασος = "the one who came from the spring (πηγή)", according to the poet Hesiod
Andrea was a huge fan of cacti, succulents, and other plants that could survive in dry, desert conditions. In fact, she loved them so much that Andrea's mom Dianna decided to make her a cactus and succulent cake for her birthday - a proper dessert considering her interests!
As Dianna shaped her cactus cake and stuck in some extra-large sprinkles as the cactus spikes, the idea seemed like a clever and ingenious concept and innocuous enough, but Dianna didn't fully think things through. When Andrea went to blow out the candles with blind enthusiasm, one of the "sprinkle-spikes" poked her in the eye!
Classical Period (479-323 BCE):
Athens and Sparta fight for supremacy Spartan - "one indifferent to luxury" Alexander the Great and the Macedonian takeover
Which of the sentences below is using one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY?234
Barry always wanted to be an artist and make abstract statutes that museums would fight over.
B.C.
Before Christ -after year
BCE is an abbreviation for _____________.
Before Common Era
The abbreviation B.C.E., which has now largely replaced B.C. in historical dating, stands for _____________.
Before Common Era
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Birth Name: Carl Linnaeus Latin Name: Carolus Linnaeus Name after ennoblement in 1761: Carl von Linné Born in Stenbrohult, Sweden (A on the map) ´Born in the Swedish countryside. ´From childhood obsessed with plants. ´Attends Lund University, then Uppsala University. ´Goes on an expedition to Lapland (1732), then to the Netherlands, where he gains fame for his botanical works. ´From this point on, he is constantly publishing works of natural history. ´In 1738, he returns to Sweden, where his career goes ever upwards. ´Note: He spoke fluent Latin and used it to communicate with other scholars.
New Mexico
CRESCIT EUNDO = 'It grows as it goes' Denique quod longo venit impete, sumere debet / mobilitatem etiam atque etiam, quae crescit eundo / et validas auget viris et roborat ictum... 'Then too as it advances with a long-continued moving power, it must again and again receive new velocity, which increases as it goes on and augments its powerful might and strengthens its stroke.' Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 6.341-3.
We also spent some time thinking about Greek and Latin in the realm of history and politics. Which is the only state to have a Greek motto on its official seal?
California
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? 819283
Cara adopted a ferret to celebrate her 24th birthday.
Ideas of the Afterlife - Plato, Gorgias 524b-524e
Death, as it seems to me, is actually nothing but the disconnection of two things, the soul and the body, from each other. And so when they are disconnected from one another, each of them keeps its own condition very much as it was when the man was alive, the body having its own nature, with its treatments and experiences all manifest upon it. For instance, if anyone's body was large by nature or by feeding or by both when he was alive, his corpse will be large also when he is dead...In a word, whatever sort of bodily appearance a man had acquired in life, that is manifest also after his death either wholly or in the main for some time. • And so it seems to me that the same is the case with the soul too, Callicles: when a man's soul is stripped bare of the body, all its natural gifts, and the experiences added to that soul as the result of his various pursuits, are manifest in it. So when they have arrived in presence of their judge, they of Asia before Rhadamanthus, these Rhadamanthus sets before him and surveys the soul of each, not knowing whose it is; nay, often when he has laid hold of the Great King or some other prince or potentate, he perceives the utter unhealthiness of his soul, striped all over with the scourge, and a mass of wounds, the work of perjuries and injustice...
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES
Equinox = (equal-night); Vernal, Autumnal Solstice (solstitium) = (sun-stop); Winter/Summer From ζῳδιακός κύκλος = "cycle of little animals" ζῴδιον diminutive of ζῷον, "animal, living creature"
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY?22
Even if I only write a verse a day, I'll still finish my poem one line at a time.
Which of the sentences below is using one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY?23
Giana never really takes a complement well - whenever you say she looks nice, she get's really embarrassed!
Which sentence below is using one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY?28301
Gianni wanted to make some altercations to his pants at the tailor's.
People studying Greek and Latin noticed they were also very similar...
Greek: patḗr Latin: pater Sanskrit: pitṛ́ Greek: dúō Latin: duo Sanskrit: dvā́
{hor(o)}
HOUR; TIME
The ____________ Eon was named after the Greek God ____________ because at that time the Earth's landscape was considered "hellish".
Hadean; Hades
Finally, we started our exploration of the Olympian Gods! On that note, which of the following Greek/Roman gods is not counted as a bonafide Olympian (sorry!)?
Hades/Pluto
The Greek historian Thucydides threw shade at and criticized his predecessor Herodotus because _________.
Herodotus relied on other people's oral accounts and didn't verify his sources.
__________ wrote the Greek poem the Theogony, which narrates how the world and its gods came into being.
Hesiod
Many words - like by, on, to, and for - can function as either adverbs or prepositions. In which of the following sentences is by functioning as an adverb?
I don't want life to pass me by!
Some words can be both prepositions AND adverbs
I placed the book on the table. I turned the light on. She read it before class. She read it before. Linda passed by the park. My chance passed me by. Tony walked through the doors. You'll make it through!
Which of the sentences below is using one of our Latin Phrases INCORRECTLY based on modern usage? 23
I should really give myself a quick post mortem before I go to the party next week.
"The Math"
If a letter of smaller value is placed before one of higher value, you subtract. Ex. IV = 4 If a letter of higher value is placed before one of smaller value, you add. Ex. VI = 6 Important Rule: You can't simply put any lower unit next to a higher one. 1) can only subtract in powers of ten 2) cannot subtract a number from one 10x greater Ex. IX = 9 But 49 is not IL. Instead 49 = XLIX. Similarly: 1999 is not IMM but MCMXCIX.
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? pt 4
John burned his back because he was lying prone on the beach for so long without sunscreen.
K vs. C
Latin alphabet uses c for the sound Greeks represented with κ. Ex. κατηγορία > categoria > category If you see a Greek loanword in English with its original κ, it most likely came to English through Greek, not Latin. Ex. κῦδος > kudos
Nucleus has a Latin origin.
Latin nucleus, "kernel, core," a diminutive of nux, "nut"
Greek: ἐὰν γὰρ καὶ πορευθῶ ἐν μέσῳ σκιᾶς θανάτου, οὐ φοβηθήσομαι κακά, ὅτι σὺ μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ εἶ· ἡ ῥάβδος σου καὶ ἡ βακτηρία σου, αὗταί με παρεκάλεσαν.
Latin: sed et si ambulavero in valle mortis non timebo malum quoniam tu mecum es. virga tua et baculus tuus ipsa consolabuntur me.
Since you know how to form genus names, you can work backwards and figure out that the scientist's last name must have been __________.
Levi OR Lev
WORDS OF INTERESTING ORIGIN
Louis Braille: invented a printing system for the blind that consists of raised dots ANDERS CELSIUS: TEMPERATURE SCALE (H2O FREEZES AT 0 ̊ AND BOILS AT 100 ̊) GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT: TEMPERATURE SCALE (H2O FREEZES AT 32 ̊ AND BOILS AT 212 ̊) Frankenstein: the name of a medical student in the novel of the same name by Mary Shelley Levi Strauss: Levis: he produced pants of heavy denim with copper rivets F. A. MESMER: MESMERIZE: A GERMAN PHYSICIAN WHO PRACTICED HYPNOTISM Madame de Pompadour: pompadour: mistress of Louis XV and known for her elaborate hairstyles • 4th Earl of Sandwich: sandwich: an avid gambler, had his servants make him a meal that could be eaten at a gambling table William A. Spooner: spoonerism: an English clergyman who was famous for accidentally transposing sounds: "A well-boiled icicle" for "A well-oiled bicycle"
Medicine?
Medicine < Latin medicina "related to the doctor's art" < medicus "physician" BUT NOTE: physician < Greek φυσικός "related to nature" What about doctor? < Latin docere "to teach" What about surgeon? < Latin chirurgia < Greek χειρουργός "one who works with their hands"
Thomas Mallory finished writing one of the definitive tellings of the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in 1470 CE. He barely made it in before the cut-off, but that means he was writing in _____________.
Middle English
The first book in the Hunger Games trilogy was published in 2008 CE. Based on this information, The Hunger Games was written in ______________.
Modern English
• idiot
Modern meaning: a foolish, silly, stupid person Original meaning: Greek ἰδιώτης, a private citizen, a private individual Greek also had the adjective ἴδιος, originally meaning "private" • Over time, developed a sense of contrast, emphasizing meanings of "ignorant, unskilled, unaware, etc." • Took on this meaning as idiota in Latin
sarcasm
Modern meaning: speech that is mocking, ironic, intended to show distaste or contempt Original meaning: from Greek σαρκασμός, in turn from σαρκάζειν: literally, "to tear/rend the flesh," figuratively, "to sneer at, insult harshly"; see also σάρξ, "flesh" (cf. sarcophagus, "a flesh-eater") • Originally used in English by Edmund Spencer in 1579 as the transliteration from the Latin form sarcasmus.
Know, where appropriate, the origin and/or meaning of the following morphemes and terms from lecture (and be able to analyze words that include them):
Morphemes: {aev/ev}, {gen}, {firm}, {laps}, {lu/luv/lut}, {theo}, {gon(o)}, {damant}, {ge(o)}, {chrono}, and {de-}o Other terms: (from Creation stories) firmament, garden, Edenic, P/paradise, post- and prelapsarian, antediluvian, chaos (as Χάος, the Greek concept), titanic; (from Underworld stories) Stygian, lethargy/lethargic, Sisyphean, herculean, tantalizing/tantalizing, xenophobia, necromancy, and reincarnation. o Morphemes: {psych(o)}, {-osis}, {hyster}, {luna}, {schiz(o)}, {phren}, {press}, and {sess}o Other terms: animus, anima, hysteria, phrenology, delirium, dementia, and deviant
The __________ conquest of England in 1066 CE marks the end of ___________.
Norman; Old English
Other Diphthongs αυ > au ευ > eu
Note the difference between this and what we saw for υ and ου! αὐτοκράτωρ > autocratōr > autocrat Εὐρώπα > Eurōpa > Europe Upsilon in a Nutshell υ alone should be transliterated as a y. • ὕδρα > hydra υ in a diphthong should be transliterated as a u.•ου > u (οὐρανός > uranus) •αυ > au (αὐτοκράτωρ > autocrat[ōr]) •ευ > eu (εὐθανασία > euthanasia) ει > i (usually)ει > ei (sometimes) Πεισίστρατος > Pisistratus Πεισίστρατος > Peisistratus αι > ae (classical Latin) > e (later Latin and English) οι > oe (classical Latin) > e (later Latin and English) ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία > encyclopaedia > encyclopediaοἰκονομία > oeconomia > economy αὐτοκράτωρ > autocratōr ῥινοκέρως > rhinocerōs Πύῤῥος > Pyrrhus
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words incorrectly?
Oh, I hate horror films - they're so sanguine and gory!
Alternatives
Okay, so if the ancients didn't like anatomy and surgery, what did they like? therapy < Latin therapia < Greek θεραπεύω "I serve, I cultivate, I flatter, I heal" diet < Latin dieta < Greek δίαιτα "the way of living" regimen < Latin regere "to rule"
The poem Beowulf (remember: literally, Bee-wolf!) is usually dated to somewhere in the 700s or 800s C.E. Based on this information, Beowulf is written in ___________.
Old English
Where's j, w, & u?
Originally, i was used for both i and j sounds Originally, v was used for both u and w sounds w (originally vv) was added during the Medieval and Early Modern (7th/8th century CE) period to represent certain Germanic sounds The full split among these four sounds arrives later on, into the Renaissance.
Considering the literal meaning of each words' morphemes, which option below orders the eras of our current eon from oldest to most recent?
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
"Oh man," Germaine sighed as he sat down. "I stayed up all night to study and passed the Chemistry final, but it really feels like a Pyrrhic victory since the Physics exam is tomorrow morning." What would it be reasonable for Germaine to mean by the phrase Pyrrhic victory?
Passing the Chemistry final was a success, but it came at a high and devastating cost; he'll probably fail Physics since there's no time to study!
According to contemporary geologists, which eon, era, and epoch do we human beings currently live in?
Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Holocene Epoch
Philosophy
Plato, Charmides Medicine = "the doctorly knowledge of health" (ἰατρικὴ ὑγιεινοῦ ἐπιστήμη) "And so, if you should ask me what result I take to be produced by building, as the builder's science, I should say houses; and it would be the same with the other arts (τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν)" Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics technē = "practical knowledge" a knowledge of making epistēmē = "scientific/theoretical knowledge" a knowledge of knowing
Morpheme List
Prefixes: {ad/as/ac}, {con/com}, {contra}, {dis}, {e/ex}, {in/im}, {intro}, {pre}, {pro}, {re}, {retro} Bases: {cess}, {creat}, {feder}, {medic}, {pel/pulse}, {quire}, {solve/solute},{spic/spect}, {sume},{vene/vent} Suffixes: {al}, {ion}, {ment}, {or} Bases: {tend/tent/tens}, {prehens/prehend}, {duc/duct}, {scribe/script}, {trop} Suffixes: {-al}, {-ive} Prefixes: {dys}, {eu} Bases: {enter}, {log}, {pept/peps}, {phon/phem},{pne}, {thanas/thanat}, {patri}, {arch}, {mon(o)}, {phil(o)}, {phob}, {angl(o)}, {bibli(o)}, {anthrop(o)}, {soph(o)}, {hellen}, {hydr(o)}, {dynam}, {acr(o)}, {crac}, {dermat(o)}, {entom(o)}, {etym(o)}, {graph}, {heli(o)}, {man}, {ochl(o)}, {ophi(o)}, {ornith(o)}, {phag(o)}, {pyr(o)}, {super} Suffixes: {ia/a}, {ic}, {ics}, {ism}, {istic}, {y} Prefixes: {en/em}, {meta}, {palin/pali}, {para/par}, {pro}, {exo}, {apo/ap/aph}, {dia}, {peri}, {epi/ep/eph}, {amphi}, {an/a}, {hyper}, {hypo}, {cata/kata/cat/cath}, {ana} Bases: {onym}, {path(o)}, {scope}, {esthes/esthe/aesthet}, {ly}, {the}, {cine/kine}, {odont}, {chromat}, {phylac}, {athlet}, {ge(o)}, {top(o)}, {metr(o)}, {strat(i)/strat(o)}, {graph}, {therm(o)}, {drom}, {ba}, {archae(o)}, {proter(o)}, {zo}, {phanero}, {cen(o)}, {mes(o)}, {pale(o)}, {terti}, {quatern}, {hol(o)}, {pleist(o)}, {pli(o)}, {mi(o)}, {olig(o)}, and {eo}Suffixes: {-ist}, {-ous}, {-tic} Prefixes:{ab/abs}, {ad/ac/af/ag/al/an/ap/as/at}, {ex/e/ef}, {in/im/il/ir}/{en/em}, {di/dis/dif}, {anti}, {ante}, {inter}, {se}, {de}, {circum}, {con/com/col/cor/co}, {dis/dif}, {ob/of/op}, {sub/suf/sup), {extra}, {intra}, {intro}, {retro}, {non}, {infra}, {per}, {preter}, {ultra} Bases: {similat}, {it}, {viscera}, {bibe}, {lumin}, {fus}, {ject}, {rupt}, {ced/cede/ceed/cess}, {nounce}, {ambula}, {sum}, {mens}, {labor}, {miss/mit}, {fer}, {pose/pone/posit}, {mur}, {col}, {tain}, {loc}, {petit}, {linqu}, {cure} Bases: {ethn(o)}, {hor(o)}, {itchy(o)}, {hipp(o)}, {parthen(o)}, {phag(o)}, {pus/pod}, {sapr(o)}, {rhiz(o)}, {frug(i)/fruct(i)}, {asin}, {can},{leon}, {fuge}, {herb(i)}, {insect(i)}, {magn(i)}, {omn(i)}, {pest(i)}, {pisc(i)}, {ran(i)}, {su(i)}, {verm(i)}, {vor/vore}, {ag/act}, {frang/fract}, {grav}, {host}, {neglig/neglect}, {sap/sip}, {radic} Bases: {card/cardi(o)}, {cyst/cyst(o)}, {gaster/gastr(o)}, {ger(o)}, {larynx/laryng/laryng(o)}, {febr(i)}, {lymph(o)}, {hema/ema/hem(o)/em(o)}, {my(o)}, {neur(o)}, {oste(o)}, {ot/ot(o)}, {rhin/rhin(o)}, {-rrhea}, {scler(o)}, {tom(o)}, {acid}, {alti}, {apert}, {arid}, {audi}, {confid}, {conscript}, {correct}, {eras}, {ferv}, {flex}, {frag}, {gel}, {glor}, {grati}, {humid}, {infant}, {invest}, {juven}, {liberal}, {morb}, {naviga}, {ov/ovi}, {pall}, {pecuni}, {sculpt}, {stup}, {sequ}, {ven}, {verb}, {vir} Suffixes: {itis}, {graph/gram}, {oma}, {oid}, {ize}, {ble}, {ile}, {id}, {ine}, {ose/ous} Bases: {dec(i)/decem}, {deuter(o)}, {duo/du} (Latin), {dy(o)} (Greek), {ennea/ennead}, {hect(o)}, {hemi}, {hen(o)} {hepta/hept/hepth}, {hexa/hex}, {kil(o)} {mill(i)},{mult(i)}, {nov/novem}, {octav}, {octo/oct(i)} (Latin), {oct(o)} (Greek), {pent/penta/penth}, {prim(o)}, {quadru/quadri/quadr}, {quart}, {quinqu/quinque}, {quint}, {semi}, {sept/septem} (cardinal), {sext}, {sex}, {tetra/tetrad}, {tri} (Greek), {tri} (Latin), {uni}
Pronouns
Pronouns stand in the place of nouns. ◦ {pro} = for, in place of ◦ {noun} = noun Pronouns work like nouns; can be the subject, indirect object, or direct object of a sentence ◦ Ex. I see Martha. I see her.Give it to Nate. Give it to them. Erika runs every morning. She runs every morning. But note that there are some qualities of nouns that pronouns cannot take on: ◦ Ex. I feed that brown cat every morning. But not I feed that brown it every morning.
Germanic "Family Tree"
Proto-Germanic: West Germanic & North Germanic & East Germanic West Germanic: Anglo-Frisian & Netherlandic-German Anglo-Frisian: English & Frisian Netherlandic-German: Netherlandic & German North Germanic: West Scandinavian & East Scandinavian West Scandinavian: Icelandic & Faroese & Norwegian East Scandinavian: Danish & Swedish East Germanic: Gothic
English, Greek, and Latin all go back to a language called ________________.
Proto-Indo-European
English, Greek, and Latin all go back to the same mother-language, abbreviated as PIE. PIE stands for ____________.
Proto-Indo-European
Spanglish - Latin > Spanish > English > Spanglish?
Real Academia Española (2014) Espanglish (Del ingl. Spanglish, fusión de Span-ish y En-glish) Modalidad del habla de algunos grupos hispanos de los Estados Unidos, en la que se mezclan, deformándolos, elementos léxicos y gramaticales del español y del inglés. (From English Spanglish, fusion of Span-ish and En-glish) Way of speaking belonging to some Hispanic groups from the United States, in which they mix - and thus deform - lexical and grammatical elements of English and Spanish. escortar < escoltar + 'to escort' (with acompañar displaced) escortar - 'to escort' escoltar - 'to go with someone in order to protect' acompañar - 'to go with' escort < French escorte < Italian scorta < Latin excorrigere taipear < 'to type' (with escribir algo a máquina displaced) type < Latin typus < Greek τύπος "mark, impression" factoría < 'factory' (rather than fábrica) factory < French factorie < Latin factorium < Latin factor "doer, maker" But not only Latin/Greek roots are going into Spanglish through English! ganga as 'gang' < pandilla 'gang' gang < Old English gang < Old Norse gangr "a group of men"
Sara M. Jordan, M.D. (1953)
Sara M. Jordan, M.D. (1953) "A language grows with the activities of those who use it...We made a bad trade when we exchanged the forthrightness and the rightness of certain Saxon monosyllabics for the polite and painfully constructed polysyllabics of the medical pundits. Our language thereby lost some of its essential guts...Patients often dub our nomenclature of disease double talk used in an effort to enhance the dignity of our efforts and the more cynical of them associate that dignity with higher fees. Excising a sebaceous cyst with its latinized terminology is, they say, a more expensive procedure than cutting out a wen."
Dr. Singh discovered a new genus closely related to that of ferrets, his favorite animal! He's so excited that he just has to name the genus after himself. The new genus name will be ____________.
Singhia
GREEK/LATIN ROOTS IN ASTRONOMY
THE POLAR REGION From πόλος we get: • pole • polaris • polar• polarize ἄρκτος "bear" > arctic • Antarctic? πόλος - celestial sphere, vault of heaven αντίποδες - people living in a space perfectly opposed to your own Separated from the antipodes by the torrid zone
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? conservation
Tahla decided to major in art conservation; she loved preserving old paintings!
What changes did the Greeks make?
The Phoenician alphabet (used for a Semitic language) didn't explicitly mark vowels with one-to-one symbols - Greeks took symbols for consonants and turned them into vowel sounds. The Phoenician language had guttural sounds which Greek did not; Greek had aspirated sounds which Phoenician did not. Symbols were exchanged. Overall, Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet to their own language needs.
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words CORRECTLY? pt 3
The army was routed by the enemy forces.
The name for the dictionary that proclaims itself as "the accepted authority on the English language" is usually abbreviated as the O.E.D. This abbreviation stands for ________________.
The name for the dictionary that proclaims itself as "the accepted authority on the English language" is usually abbreviated as the O.E.D. This abbreviation stands for ________________.
___________ was a Greek historian who suggested that his predecessor Herodotus should be criticized for not checking his sources and trusting oral accounts.
Thucydides
New Historian on the Scene
Thucydides (c. 460-400 BCE), Athenian historian and general Wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars, picking up from where Herodotus left off
{in/im/il/ir}
Two identical-looking but different morphemes with the same allomorphs but different meanings. 1) "not" and is ultimately related to English "un-" as in unclean Ex. inappropriate, improper, illegal, irregular 2) "in" and is ultimately related to the English "in-" Ex. inter, impression, illuminate, irrigate
Which of the following sentences uses an interrogative pronoun CORRECTLY?
Who is your favorite Roman poet?
Which of the following sentences uses one of our Easily Confused Words INCORRECTLY? pt 1100
Whoever knows the answer must raze their hand up so I can see it.
Which sentence below is using an interrogative pronoun CORRECTLY?
Whose boat is this?
__________ set up the printing press in England in ___________; all of this publishing facilitated language change and now is identified as the start of Modern English.
William Caxton; 1476 CE
A live morpheme, like {pro} or {anti}, is _________________.
a morpheme that a competent English speaker can understand and use freely to create a new word
The word scruple comes from Latin scrupus and literally means _________.
a pebble; small stone
Etymologically, the word sardonic refers back to ______________.
a poisonous plant that caused laughing convulsions and then death
Loanwords/borrowings:
a word taken from one language and imported into another language foreign words that become part of the language that adopts them. Often, the pronunciation of the borrowed word gets altered (i.e. it gets "nativized") in the process (English: senate; Latin: senatus)
Prepositions
a word that governs a noun or pronoun and expresses its relationship with another element in the clause or sentence. preposition (< Lat. prae = before, + positio, placement < positus [p.p.p.] of pono, ponere, posui, positus) So literally: a preposition is something "placed before" - and in English, a preposition usually does appear before the noun/pronoun it governs!
Content
a word that has significant meaning. Content words are what give a sentence, thought, clause, etc. any sense of, well, content; content words are what something is about.
content word
a word that has significant meaning. Content words are what give a sentence, thought, clause, etc. any sense of, well, content; content words are what something is about.
Function
a word that helps connect the important, content words so that they make sense. They don't really have their own strong meaning, but they explain the relationship between other words.
function word
a word that helps connect the important, content words so that they make sense. They don't really have their own strong meaning, but they explain the relationship between other words.
Today: Art
a) Skill; its display, application, or expression. b) Skill in doing something, esp. as the result of knowledge or practice. c) A practical pursuit or trade of a skilled nature, a craft; an activity that can be achieved or mastered by the application of specialist skills d) The expression or application of creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting, drawing, or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
Today: Science
a) The state or fact of knowing; knowledge or cognizance of something; knowledge as a personal at b) Knowledge or understanding acquired by study; acquaintance with or mastery of any branch of learning. c) Paired or contrasted with art. A discipline, field of study, or activity concerned with theory rather than method, or requiring the knowledge and systematic application of principles, rather than relying on traditional rules, acquired skill, or intuition.
Debating with Christine is so enjoyable and stimulating; her arguments are always _________ and really relevant to the topic.
ad rem
Ex. {ad}
adcede > accede adfluent > affluent adgression > aggression adlocate > allocate adnounce > announce adpetite > appetite adsimilation > assimilation adtract > attract
The suffix {-al}, found in words like tropical and sensational, is used to make ____________.
adjectives
The suffix {-ive}, found in words like extensive and apprehensive, makes __________.
adjectives
The suffix {-ive}, found in words like intensive and manipulative, makes ________.
adjectives
The suffix {-ous} makes _________, whereas the suffix {-y} makes ___________.
adjectives; nouns
Then we turned to some new morphemes and related concepts, especially as found in Earth Sciences! For example, we learned that many Greek prefixes, such as {epi/ep/eph} and {hypo/hyp/hyph}, have multiple __________ due to sound changes that appear when they are attached to bases that begin with a vowel or rough breathing followed by a vowel.
allomorphs
{spect} and {spic} are variant forms of the same morpheme - they mean the same thing! This means {spect} and {spic} are __________.
allomorphs
α (A)
alpha "father"/a
Anatomy
anatomy < Latin anatomia < Greek ἀνατομή "a drug, enchantment" = ἀνά (up) + τέμνω (I cut) dissection < Latin dissectiō = dis (apart) + sectio (cutting) When I study anatomy, I may dissect a corpse or cadaver. corpse < French cors < Latin corpus "body" cadaver < Latin cadaver "that which has fallen" skeleton < Greek σκελετός "dried up, withered" The Ancient Greeks and Romans did not like human dissection! Exception: Herophilus and Erasistratus in Alexandria, Egypt in the 3rd century BCE Galen, 2nd century physician in the Roman Empire, at De anatomicis administrationibus 1.2 "Make it rather your serious endeavor not only to acquire accurate book-knowledge of each bone but also to examine assiduously with your own eyes the human bones themselves...I, at least, have done so often on the breaking open of a grave or tomb. Thus once a river, inundating a recent hastily made grave, broke it up, washing away the body. The flesh had putrefied, though the bones still head together in their proper relations...This skeleton was as though deliberately prepared for such elementary teaching." The Ancient Greeks and Romans did not like human dissection!
ἄνθρωπος
anthrōpos
We would transliterate ἄνθρωπος into the Latin alphabet as ____________.
anthrо̄pоs
Aristotle believed that every living organism had an εἶδος (a form) and a γένος (genus). Later on, these Greek technical terms were translated into Latin as species and genus, which are the biological terms we use today! Literally, species means __________, and genus means __________.
appearance; family
As Ginny was working on her sci-fi novel, she shared some ideas with her friend Ben, "The society is going to have a gem-based economy; the emperor will demand that everyone pay him five emeralds a day, and that's what will make the rebels lead a revolt!" Ben responded, "What a procrustean law! What if some people only have five emeralds to their name whereas others have a thousand? I can definitely see why people want to kick that emperor out." By procrustean, Ben means that the law is ________.
arbitrary
Important Takeaways
assimilation Greek {anti} vs. Latin {ante} {in/im/il/ir} = not AND {in/im/il/ir} = in, into The first is used with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (irregular, incomplete) The second set is most often prefixed to verbs (induce, implode, illuminate, irrigate) Ex. What should inflame mean? And, also, inflammable?
Literally, someone in a state of apanthropy is ____________.
away from people/human beings
• βακτήριον > bactērium (bacteria)
bacteria
There, we learned that disaster comes from Greek δυσ + ἀστήρ and literally means _________.
bad star
{oste(o)}
bone
Which word below means the same thing as the term "loanword"?
borrowing
The Saxons, Angles, and Jutes speak a Germanic language, predecessor to Old English, which lead to...
c. 400-1100 CE, Saxons and Angles grow in dominance, leading to Anglo-Saxon or Old English! Over time, Mercia (where London is today) grows in power, and so the Mercian dialect of Old English becomes dominant.
The morpheme {chondr(o)}, found in medical terms like chondrocyte or hypochondriac, means __________.
cartilage, granule
Consider the following sentence: "Mary is a very urbane and charming host." The word urbane describes someone who is courteous and refined in manner. This word derives etymologically from the Latin word urbs, which means _____________.
city
Easily Confused words 01280
climactic < L. climax < G. κλῖμαξ = a ladder Today: climax = apex, height, summit (often of a narrative) climactic = exciting, thrilling, related to the climax of events •climate [change]; orig. = latitude lines < κλίμα •extinct •= extinguish < exstinguo, exstinguere, exstinxi, exstinctum) •extant •< ex + stare "to stand out, be visible, exist" •officious = dominating/annoying/intrusive in regards to exerting authority •official = of or pertaining to duty, authority
In English, we call this very UCD-representative animal a cow. A German speaker would call it a Kuh. These words are so similar because English and German both developed from the same mother language. Each language developed their word for "cow" from the same original source. Based on this information, cow and Kuh are ______________.
cognates
The word for "dog" in German is Hund; the word for "dog" in Dutch is hond. German and Dutch are both Germanic languages, meaning they are genetically related - that explains why these words are so similar! Each language developed their word for "dog" from the same original source. Considering this information, Hund and hond are ___________.
cognates
Some Case Studies
cough < Old English cohhian tussis < Latin tussis cut < Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten < Old Norse kytja, kutta laceration < Latin laceratus "having been torn" heart attackheart < Old English heorteattack < French attaque myocardial infarction myocardial < Greek μῦς "muscle" + καρδίᾱ "heart" infarction < Latin infarcire "to stuff in" borborygmi ? < Greek βορβορυγμός"rumbling, grumbling Interestingly - "stomach growling" stomach < Greek στόμαχος! horripilation ? < Latin horror "bristling" + pilus "hair" sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia {sphen(o)}{palat}{ine} {gangli(o)}{neur}{alg}{ia} {sphen(o)} < Greek σφήν "wedge" {palat} {ine} < Med. Latin palatinus "related to the high point" {gangli(o)} < Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον "tumor" {neur} < Greek νεῦρον "sinew, cord" {alg} {ia} < Greek ἄλγος "pain"
In her advanced seminar on child psychology, Polly's professor explained, "We'll be working with infants in my lab, which literally refers to very young children who __________ yet."
don't speak
A saprophagous organism is one who literally ____________.
eats rotten matter
When we transliterate the Greek diphthong ει into the Latin alphabet, it has two potential outcomes! What are they?
ei or i
3. Harold is an _______ Swedish speaker; he can say a few sentences, but he'd never last a day in Uppsala!
elementary
•If you don't first learn at the ________ level, you'll never make it to the advanced stages.
elementary
Cat in different languages:
english: cat german: katze dutch: kat swedish: katt danish: kat icelandic: köttur
Ε ε
epsilon/e
Literally, an equinox is when the planet experiences a(n) _________.
equal-night
The morpheme {ichthy(o)}, found in words like ichthyophobia and ichthyophagous, means ________.
fish
In the movie, Mitchells vs. The Machines, a human family must defeat rebelling robots and technical machines (like this evil Furby). The robots are thus going against their etymology, as the original Czech word robota meant ____________.
forced labor, drudgery
{tetra}
four
Carl Linnaeus innovated on other forms of scientific classification by saying we only need a scientific binomial which includes a _________ and __________ name to classify living things. He saved people a lot of writing with that!
genus; species
Geology
geology - {ge(o)} {log(o)} {y} = lit. "study of the earth" geologist - {-ist} = makes agent nouns uMore specifically: the study of the earth's physical structure and processes uage < Old French aage < Vulgar Latin *aetaticum < Latin aetatem < Latin aevum (note: replaced OE eald) uGeomorphic data {ge(o)}{morph}{ic} uTopography {top(o)}{graph}{y}{top(o)} = place uContrast with geometry - {ge(o)} {metr(o)} {y} {metr(o)} = measure u Often seen as {meter} {dia} = through, between {peri} = around, near usyncline vs. anticline {syn/sym} =with, same, together, (sympathy) {anti/ant} =against, opposite (antonym) -cline > inclīnō (Latin, "to tilt")
When Pratiti needed to take a foreign language in school, her mother said, "Since you already speak English, you should take German! It'll be easy since they belong to the same language family." Pratiti rolled her eyes and replied, "Just because English and German are both ________ languages doesn't mean they're exactly the same!"
germanic
Following ancient stories related to the Trojan War, a Cassandra is someone who _________.
gives warnings but is never believed
In the song "The Whole Being Dead Thing" from the recent Beetlejuice musical, Beetlejuice warns the audience: "You're doomed, enjoy the singing; The sword of Damocles is swinging." By referencing the ancient story of "the sword of Damocles," Beetlejuice means that __________________.
good fortune and power is always accompanied by the danger of losing them
Which language became the lingua franca in the empire established by Alexander the Great?
greek
Which language was the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean during the time of the Alexander the Great and beyond?
greek
{phylac}
guard
According to historical legend, the French Queen, Marie Antoinette, supposedly said "Let them eat cake!" when told about poverty in France. French citizens responded by saying "Off with her head!" and sending her to the ______________.
guillotine
γῠνή
gunē
History vs. Story
history < ME histoire < MFr. histoire < OFr. estorie, estoire < Lat. historia < Gk. ἱστορία < ῐ̔στορέειν, to inquire story < ME storie < OFr. estorie, estoire < Lat. historia < Gk. ἱστορία < ῐ̔στορέειν, to inquire story according to the OED: 1. a. An oral or written narrative account of events that occurred or are believed to have occurred in the past; a narrative account accepted as true by virtue of great age or long tradition 2. a. A pictorial representation of a historical or legendary subject; (hence) any work of art depicting human figures 3. a. A short account of an amusing, interesting, or telling incident, whether real or fictitious; an anecdote.
Which of the following words contains a connecting vowel?
hydrometer
In her science fiction novel, Penelope thought it would be interesting to have her protagonist, Dr. Chantel Wilson, visit a planet whose atmosphere had excessive oxygen levels; soon enough, Dr. Wilson would suffer from ________ and have to be saved by her teammates!
hyperoxia
Which word below DEMONSTRATES assimilation?
immortal
Greek and Latin both became prestige languages in the ancient Mediterranean as a result of ______________.
imperial expansion and military supremacy.
In the word conspicuous, the morpheme {con} is not contributing significant meaning to the word but is instead amplifying the meaning of other morphemes in the word. This means {con} is acting as a(n) __________ morpheme.
intensive
Which of our Words of Interesting Origin means "associated with intense nationalism or patriotism"?
jingoism
While in Greek/Roman mythology Zeus/Jupiter is a complex figure, in modern media he is often portrayed as jovial, a term based on his name! By jovial, we mean today that these modern Zeus-es/Jupiters are __________.
joyous, good-spirited
Samuel Johnson enjoyed adding humorous entries to his dictionary where he poked fun at himself. For example, his entry for the word dull reads: Dull, adjective: Not exhilarating; not delightful: as, to make dictionaries is dull work. At the same time, however, Johnson thought that writing a dictionary was important because ____________.
language should be standardized and consistent, and a dictionary would help.
A _______________ is a word that one language takes from another and incorporates into its own vocabulary, such as how English took the word "sister" from Old Norse.
loanword/borrowing
As we learned last week, English imported the word ukelele into its own vocabulary from the word's native Hawaiian. Based on this information, ukelele is a _____________.
loanword/borrowing
English Borrowings from Spanish
macho < Latin masculus "masculine" chorizo < Latin salsicia < salsicus "seasoned with salt" oregano < Latin origanus < Greek ὀρίγανον "mountain-brightness/ornament" (18th c.) vanilla < Sp. vainilla < Latin vaina < vagina "sheath of an ear of grain" (17th c.) patio < Latin pactum "agreement, contract" or patere "to lie open" (19th c.)
Latin phrases 9120`
mirabile dictu: lit. = marvelous in respect to telling; today = a marvel/wonder to tell/report Ex. "And for once, mirabile dictu, they all seem to be getting along!" inter nos: lit. = between us; today = same but with the sense that the thing told is to remain secret to us only Ex. "Look, I'll tell you what happened, but it has to stay inter nos." corpus delicti: lit. = body of crime; today = concrete evidence of a crime Ex. "I can't convict the suspect unless you can produce a corpus delicti, I'm sorry!" habeas corpus: lit. = you must/shall have the body today = a law proceeding that requires prosecutor to produce sufficient evidence of guilt to bring accused before the judge/court Ex. "If you don't have any evidence, my client will take advantage of habeas corpus." nota bene: lit. = note well; often abbreviated N.B today = directs the attention of a reader or listener to something important. = ☞ Ex. "N.B. Quiz 8 will cover units 7 and 8 of CLA30." J
A _____________ is a meaningful unit of a language that cannot be divided further.
morpheme
{my(o)}
mouse; muscle
Μ μ
mu/m
Fill in the blank with the logical Latin Phrase based on its modern meaning. "I can't wait for my study abroad trip in Athens!" Jada exclaimed, "It's going to be so fun to see all of those ancient sites and I've heard the food-" "Oh crap, I forgot to go see the Super Mario movie," Lacie interrupted. "Okay, thanks for that random and unrelated statement," Jada grumbled. "A total ___________.
non sequitur
After examining the patient, Dr. Zhang gave his diagnosis: "You're definitely suffering from rhinitis. In other words, your ____________."
nose is inflammed
νοσταλγία
nostalgia
{in/im/il/ir}.
on, in or not
{heno}
one
Besides Surgery?
pharmacy < Latin pharmaka < Greek φάρμακον "a drug, enchantment" Greek also discusses φαρμακεῖα and φαρμακίς. φαρμακεῖα - witchcraft/magic using drugs φαρμακίς - witch/sorceress pharmacy < Latin pharmaka < Greek φάρμακον "a drug, enchantment" Homer, Odyssey Book 10 (trans. A. S. Kline) "Wretched man, where are you off to, wandering the hills of an unknown island all alone? Your friends are penned in Circe's house, pigs in close-set sties. Have you come to free them? I tell you, you won't return, you'll end up like the rest. But I will save you and keep you free from harm. You must take a powerful herb with you, and go to Circe's house, and it will ward off the day of evil..." With this the Slayer of Argus pulled the herb from the ground, and gave it to me, pointing out its features. It was black at the root with a milk-white flower. Moly the gods call it, difficult for mortals to uproot, though the gods of course can do anything. Hermes headed off through the wooded isle to high Olympus, while I approached the house of Circe, thinking black thoughts as I went along.
Π π
pi/p
We also learned about the Greek word πόλος, which means "a hinge or vault." πόλος has given English many words - which of the following, however, is NOT one of them?
policy
Consider the following sentence: "On her Eras Tour, Taylor Swift dove into the stage" In this sentence, into is a(n) _________.
preposition
The great warrior Achilles put his hand on his sword. Preparing for battle, Achilles put his armor on. In the first sentence "on" is functioning as a(n) ___________; in the second sentence, "on" is functioning as a(n) ___________.
preposition; adverb
In the recent series finale of Succession, Kendall Roy asserts that he is the eldest boy. By this, Kendall means to claim that he is the first and most important of the Roy children, or, in other words, the ________ child.
primary
Luckily, you've taken CLA30, so you know that Erythromelalgia refers to when a ____________ color appears suddenly all over the body.
red
In Worda Rot, worda is native English, but...
rot is not!
• αὐτός (pronoun) = self
self
What is the proper ordering of the spans of time used to talk about Geologic Ages, from largest to smallest?
supereon > eon > era > period > epoch
The accurate transliteration of συγχρόνιζε is:
synchronize
{sum}
take
After Carey and Toño moved into their new apartment, Carey began unpacking immediately and said urgently, "Dude, I need to find my dehumidifier! There's no way I'll be able to sleep without it." Carey wants his dehumidifier because it literally will __________.
take wetness away/out
genesis
takes place in antediluvian times dj=away lu/luv/lut=wash compare: dilute alluvium (=ad+luv) alluvial deluge (<diluvium)
{sap/sip}
taste
Τ τ
tau/t
Fill in the blank logically based on the modern meaning of our Latin phrases. Rachel sank into her chair with embarrassment when her dad yelled ___________ and clapped enthusiastically as the plane landed on the ground.
terra firma!
"Greek civilization" first appears on the island of Crete around......
the 15th century CE: The Minoans and Mycenaeans appeared
While several Germanic people settled in the British Isles, Old English developed out the dialect spoken by _____________, who soon became the most powerful.
the Angles and Saxons
Which of the groups below WAS responsible for many Latin words entering English?
the Normans
What historical event marked the transition from Middle English to Modern English?
the establishment of the printing press, which facilitated language change
English has many loanwords from languages indigenous to the Americas. These loanwords are generally terms related to _____________.
the flora and fauna of the Americas
Proto-Indo-European (PIE):
the proto-language from which evolved most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India
A proto-language is ______________.
the reconstructed "mother-language" of subsequent language families.
Syntax =
the rules that govern the arrangement of sentence structures; in other words, the principles by which a sentence is put together in a way that makes sense in that language.
The word influenza goes back to Latin influentia and came out of the idea that epidemics were influenced by ___________.
the stars and celestial bodies
{tertius}
third
þ - thorn (th)
thorn (th)
{dia}
through
{per}
through
The morpheme {ject}, found in words like interject and injection, means _________.
throw, hurl
The morpheme {chron(o)}, found in words like chronology, means _____________.
time
χρόνος (noun) = time
time
After spoiling Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, Dylan was ostracized by the other Film Club members and banned from meetings for the rest of the year. In antiquity, this would be an even harsher reaction! What is the etymology of the word ostracize?
to banish someone from the city by writing their name on a piece of pottery, which is then chosen by lot
Lindsay warned her friend, "You can come over and play, but to warn you, I'm really good at this game and I'm going to decimate you." Jenny replied, "I mean, okay, but how do you even decimate someone at Animal Crossing?" Decimate originally meant "to kill every tenth person." Today, however, decimate means _______________.
to destroy utterly/completely
Geographic Ages - Adam Sedgwick
u19th century geologist, studying in Great Britain uTheorized that the earth had passed throughseveral ages uGave names to certain periods still in use today:Ex. the Cambrian period, based on the Latinname for Wales (Cambria) uFun side note: friend of Charles Darwin, althoughnot really into his theories of evolution
Geologic Ages 2
uCambrian period - 541 (+/- 1) million years ago - 485.4 (+/- 1.9) million years ago uAll time before this is, suitably, Precambrian < {pre} = before + cambrian uThe Precambrian timespan is the only supereon. It contains the: uHadean Eon (from Greek Hades) (Earth was volcanic and was bombarded by meteors and so it was "hellish") uArchaean Eon (from Greek {ἀρχαι(ο)} = {archaeo}, which means old, original) uProterozoic Eon < Greek {προτερ(ο)} = {proter(o)} = earlier; {zo} = life: the earlier life age: the phase of earlier life ({prot(o)} = first; {proter(o)} = prior, earlier) uNo supereon after the Precambrian. uOne eon after the Precambrian supereon: the Phanerozoic u{phanero} = evident, visible, apparent u{zo(o)} = animal, life uSo: the Phanerozoic eon is that of visible life: this is our eon! uThe Phanerozoic eon can be divided up into eras: uCenozoic < {cen(o)} < Greek {καιν(ο)}, new; the era of new life uMesozoic < {mes(o)} < Greek {μεσ(ο)}, middle; the era of middle life uPaleozoic < {pale(o)} < Greek {παλαι(ο)} = old; the era of old life uThe Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods. uThe Mesozoic Era used to be called the "Secondary Period." uNaturally enough, the periods afterwards were called: uThe Tertiary Period < Latin {terti} = third uThe Quaternary < Latin {quatern} = fourth uSo we had the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era. uNow, however, the term "Tertiary Period" has been officially deprecated by the International Stratigraphic Commission . udeprecate < Latin, deprecari = de (away) + precari (pray) = now, "to express disapproval" uNow, "Tertiary Period" has been replaced by the Paleogene and the Neogene periods. uHolocene < ὅλος > {hol(o)} = all/whole uPleistocene < πλεῖστος > {pleist(o)} = most uPliocene < πλείων > {pli(o)} = more uMiocene < μείων > {mi(o)} = lesser/fewer uOligocene < ὀλιγο > {olig(o)} = few uEocene < ἠώς > {eo} = dawn uPaleocene < παλαιο > {paleo} = old
Geologic Ages- How to Talk About Time
uFrom largest to smallest periods supereon ({super} + {eon}) eon < Greek αἰών [age] era < Latin aera [fixed date] period < Greek περίοδος [way around= one trip around = one stage of a larger whole] epoch < Greek ἐποχή [ stopping point] u uUse this mnemonic to remember: supereon, eon, era, period, epoch = Sally eats every pear, Ethan!
Unit 5 Prefixes: Return of the Greek
uGreek prefixes often end in a vowel. uEx: {apo} from Greek {απο} uRule: when a prefix with final vowel (-V) is combined with a base that starts with a vowel (V-), the prefix is the one who loses its vowel most of the time. uBut also: {κατα-}("down") + ὁδός ("way," "road" or "journey") = cathode (Greek: κάθοδος )
Palindromes
uaibohphobia (fear of palindromes!) uNever odd or even uA man, a plan, a canal - Panama uT. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is sad; I'd assign it a name: gnat dirt upset on drab pot toilet. (A. Reed) uCompare: semordnilaps uEx. stressed vs. desserts
Υ υ
upsilon/ y/u put
"The little boy ______ I always see playing in the park lives in the blue house on the street corner." Which relative pronoun would we use to fill in the blank grammatically?
whom
The morpheme {hyster}, found in words like hysteria and hysterectomy, means ________.
womb, uterus
English syntax - in other words, the way English puts words together meaningfully - is largely based on __________.
word order
Hesiod's version
writes Theogony in the 7th century BCE theo=divine+{gon(o)}=seed, sexual generation related to gen cf. cosmogony cf. gonad whats gonorrhea? {-rrhea}=flow, discharge in the beginning was χάος, chaos cf. chaos, chaotic related to "chasm" originally=an opening, a gaping from chaos is born "Ἔρως (eros), Τάρταρος (tartarus), and Γαῖα (gaea, earth), and she gives birth to Οὐρανός (uranus, sky) without sexual reproduction=parthenogenesis he holds her in a perpetual embrace; children are created, the titans, the cyclopes, and the hundred-handers, but he will not let them be born Γαῖα fashions a scythe of adamant ({a/an}+}damant} [=conquerable] = an unbeatable substance) she gives it to her son Κρόνος (cronus, whom romans usually call saturn) he castrates his father, and the titans are finally allowed to be born one of the results of the castration is the birth of aphrodite/venus
Which of the following suffixes denotes a condition of a disease, disorder, excess, or infection? 1
{-osis}
When there's pesky Roman interference, we transliterate the Greek suffix {-ον} as ___________ in the Latin alphabet.
{-um}
When there is Roman interference, we transliterate the Greek suffix {-ος} as _________ in the Latin alphabet.
{-us}
Unit 6: Prefixes and Bases
{ab/abs} from, ({abs} only before / t /) (abduct, but: abstain, abstract) {ad/ac/af/ag/al/an/ap/as/at} toward, to, forward {ex/e/ef} out {in/im/il/ir}/{en/em} (<Greek) in, into OR not; imbibe and illuminate but improper{bibe} = drink{lumin} = light {di/dis/dif} away, away from (divert, dispel, diffuse) {fus} = flow, gush {ante} before (antedate) {inter} between (interject, interrupt) {se} away, apart (to secede from the union; e.g., Calexit, Brexit) {de} away from, off: deduct down: denounce {nounce} = proclaim wholly: denude reverse the action of: deregulate {circum} around (circumambulate) {ambula} - walk {con/com/col/cor/co} together, with (often intensive) (consume, collaborate, commensality) {sum} = take {mens} = table {labor} = work {dis/dif} apart, away (dismiss, differ) {miss/mit} = send {fer} = carry {ob/of/op} against, toward (object, offer, oppose) {pose/pone/posit} - put/place {sub/suf/sup)under (submarine, suffer, suppress) {extra} without, outside (extramural sports) {mur} = wall {intra} within (intramural sports, intravenous) {intro} into, inward (introspective) {retro} back (retroactive, retrograde) {non} not (non-negotiable) {infra} below (infrastructure, infrasonic) {per} through (percolate, pertain) {col} - strain {tain} - hold {preter} beyond, more than (preternatural) {ultra} beyond (ultrasound, ultrasonic, ultraviolet)
Allomorphs
{allo} = other, different; {morph} = shape, form any of the variant forms of a morpheme (i.e., same meaning but different form) Ex. The morpheme {spic} means "to see, seeing, being seen." Allomorph: {spect}Ex. Inspection vs. conspicuous Ex. The morpheme {in} means "in, into, on, onto" or sometimes "not" Allomorph: {im} Ex. inconspicous, ingratiate; impale, immaculate
Which of the following statements is not true about the morphemes {anti} and {ante}?
{anti} and {ante} are now interchangeable in modern English
Which of the following statements is true about the morphemes {anti} and {ante}?
{anti} is Greek in origin; {ante} is Latin {anti} and {ante} are both prefixes {anti} means "against"; {ante} means "before"
Both Greek and Latin gave English morphemes that literally mean "star." More specifically, Greek gave English _______ for "star" whereas Latin gave _________.
{aster/astr(o)}; {stella} and {sider}
(Latin) - Suffixes
{ble} having capacity, capability audible, breakable {ile} having capability or capacity fragile, ductile; juvenile {id} in the condition of pallid, morbid, vivid, lucid {ine} having the nature of asinine, leonine, bovine {ose/ous} full of glorious, verbose
Which Latin morpheme means the same thing as {bi}?
{du}
Unit 5 Prefixes
{en/em} = in, within (empathy, endemic) {meta} = after, among, changing (metamorphosis, metacarpal) {palin/pali} = back, again (palindrome, palinode) {para/par} = side by side (parallel) = abnormal (paranormal) = subordinate (paralegal) {pro} = in front of, before (prophylactic) {exo} =outside (exoskeleton) {apo/ap/aph} =away from, without (apogee, apanthropy)
If we analyze the word expulsion into its morphemes, we get _______________.
{ex}{puls}{ion}
Along the way, we explored several pairs of morphemes which literally mean the same thing; one of the pair is simply Greek in origin and the other is Latin. Which of the options below is NOT one of these matching pairs?
{herb(i)} and {hipp(o)}
How would I analyze the word hysteria into its morphemes?
{hyster}{ia}
If I were to analyze the word inventor into its morphemes, I would get ____________.
{in}{vent}{or}
Unit 6: Bases
{loc} place (location) {petit} seek, desire (appetite, petition) {linqu} leave (relinquish) {cure} care (secure, security)
Unit 5 Bases
{onym} =name, meaning (anonymous, antonym) {path(o)} =feeling, emotion (empathy, apathy) {scope} =look, see (periscope, telescope) {esthes/esthe/aesthet} =feeling, sensation (anesthesia, aesthetics) {ly} =loosen, break (analysis) {the} =put (thesis, synthesis) {kine/cine} =move (cinema, kinetic) {odont} =tooth (orthodontist, periodontics) {chromat} =color (polychromatic) {phylac} =guard, protect (prophylactic) {athlet} =contest, athlete (pentathlete, decathlete)
Latin Ordinal Numbers
{primus} = 1st [primary / primate / primordial] {secundus} = 2nd [secondary] {tertius} = 3rd [tertiary] {quartus} = 4th [quart / quarter / quartet] {quintus} = 5th [quintuplet / quintessence / quintet] {sextus} = 6th [sextant / sextuplet / sextet] {septimus} = 7th [septime, septimal] {octavus} = 8th [octave] {nonus} = 9th [nonagenarian / nonagon] {decimus} = 10th [decimate / decimal]
Along the way, we explored several pairs of morphemes which literally mean the same thing; one of the pair is simply Greek in origin and the other is Latin. Which of the options below is one of these matching pairs?
{radic} and {rhiz(o)} {vor/vore} and {phag(o)} {pisc(i)} and {ichthy(o)}
Latin Cardinal Numbers
{semi} = half, partially semifinals (semis) / semiannual / semi-retired / semi-nude / semi-trailer) {uni} = 1, I (uniform / unanimous / unicycle / unilateral) {du}, {bi} = 2, II (dual / duet / duplicate / bilingual / bicycle / biennial / bilateral) {tri} = 3, III (triannulate / trilateral) {quadru / quadri / quadr} = 4, IV (quadruple / quadrangle / quadrupeds / quadrilateral) {quinqu / quinque} = 5, V (quinquefoliate, quinquelateral, quinquedigitate, quinquesyllabic) {sex} = 6, VI (sextet / sexdigital / sexagenarian) {sept / septem} = 7, VII (septet / septuagint [{ginta} = X 10] September) {octo / octi} = 8, VIII (octet / October) {nov / novem} = 9, IX (November / novena) {dec / deci / decem} = 10, X (December / decimal / decimate) {cent / centi} = 100, C (century / centurion / centipede / centennial) {mill / milli} = 1,000, M (millipede / millimeter / millennium); mile = mille passuum
- Know the following biological and related morphemes from lecture (and be able to analyze words that include them):
{tax/tact}, {on}, {kary/cary}, {ote}, {ota}, {plasm}, {di}, {phy}, {phyto-/-phyte}, {plankt}, {zoo/zo}, {epi}, {endo}, and {neo}.- Know the following terms and morphemes related to colors (and be able to analyze words that include them): o Morphemes: {χλωρο}/{chlor(o)}, {φυλλο}/{phyll(o)}; {-ine}, {-in}, {hal(o)}, {gen}, {κυαν(ο)}/{cyan(o)}, {a-} when it means "not," {bleps}, {ἐρυθρ(ο)}/{erythr(o)}, {cyt(o)}, {blast}, {λευκ(ο)}/{leuc(o)/leuk(o)}, {-ite} and {melan(o)}/{μελανο} o Other terms: morphine and melancholy
How would I analyze the word technology fully into its morphemes?
{techn(o)}{log}{y}
How would I analyze the term thanatophobia into its morphemes?
{thanat(o)}{phob(o)}{ia}
ENGLISH SYNTAX
¡ English syntax is largely governed by word position. ¡ English uses SVO or SV word order: Josephine holds the puppy./Fatima sneezes. ¡ We cannot move words around at will without changing the meaning of the sentence. ¡ "Josephine holds the puppy" and "the puppy holds Josephine" do not have the same meaning!
¡ We can see remnants of inflection of English in pronouns and possessives.
¡ I, me, my, mine¡ You, yours¡ We, our, us ¡ It, its¡ He, him, his¡ She, her, hers¡ They, them, theirs
LATIN SYNTAX
¡ Latin syntax is governed largely by word inflection - words will change their endings based on how they work in a sentence. ¡ Ex. The Latin word for boy is puer. Puer declines in the following way: ¡ Singular ¡ puer¡ pueri¡ puero¡ puerum ¡ puero Plural pueripuerorum pueris pueros pueris
LATIN PHRASES!
¡ Sine die - literally "without a day" ¡ Per diem - literally "throughout the day" ¡ Post meridiem - literally "after noon/after half-day" ¡ Tabula rasa - literally "the slate scrapped clean" ¡ Ad nauseam - literally "to the point of being nauseous"
THE ENGLISH PURITY MOVEMENT
¡ The movement develops originally in the 16th-17th century. ¡ At this time, English and Latin (having already overtaken French) are vying for supremacy as the language of learning in Europe. ¡ John Cheke, a classical scholar and opponent of "inkhorn terms" ¡ To counter this, over time various contributors, including writers like Charles Dickens, suggested Anglo-Saxon or Germanic replacements for Latinate words, including: gleeman for musician, sicker for certainly, inwit for conscience, yblent for confused,endsay for conclusion, yeartide for anniversary, gainrising for resurrection, mooned for lunatic, foresayer for prophet, wordbook for dictionary, birdlore for ornithology, starlore for astronomy, speechcraft for grammar, etc... ¡ These complaints draw attention to the fact that other Germanic languages haven't taken on Latin and Greek vocabulary to the same extent English has. ¡ Ex. in German...¡ Schuh = shoe, a covering for the foot ¡ German for glove is Handschuh ¡ Instead of hydrogen (Greek), German has Wasserstoff, literally "water-stuff" ¡ Instead of oxygen (Greek), German has Sauerstoff, literally "sour-stuff" (this is actually what the Greek word oxygen means! Oxy-gen = "sharp-producer")
The Greek alphabet had a lot of doubles:
¡ Two p-sounds, two t-sounds, two k-sounds ¡ The difference between these was whether there was breath/aspiration - whether you let out air as you made the sound. ¡ Many modern speakers have trouble hearing the difference - and they're not alone! The Romans interpreted this breath as an "h", and so they transliterated phi as ph, theta as th, and chi as ch.
¡ Two other Latin phrases:
¡ annuit coeptis ¡ annuit coeptis = "he/she/it approved (annuit) the things having been taken up (coeptis)" ¡ Origin? ¡ Vergil, Aeneid 9.625 (1st century BCE) ¡ Iuppiter omnipotens, audacibus adnue coeptis. ¡ "All-powerful Jupiter, approve these daring undertakings." novus ordo seclorum ¡ "a new (novus) series (ordo) of ages (seclorum)" ¡ Suggested by Charles Thomson in 1782 ¡ Based on Vergil (1st century BCE), Eclogues 4. 4-10
THE GREAT SEAL OF THE U.S. A.
¡ e pluribus unum ¡e - out,out of¡ pluribus - many ¡ unum - one ¡ "out of many, one" ¡ Proposed by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson in 1776 (officially - they took on the suggestion from others, and the phrase had been in print since the 17th century) ¡ e pluribus unum ¡ Origins? ¡ Some say based on a phrase from the Roman orator and politician Cicero (1st century BCE) (De officiis 1.56) ¡ "efficiturque id, quod Pythagoras vult in amicitia, ut unus fiat ex pluribus." ¡ "And what Pythagoras wanted in a friendship is achieved, that one is made from many."
Remember, we talked about taxonomy!
´Any unit of classification is a taxon (< Greek {tax} = arrangement + {on} = thing/unit; a taxon is an arrangement-unit) ´Ex. Mammals (Mammalia) and Homanids (Hominidae) ´People who classify organisms into taxa are taxonomists, and they practice taxonomy. ´Linnaeus established the larger groups of family, order, class, kingdom. ´Later taxonomists added phylum and domain. ´So, for the human being: ´Animalia (kingdom) ´Chordata (phylum) ´Mammalia (class) ´Primates (order) ´Hominidae (family) ´Homo (genus) ´sapiens (species)
´Aristotle's system looked like this:
´Aristotle's system looked like this: ´εἶδος (form) γένος --> Conceptually, "appearance" (Latin: genus)Conceptually, "family" ´Corresponds with species the larger groups under which "forms" can be united due to having common features ´So: the εἶδος/species of this organism is a ferret, and it belongs to the γένος/genus of "four-legged animals" ´For Aristotle, a proper definition is when we assign a genus to an organism and then clarify what makes it one species rather than another one. ´The differences that separate one species from the other members of its genus are called its differentia (pl. differentiae) in Latin, a translation of the Greek διάφορα. ´Cf. different, difference, differ from Latin
Binomial Nomenclature
´Nomenclature = "name calling" ´{nomin/nomen} = name - ex. nominate ´{cla/cal} = to shout, call - ex. claim, proclaim, calendar ´binomial - [{bi} = two] two-name as in binomial nomenclature, referring to a two-word system of naming organisms [Homo sapiens] ´If Linnaeus named an organism in these works, the name stands unless there is good reason, confirmed by an international regulatory body, to change it. ´The International Botanical Congress has produced the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature [ICBN]. ´The International Union of Biological Sciences [IUBS] has produced the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [ICZN]. ´There are also codes for viruses and for bacteria.
´How would we properly define a square?
´Polygon is a genus (family group). ´A square (species) belongs to the genus polygon. ´A square has four equal sides connected at right angles (differentiae), which distinguish it from other species in the polygon genus. ´Cf. hexagon, which also belongs to the genus polygon, but has six sides, etc.
But back to Linnaeus!
´Pre-Linnaeus, species naming practices varied. Plants and animals were grouped for various reasons, none of them very systematically. ´Latin used to name animals and plants (language of education in Europe at the time and meanings were not open to semantic change because "dead" language) ´This led to long, often inconsistent names: ´For instance, the common wild briar rose was referred to by different botanists as Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina and as Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro. ´Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ´Plantain with numerous leaves of an ovoid/spear-head shape, a roundish head, and a smooth stem ´Now: common name = Ribwort Plantain; scientific name = Plantago lanceolata ´So these names were called polynominals, rather than binominals
Critics and Humorous Revenge
´The sexual basis of Linnaeus' plant classification was controversial in its day; although easy to learn and use, it did not give good results in some cases. ´Linnaeus wrote this about plants with nine stamens and one pistil: "Nine men in the same bride's chamber, with one woman." ´Those plants referred to were one of the classes in Linnaeus' sexual classification system. ´One opponent, botanist Johann Siegesbeck, called it "loathsome harlotry". ´So Linnaeus named a small, useless European weed...Siegesbeckia
Scientific Names
´These names were so long because they were trying to be as specific as possible and describe the organism in significant detail. ´Linaeus realized that the desire for a useful name was in conflict with the desire for description. ´So no more description (differentiae)! ´All we need is a species under a genus. This species would be a unique, specific name - and this could be anything (a descriptor, a name, a place, etc.). ´ ´´So Linnaeus built on Aristotle by wanting a genus and a species, but he removed the need for differentiae! Puerto Rican Tody/San PedritoTodus mexicanus Belted Kingfisher/Megaceryle alcyon
Easily Confused Words 442
´desert vs. dessert ´desert < deserere = to abandon; a noun (i.e., a deserted place) or a verb ´dessert < desservir = to unserve the table; something given after the table has been cleared of the main course ´innocuous vs. inoculate ´innocuous < in (= not) + nocere = to harm; so = harmless ´inoculate < in (= in, onto) + oculare = to put an eye/bud in/onto something ´Used in descriptions for grafting trees, zoonosis/zoonotic, inoculation/variolation vs. vaccination (cowpox/smallpox) • vaccinate < variolae vaccinae < vaccinus < vacca "cow"! ´ingenious vs. ingenuous ´ingenious < ingeniosus < ingenium = inborn quality, inborn nature; so, intelligent, clever ´ingenuous < ingenuus = native born, honorably born; so: open and honest, then simple or naive; contrast this with its perhaps more common antonym, disingenuous
Latin Phrases pt 1231
´pro forma, literally: on behalf of form ´today = following protocol, a mere formality ´de jure, literally: in accordance with law, ´today = lawfully, legitimately ´Contrast with de facto = in accordance with reality, what is actually the case. ´ad hoc, literally, for the purpose of/for this thing; ´today = (usually) used of a committee or meeting that is not routine. That is, the term is applied to things that are not planned but are dealt with as need arises. ´Ex. "She was appointed leader of the ad hoc committee to deal with the sudden increase in student stress." ´ ´ante meridiem, literally, before the middle of the day; ´today = before noon = A.M. (remember post meridiem = P.M.!) ´in absentia, literally, in absence ´Today, a formal term to describe someone's absence from a formal event or circumstance, such as a student taking a leave from a term during the school year.
More Greek Biology Morphemes
´protozoon (plural: protozoa) (usually, the synonymous term protozoan is used instead nowadays; this is short for protozoan [organism]; protozoan is the adjective from the noun protozoon) ´{prot(o)} = "first" ´{zo} = "animal" (cf. Zoology) ´{on} = thing ´Originally, protozoa were classified as the first animals. They were considered animals of only one cell. (They are no longer considered animals.) ´Metazoon (now usually metazoan) ´{meta} = literally, "after, beyond" = "transformed" or "more highly developed" ´Metazoa (plural form) are multi-celled animals, usually with differentiated tissues. ´Originally, metazoa were called "transformed animals" because they represented a major transformation of protozoa (one-celled animals) into multi-celled animals. ´At first, all animals were either protozoa or metazoa; now that protozoa are not considered animals, metazoa means pretty much the same as animals (animalia). ´mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) ´{mit(o)} < μίτος = "thread" ´{chondr(o)} < = χόνδρος = "granule" (In medicine, this morpheme usually means "cartilage") ´{ion} = "little thing" ´Thus, mitochondrion literally = little-granular-thread-thing ´(In biology = an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, responsible for cell energy and respiration). ´Remember, the mitochrondrion is the powerhouse of the cell! ´Remember, in medicine {chondr(o)} refers to cartilage ´Chondral = denoting or relating to cartilage ´Chondritis = inflammation of cartilage ´Remember, in medicine Hypochondriac = ὑπο + χόνδρος = "under the cartilage" ´This goes back to the ancient idea that sickness came from "melancholy"; "melancholy" was seated in the body "under the ribs (aka, under the cartilage)", around the liver, gall bladder, and spleen. ´Xiphoid process (aka ensiform process) ´ξίφος (Gk.) = sword; ensis (Latin.) = sword! ´In anatomy any extension/outgrowth from a body part is called a 'process'. ´{mit(o)} = Thread ´Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus ´In the first stages of mitosis, chromatin appears as long threads; mitosis = "threadification" ´meiosis ´{meio/mio} = less(en) ´{-sis} = process In meiosis, the chromosomes are lessened in number (by half, in reproductive cells of all eukaryotes).
vocab of greek creation
Γαῖα (=gaea) is a variant of γη (earth) from which {ge(o)} comes geology, geometry, perigee, apogee george=farmer, an earth worker {geo}+{org(o)/erg(o)}=work Κρόνος(cronus) later became confused with Χρόνος (chronus=time) cf. chronology, chronological, chronometer
California
Εὕρηκα: EUREKA (the one motto in Greek) Date of Statehood - September 9, 1850 Becomes a state without having to go through territorial status 31 stars = # of States in the Union, but California was not yet a state when this was designed. A bit presumptuous, no? Minerva featured as: 1) goddess of wisdom 2) sprung from head of Zeus fully formed, no mother! - 'Eureka' has appeared on the state seal since 1849 = 'I have found (it)'. - probably intended to refer to the discovery of gold in California. Archimedes, the famed Greek mathematician, is said to have exclaimed "Eureka!" when, after long study, he discovered a method of determining the purity of gold. In 1957, attempts were made to establish "In God We Trust" as the state motto, but "Eureka" was made the official state motto in 1963.
Which combination of Greek letters WOULD lead to nasalized gamma?
γκ γξ γχ
Ideas of the Afterlife - Sappho fr. 55
κατθάνοισα δὲ κείσῃ οὐδέ ποτα μναμοσύνα σέθενἔσσετ' οὐδὲ πόθα εἰς ὔστερον· οὐ γὰρ πεδέχῃς βρόδων τὼν ἐκ Πιερίας, ἀλλ' ἀφάνης κἀν Ἀίδα δόμῳ φοιτάσῃς πεδ' ἀμαύρων νεκύων ἐκπεποταμένα. But in death you shall lie [sc. in your tomb], and there will be neither any recollection of you, nor any future longing for you. For you have no share in those roses that come from Pieria; unseen also in the house of Hades, you shall flit among the shadowy corpses, you having flown from our midst. (trans. A. Hardie)
THE STRUCTURE OF THE COSMOS
κόσμος-"order" • cosmos • cosmology • cosmonaut • cosmic• cosmetic • σφαῖρα-"ball" • sphere • spherical • sheroid• sheroidial
CELESTIAL ANOMALIES
μετέωρος = "raised from the ground, hanging, lofty" Meteoroid: potential to enter Earth's atmosphere Meteor: enters Earth's atmosphere Meteorite: lands on Earth meteor originally = any atmospheric phenomena rain = aqueous meteor airy meteor streaks of light = fiery meteors, So: meteorology = science of the weather Atmosphere: Greek ἀτμός vapour + σφαῖρα ball, sphere ἀστὴρκομήτης= "long-haired star" Nova = new renovate, innovate, novelty Nova (stella) = new (star)
Greek Ordinal numbers
μόνος {mon(o)} = single, only [monogamous / monoplane / monomania] πολύ {poly} = much, many [polygamous] multi {mult(i)} = many [multipara] ὀλίγος {olig(o)} = few [oligarchy / oligophagous] πᾶν (pan) = all [panhellenism / panorama]
Greek "Politics"
πόλις = citadel > city; really "the city-state" (a completely independent people with its own laws, territory, and government) ἀκρόπολις = acropolis πόλις can also represent the "people who live in the polis, citizens" πολίτης = "someone who belongs to the polis, citizen" Greek philosopher Aristotle: "Man is a political animal." Ex. police, policy, politic, politics, political, politician, politico, politicize, polity...
GREEK {ASTER/ASTR(O)}
ἄστρον = star > astronomy + astrology > astronaut ({naut} = sailor) > asterisk (=little star) (*), asteroid, and astral (= starry) > disaster from δυσ + ἀστήρ = "bad star" • Latin has two words for "star," stella and sider stellar ("pertaining to/of the stars") and constellation ("with the stars") consider < considerare ("to be with the stars") and desire < desiderare ("to come from the stars"
Greek Cardinal Numbers
ἕν = 1 {hen(o)} [henotheism; cf. monotheism] δύο = 2 {dy(o)} [dyarchy, dyad] τρεῖς, τρία = 3 {tri} [tripod / tricephalic] τέτρας = 4 {tetra} [tetrameter / tetrahedron / tetrarchy] πέντε = 5 {pent} [pentathlon / pentagon / pentameter] ἕξ = 6 {hex} (cf. sex) [hexagon / hexadactylic / hexameter] ἑπτά = 7 {hepta} (cf. septem) [heptagon] ὀκτώ = 8 {octo} [octopus / octopod] ἐννέα = 9 {ennea} [enneagon;ennead] [{-ad} = suffix that forms collective numerals] δέκα = 10 {deca} [decathlon / decade] ἑκατόν = 100 {hecat(o) / hect(o)} [hectoliter / hectare / hecatophyllous] χίλιοι = 1,000 {kil(o)} [kilometer / kilogram] vs. milligram
Two Expressions from Greek History
• "They're as rich as Croesus!" - Extremely wealthy Lydian king - Reign of c. 560-546 BCE - Believed himself the happiest man on earth, but not true according to the wise Solon Attempted a campaign against the Persian king Cyrus following an oracle, "If you march against Persia, you'll defeat a great empire" • The "sword of Damocles" is hanging over my head! A legendary story, mentioned by Cicero and others Damocles was in the court of Dionysius II of Sicily (4th century BCE); jealous of the tyrant's power and asked for it for one day Dionysius agrees, hangs the sword above Damocles as an analogue for his own state of mind.
Genesis 1.1-5 (first part of seven days)
• 1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. • 2 The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. • 3 Then God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. • 4 And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. • 5 God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening and the morning were the first day.
Genesis 2.15-17 (part of Adam and Eve story)
• 15 Then the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it. • 16 And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat; • 17 but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die."
NASALIZED GAMMA
• When gamma comes before another gamma (γγ), or before a kappa (γκ), a chi (γχ), or a xi (γξ), that gamma is pronounced as an "n". • The second character is pronounced as usual. • Thus, γγ = ng, γκ = nc, γχ = nch, γξ = nx • We call it nasalized because it is pronounced through the nose. • The Romans wrote and we write this sound with an "n." • ἄγγελος • angelos > angel • Σφίγξ • Sphinx • ἔλεγχος • elenchos > elenchus • ἄγκυρα • ancyra > anc(h)or
EASILY CONFUSED WORDS 9827391
• adapt pore accept adopt pour except I hate midterm exams! I have to spend 3 hours a day studying and poring over my books. Go ahead, pour the milk into the bowl. 2020 was difficult, but we did our best to adapt to a difficult situation. When Alexandra travels abroad, she tries to adopt the customs of the country she's visiting. If you can't accept criticism, you'll never really learn. Jamie loves all desserts except cherry pie.
Legal Vocabulary
• alias, an assumed name (literally = "at other times") alibi, plea that one was elsewhere (literally = "elsewhere") • culpable, deserving of blame, guilty (< culpare = to blame) • exonerate, to declare free from blame (< ex + onus, oneris = burden, load) • penitentiary, prison (< paenitere = to repent) • incarcerate, to imprison (< in + carcer = prison)
Latin Phrases
• modus operandi = literally, 'method/way of acting/doing'; today = someone's typical behavior or way of acting: we say, "This crime fits the thief's m.o." dramatis personae = literally, 'masks/characters of a drama'; today = characters of a play • non sequitur = literally, 'it does not follow; today = a comment that is not logically connected with what came before • deus ex machina = literally, 'a god from the machine' (used in tragedy of the introduction of a god, elevated above the stage in a crane type of device, who would resolve a plot that had become too complicated to be easily solved) today = introduction of an artificial character or event that helps solve a complicated plot in fiction, film, etc. • summum bonum = 'the highest good': today = the same; often used in philosophical discussion concerning a thing good in itself
Words of Interesting Origin
• pandemonium: Greek; "[realm of] all demons"- today = chaos, mayhem • lunatic: Latin: "moonstruck" (cf. lunar and lunate)- today = person who is insane • punch: Hindi, Sanskrit; "drink with five ingredients" - today = a drink with several ingredients • decimate: Latin; "punish [kill] every tenth person" - today = to totally wipe out/demolish/destroy
latin phrases pt2
• pro tempore (often abbreviated pro tem.) = for the time - today = temporary - E.g., She is currently mayor pro tem. • ex officio = out of duty/from duty - today = by virtue of one's office or official position - E.g., POTUS is, by virtue of her office, CIF of the Armed Forces. • magnum opus = great work - today = one's masterpiece • persona non grata = person not welcome- today = person officially banned from X because of past offensive behavior or some political ideology • ex cathedra = out of/from the chair/seat- today = (to speak) from a position of authority
Prefixes
• {ad} {as} {ac} = to, toward; advent • {con} {com} = together; contact • {contra} = against; contradict • {dis} = away, apart; disseminate • {e} {ex} = out of, from; extract • {in}{im} = in, into; import • {intro} = into, inward; introspect • {pre} = before; predict • {pro} = forward; progress • {re} = back, again; redo • {retro} = back; retrograde
Suffixes
• {al} = connected with, pertaining to; medical • {ion} = act of; introspection • {ment} = act of, product of; government • {or} = person (or thing) who acts or does something; creator
Bases
• {cess} = come, go; concession • {creat} = make, build; creation • {feder} = union of states; federal • {medic} = connected with the science of medicine; medical • {pel} {pulse} = push, drive; expel • {quire} = ask, seek; inquire • {solve} {solute} = loosen; resolve • {spic} {spect} = look at, see; introspection • {sume} = use up, take; consume • {vene} {vent} = come; convention
Literal vs. Figurative
•A word is literal when it expresses its etymological meaning; it is figurative when it does not. •Literal: The root of the plant is a literal use of the word. •Figurative: The root of the problem.
Theseus and Ariadne
•After completing his labors, Theseus travelled to Crete - why? •Athens was forced to send 7 boys and 7 girls each year to Crete to become victims of the Minotaur (the bull of Minos, the king of Crete). •The Minotaur lived in a labyrinth < λαβύρινθος •Mino's daughter, Ariadne, falls in love with Theseus. •She gives him thread to use so he doesn't get lost in the labyrinth. •Origin of our word clue - clue < ME clew "a ball of yarn or thread"; first used in our current fashion in tales of Ariadne
"The Electra Complex"
•As we've seen, Freud's psychology is very male-centric. •Offers a female-centric theory in the "Electra Complex" •Mythic background: •Electra was the daughter of the Greek general Agamemnon; Agamemnon was killed by his wife Clytemnestra; in revenge, Electra killed her mother. •According to the Electra Complex, daughters feel competition with their mothers for their fathers' attention.
The fundamentals
•Bases give the central meaning of a word. Ex. {scribe/script} •Prefixes alter that central meaning without fully changing it. Ex. {in}{scribe} •Suffixes change the class of the word (from adjective to noun, from noun to adverb, etc.). Ex. {in}{script}{ion} •Multiple bases are often combined through connecting vowels. Ex. {hom(i)}{cide} •A base like this {hom(i)}, ready to be combined with other bases, is called a combining form.
The Rules of Name Creation: The Basics
•Binomina are written in a certain way. •They are usually italicized (or stand out on the page in another way). •The Genus is Capitalized but the species name is not. •Ex. Homo sapiens or Canis lupus baileyi •Usually, full name in first use of a publication, then abbreviated. •Ex. Canis lupus baileyi vs. C. l. baileyi •
Interesting Terms from Psychology pt2
•Delirium •{de-} = away from •{lira} = furrow • {-ium} = noun suffix •Dementia •{de-} •{ment} = mind •{-ia} •Deviant •{de-} •{via} = path, road, journey •{-nt} = adjective ending •{press} = press, push down •depression ({de} = down) •repression •suppression ({sub/sup} = under) •{sess} = sit •session = a sitting •obsession = a sitting against, a siege ({ob} = against)
•Ex. Unicorn •{un} + i + {corn} •Base + connecting vowel + base • •
•Ex. Fungicide •{fung} + i + {cide} •Base + connecting vowel + base • •
•Ex. Philosophy{phil} + o + {soph} + y •Base + connecting vowel + base + suffix
•Ex. Philologist{phil} + o + {log} + ist •Base + connecting vowel + base + suffix
•Ex. {cracy} as base: •plutocracy, theocracy, democracy... •More recently: •corporatocracy (in the 21st century especially) •kakistocracy (since the 17th century) •avianocracy (actually in print!)
•Ex. dyspepsia - the condition of bad digestion dyspeptic - pertaining to bad digestion physics - the study of the natural world theism - the doctrine of believing in a divine being dyslogistic - pertaining to disapproving speech anatomy - the act/process of cutting up (the human body)
•Often, though, Greek words use multiple bases.
•Ex. plutocracy = rule by the wealthy •{plut(o)} = wealth, {plut} is base 1 •{crac} = rule/power, {crac} is base 2 •{y} = suffix making a noun Latin can do this, but it's not prone to it in the way Greek is. •o = a connecting vowel. •Greek words like o for their connecting vowel; Latin words like i.
Easily Confused Words 912`
•First: •allusion < {ad} + {lus/lud} to make a (playful) reference to something; now a term often used in the arts •illusion < {in} + {lus/lud} to mock, to deceive, to play against •Second: •alteration = process making something into another thing •altercation = process of fighting with another •Third: •violation = result of violating a rule/law/norm (violent) •volition, compare to voluntary, volunteer
Interesting Terms from Psychology
•Hysteria •ὑστέρα = womb => {hyster} •This leads to the concept of the "wandering womb" (still found in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders until 1980) •Lunacy, Lunatic •{luna} = moon •schizophrenia •{schiz(o)} = split •{phren} = mind, diaphragm •Cf. •schizoid •schism •phrenoplegia •phrenology (cranioscopy)
But literally?
•In its standard use, literally means 'in a literal sense, as opposed to a nonliteral or exaggerated sense' (OED). •Ex. I told him I never wanted to see him again, but I didn't expect him to take it literally! • •In recent years, a new common use: literally (or literal) is used deliberately in nonliteral contexts, for added effect. •Ex. They bought the car and literally ran it into the ground. •Ex. We were literally killing ourselves laughing!
•Penelope and Dylan are a great couple - they really complement each other.
•In the equation 2 + 5 = x, x denotes the answer, which is 7.
The Rules of Name Creation: Species Names - Genitives
•Latin has special forms of nouns called genitives •The genitive of a noun means OF or 's = possession. •Latin has special forms of nouns called genitives •The genitive of a noun means OF or 's = possession. •Ex. taurus -"bull" •genitive = tauri, "of a bull," or "belonging to a bull." •When genitives are used for species, they often are seen in cases of naming species after people OR to indicate the places they inhabit. •Ex. Callipepla gambelii = "Gambel's Quail" •When genitives are used for species, they often are seen in cases of naming species after people OR to indicate the places they inhabit. •Ex. Cyrtonyx montezumae = "Montezuma's Quail" •Note: •Callipepla gambelii = "Gambel's Quail" •Cyrtonyx montezumae = "Montezuma's Quail" •To name a species after a masculine name, -i is added to the name. •To name a species after a feminine name, -ae is added to the name.
Latin Soul-Terminology
•Latin has two words/concepts that correlate to soul: animus and anima •animus = the thinking part, the brain? •anima = the being alive, feeling part, the heart? •From anima we find words like: •animate and animal
The Rules of Name Creation: Species Names - Adjectives and Participles
•Latin nouns are one of three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. •Adjectives and participles must agree in gender with their nouns. •That is, adjectives and participles may need to change their form depending on the gender of the genus. •Ex. puer bonus = good boy vs. puella bona = good girl •Very often, our epithets will be based on color or appearance. •Ex. Felis concolor (cougar) = one-colored [concolor] cat [Felis] •Very often, our epithets will be based on color or appearance. •Ex. Crotalus adamanteus (a diamondback rattlesnake) = diamond[y] [adamanteus] rattle [Crotalus]. •Participles are just adjectives made from verbs: •Ex. Present participles •Breaking (from break) - a breaking heart. •Baking (from bake) - the baking cookies •Ex. Past participles •Broken (from break) - a broken heart •Baked (from bake) - the baked cookies •Latin participles are often used as epithets. •Ex. Lycaon pictus = painted wolf (African wild dog) •Latin participles are often used as epithets. •Ex. Canis latrans = barking dog (coyote)
Background to the War
•Leda, wife of king Tyndareus of Sparta, has sex with Zeus in the form of a swan: •Two daughters: Clytemnestra and Helen •Helen is considered the most desirable wife by all; Tyndareus fears a fight •Suitors pledge to defend the one chosen; Menelaus of Sparta is then selected. •Zeus wants to sleep with the nymph Thetis, but the prophecy goes that her child will be greater than his father - so no thanks. •Wants her to marry Peleus; she refuses, transforming into various creatures, but eventually gives in. •Gives birth to the great hero Achilles. •At Thetis and Peleus' wedding, Eris - Strife - doesn't get an invite. •As revenge, Eris presents a golden apple to the group that states, "To the most beautiful." •Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena all think it should belong to them. •Zeus doesn't want to deal with it, so: enter Paris, son of Priam, the king of Troy. •Hermes brings the goddesss, apple, and question to Paris: who should be considered the most beautiful? •Goddesses turn to bribery: •Hera offers kingship of the world. •Athena offers the ability to be a great general. •Aphrodite offers the most beautiful woman in the world. •But who is the most beautiful woman? Helen...who's already married to Menelaus. •Paris goes to Sparta, steals Helen, and takes her to Troy. •The oath of Tyndareus activates, and the Trojan War begins. •What did Helen think? Different stories.
"The Oedipus Complex"
•Mythic Background: •Laius + Jocasta, ruler of Thebes •They're told their child will murder his father and marry his mother. •Mythic Background: •Oedipus = "swollen feet" •Oracle = he would kill his father and marry his mother - so he left home to avoid his fate. •Gets into a traffic jam outside Thebes and kills an old man in a fit of road-rage. •Oedipus must sole the sphinx's riddle:"What walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening?"
Indigenous Language Families in the Americas
•Nahuatl - member of the Uto-Aztecan language family; language of the Aztec/Mexica and certain Mayan communities •Arawakan languages (incl. Caribbean Arawak, North Amazonian Arawak, Pareci-Xingu, Pre-Andean Maipurean, etc.) - found throughout South America and in the Caribbean, suggesting migration from the continent •Algonquian languages - member of the Algic language family; includes Plains Algonquian, Central Algonquian, and Eastern Algonquian; spoken from the East coast of North America to the Pacific
Narcissism
•Narcissism = the state of being like Narcissus. •Narcissus = a handsome man cursed to fall in love with his own reflection
Connecting Vowels
•Note: connecting vowels are not randomly inserted into words: •They appear before the second base in a word if that second base begins with a consonant. •Ex. Fungicide vs. philanthropy or unanimous •A connecting vowel does not appear before a vowel or an h.
The Rules of Name Creation: Species Names - Nouns
•Nouns that follow other nouns and describe them are called appositives: •Ex. My dad, the dancer... •Species epithets or names can also be appositives: •Ex. Panthera leo (lion) = Big cat [Panthera] a lion [leo]
paraphernalia
•OED: •1. Law. With plural agreement. Articles of personal property, esp. clothing and ornaments, which (exceptionally at common law) did not automatically transfer from the property of the wife to the husband by virtue of the marriage. Now historical. • • 2. a. Originally: items belonging to a particular person, esp. articles of dress or adornment... Subsequently: the miscellaneous items needed for or associated with a particular activity. •
Robots
•OED: •Etymology: < Czech robot (1920 in R.U.R.: Rossum's Universal Robots, a play by Karel Čapek (1890-1938), Czech author) < robota forced labour, drudgery • •1.a. Chiefly Science Fiction. An intelligent artificial being typically made of metal and resembling in some way a human or other animal. • 2. A machine capable of automatically carrying out a complex series of movements, esp. one which is programmable.
cynosure
•OED: •Etymology: < French cynosure (16th cent.), < Latin cynosūra, < Greek κυνόσουρα dog's tail, Ursa Minor • 1. The northern constellation Ursa Minor, which contains in its tail the Pole-star; also applied to the Pole-star itself. • 2. figurative. a. Something that serves for guidance or direction; a 'guiding star'. b. Something that attracts attention by its brilliancy or beauty; a centre of attraction, interest, or admiration. •
calculate
•OED: •Etymology: < Latin calculāt- participial stem of calculāre to count, reckon, < calculus a stone
Language Imperialism
•On one level, the colonizing language minimizes and overrides indigenous language(s). •Ex. In Puerto Rico, Spanish overran the Taíno language beginning in the 1500s; when the U.S. colonized Puerto Rico in 1898, English attempted to overrun Spanish. •Ex. Following Roman domination in antiquity, Latin became the language of "science and the arts" until c. the early 19th century; English then took up this mantle following British and U.S. colonialism. •On one level, the colonizing language minimizes and overrides indigenous language(s). •On another, the colonizing language subsumes the colonized language within itself. •Ex. Loanwords •Methods of communication thus become a more fraught space.
•Freudian psychology has been an influential - although now relatively discredited - method of analyzing the mind. •Freud was trained in the texts of ancient Greece and Rome, "the classics," as were many of his day.
•Perhaps his most famous theory:the Oedipus complex
The Rules of Name Creation: Taxa Smaller Than Species?
•Remember: a unit of biological classification is called a taxon (plural: taxa). •A genus is a taxon; so is a species. •Smaller than a species? •For animals: a sub-species! •For plants: subspecies, variety, subvariety, forma, or subforma. •What does this mean? •Many organisms have a trinomen (plural: trinomina) or trinomial. •Ex. Canis lupus familiaris = domestic dog (but canis lupus = grey wolf!) •What does this mean? •Many organisms have a trinomen (plural: trinomina) or trinomial •Ex. Homo sapiens sapiens = only living members of Homo sapiens
Combining forms
•So far - connecting vowels. •Base morphemes that must be combined with another base to make a full word are also called combined forms. •Ex. {cide} = "to kill, killing" {phage} = "to eat, eating" •Note -sometimes, as in these two examples, combined forms consist of only one morpheme - no suffix. •Most of the time, however, we find two or more morphemes. •Ex.{logy} = {log} + {y} (astrology, biology, theology) {nomy} = {nom} + {y} (astronomy, economy, taxonomy) {cracy} = {crac} + {y} (democracy, plutocracy, meritocracy) {logist} = {log} + {ist} (astrologist, biologist, theologist) •Ex. {ectomy} = {ec} (=out) + {tom} (=cut) + {y} = surgical removal of x •appendectomy, tonsillectomy, gastrectomy
•"Combining forms" are especially helpful for understanding words of Greek origin
•So far, many Latin words with a prefix, a base, and a suffix. Ex: {pro} {tect} {ion} •For Greek words: •Sometimes same pattern of a prefix, a base, and a suffix.Ex: {em} {path} {y}
The Trojan War
•The "greatest of the Achaeans" is Achilles, the son of Thetis and Peleus (from earlier!) •Modern Expression: Achilles' heel is an ultimate weakness •Origin: Thetis dipped Achilles into the River Styx to make him invulnerable, but she held him by the ankles. •Much of the war and Troy's defeat is prophesized by Cassandra, Priam's daughter. •Cassandra promises to sleep with the god Apollo in exchange for a prophetic gift; when she gets her gift but refuses, he curses her so that her prophecies are never believed. •A Cassandra is thus someone who predicts coming disaster but isn't taken seriously. •The great hero on the Trojan side is Hector, another son of Priam. •Nowadays, to hector someone means to harass or bully someone. •In early modern England, his name came to be applied to thuggish men on the streets of London. •Stentor was a herald of the Achaeans. •Stentor was a successful herald due to his loud voice - today, a person with a loud voice can be called a Stentor or a person with a loud voice is stentorian. •Nestor was a wise, older man who acts like an advisor for the Achaeans. •Such a person today is still called a Nestor. •The war lasts for ten years! •Odysseus, "the clever one" offers an idea - the Trojan Horse. •Today: used in computer programming to describe a program that a user willingly puts on his computer but that actually was designed to do harm; also generally something intended to undermine something else secretly •After the war, Odysseus angers the god Poseidon and is forced to go on an odyssey.
The Rules of Name Creation: Genus Names
•The genus name will be a noun. •This noun can be: •1) a Latin word • 2) a Greek word altered to fit Latin grammar • 3) a word made up from Greek and Latin roots and combining forms • 4) a modern word, usually transformed into a Latin form •Examples: •1) a Latin word •Canis, from Latin "dog" (m.) •Examples: •2) a Greek word altered to fit Latin grammar •Panthera, from Greek "πάνθηρ" > Latin panthera (f.) "a big cat" •Examples: •3) a word made up from Greek and Latin roots and combining forms •Deiroptyx, from Greek {deir(o)} "neck" + {ptyx} "fold" •Examples: •4) a modern word, usually transformed into a Latin form •Magnolia campbellii < Pierre Magnol (botanist) and Archibald Campbell (doctor) •How do you make proper genera out of people's names? •Latinize the name. •Genus names formed from personal names are always treated as grammatically feminine, which means they will usually end in an -a. •For names that end in consonants, add -ia: •Jimenez > Jimenezia •For names that end in vowels (except -a) add -a: •Hoile > Hoilea •For names that end in "-a," add -ia: •Garza > Garzaia
Theory of the Ego, Id, and Superego
•The id is the source of raw erotic desire in a human. •etymologically, it means "it" in Latin. •The ego is the sense of self that a person has. •etymologically, it means "I" in Latin . •The superego (= "over-I") refers to the inhibitions that arise from internalizing the inhibitions represented by the father. •Good mental health = good order among the id, ego, and superego
Theseus
•Theseus - minor mythological figure c. 7th century BCE •Becomes more influential as Athens claims him as a founding hero •Son of Aethra and both Aegeus (king of Athens) and Poseidon, left in Troezen with his mother till he came of age to find his father in Athens. •Theseus, like Hercules, performs labors of strength - for Theseus, there's six of them! •Theseus' Labors include killing: •Periphetes the Cyclops •Sinis the Robber •the Crommyonian Sow (Phaea) •Sciron the murder •the cruel king Cercyon •Procrustes the bandit •Let's look back at Procrustes, the worst inn-keeper •What is procrustean today? •an idiom for short-sighted bureaucracy, the idea that everything must be done/made to meet an arbitrary standard!
Ariadne
•Theseus abandons Ariadne on Naxos. •Theseus abandons Ariadne on Naxos. •Marries Dionysus and becomes a goddess. •Ovid (1st century CE) - Heroides (trans. A. S. Kline) •"Often I seek again the bed that accepted us both, but it shows no sign of that acceptance, and I touch what I can of the traces of you, instead of you, and the sheets your body warmed. I lie there and, wetting the bed with my flowing tears, I cry out: 'We two burdened you, restore the two! We came here together: why shouldn't we go together? Faithless bed, where's the better part of me now? What am I to do? Why endure alone? The island's unploughed: I see no human beings: I can't imagine there's an ox. The land's encircled by the sea on every side: no sailors, no ship to set sail on its uncertain way. Suppose I was given companions, winds and ship, where would I make for? My country denies me access."
Back to Theseus...
•Theseus had promised his father: white sails = "I'm alive!"black sails = "I died!" •Theseus blew it and forgot to change the sails to white! •Aegeus threw himself into the sea anddied, thus the Aegean Sea.
"The Ship of Theseus" Philosophical Paradox
•Theseus' ship was preserved upon his return, but as it grew older and the wood rotted, it was replaced. •Over time, more and more wood and parts were replaced until not one piece of the original was left. •Is this still "the ship of Theseus"?
•This brings Freud to the "Oedipus Complex"
•Thesis 1) a male child's mother is the original focus of his erotic desire. •Thesis 2) The child's father becomes a hated and feared rival for his mother's attention. •Conclusion: Proper mental health requires a child to resolve this conflict by identifying with and internalizing the father's inhibitions on the child's erotic urges.
The Rules of Name Creation: Species Names
•Think of species names as epithets, there to add greater clarity to the genus. •To do so, these species names follow the rules of Latin nouns and adjectives. •Latin likes to put descriptors after the nouns they modify. In English we might say, "cute cat," but in Latin we'd say, "cat cute." •Remember: a genus is a noun. •In Latin, a noun can be descriptively modified by four kinds of words: •Adjective •Participle (present or past) •Noun in apposition to the genus •Noun in the genitive case
•Royal houses often used lions in their insignia because they connote strength and power.
•With the food supply being low, people were wracked by alimentary anxieties.
•Choose the correct breakdown of dysphagia into its morphemes?
•a) {dys} + {phag(o)} + {ia}
Latin Phrases 9120`1
•alter ego = the other I/me •today = one's other half, best friend; another persona/self. •cum grano salis = with a grain of salt •today = the same; i.e., to consider something of very little to no importance or doubtful. •Ex. The reader must take this information cum grano salis. •in extremis = at the end of life or the earth •today = in dire straits, at the very point of death •Ex. They suddenly find themselves in extremis 20 miles out to sea. •tempus fugit = time flies •today = the same. •Ex. Don't forget, tempus fugit while you're having fun. •ex libris = from the books (of) •today = the same and is usually on a plate placed in the beginning of a book with ex libris followed by a ___________ for the person's name who owns said book.
Loanwords from Nahuatl
•avocado < āhuacatl = avocado/testicle •chocolate < xocolātl or chocolātl cacao/cocoa < cacahuatl •coyote < coyōtl •tomato < tomatl
•Identify the properly combined form that would result from these morphemes: {entom(o)} + {phag(o)} + {ist}.
•b) entomophagist
•Identify the properly combined form that would result from these morphemes: {ventr(i)} + {loqu(i)} + {ism}.
•b) ventriloquism
Loanwords from Algonquian Languages
•chipmunk < chitmunk < ajidamoo, "one who descends trees headlong" (orig. Ojibwa) •moose < moz/moos, maybe from moosu, "he strips off" •pecan < pakani (orig. Illinois), maybe through French pacane •raccoon < arahkun (orig. Powhatan); Capt. John Smith offered raugroughcum •squash < askútasquash, "the things that may be eaten raw," (orig. Narragansett)
Easily Confused Words pt223
•complement (= (to) complete) vs. compliment (a kind remark) •complement (v). "That shirt really complements your eyes!" •complement (n). "That jam is a good complement to those crackers." •compliment (v). "Sam looks nervous from performing - go compliment him!" •compliment (n). "She said I looked pretty! What a nice compliment." •connotation (mark out along with) vs. denotation (mark out clearly, give the literal meaning of a word) •A fox denotes a carnivorous mammal and member of the scientific family "dog" and connotes a tricky, sly person. •A fox denotes a carnivorous mammal and member of the scientific family "dog" and connotes a tricky, sly person. •elementary = beginning, first principles vs. alimentary = nourishing •"Elementary, my dear Watson!" •"A person's alimentary canal can often become clogged, leading to choking."
Words of Interesting Origin 81921
•horizon (OED) •vodka •Origin: Russian, literally "little water," a diminutive of voda, "water" •Voda comes from the same Indo-European form as English water, but has a different suffix: *wod-ā (English water is from *wod-or) •Whisk(e)y (OED) [uisge beatha, OOSH-ka BAY-ah] maybe came from Latin - aqua vitae •Sardonic •Scornfully or cynically mocking: a sardonic sense of humor •< Greek Σαρδόνιος the descriptive epithet of bitter or scornful laughter; •the word had primary reference to the effects of eating a 'Sardinian plant' (Latin herba Sardonia or Sardōa), •Said to produce facial convulsions resembling horrible laughter, usually followed by death. •OK; cf. KG = "know go" for "no go"
Latin phrases
•post mortem: literally, 'after death' •today = an autopsy performed to determine cause of death • •vice versa: literally, 'with the turn/position/place having been turned/reversed' •today = 'with the order reversed' (he dislikes me, and vice versa) •in toto: literally, 'in whole/in all •today = 'completely, totally' • •casus belli: literally, 'occasion/event for war' •today = either 'an event seen as the cause of a war' or simply a 'just cause for a war •per capita: literally, 'by (the) heads' •today = 'per individual, by person' often used in phrase 'per capita income'.
Derivatives from ψυχή
•psychiatry {psych(o)} + {iatr(o)} (="doctor") + {y} •psychosis, psychotic •The suffix {-osis} is related to {-sis}, each of which can form nouns of action or condition. • {-osis} is used especially in medical terms that denote a condition of disease, disorder, excess, or infection. •Cf. neurosis, neurotic ({neur(o)} = nerve (Note: Neurosis is no longer used as a diagnostic category in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. sclerosis, sclerotic ({scler(o)} = hardening) necrosis, necrotic ({necr(o)} = corpse) •psychic •psychosomatic ({somat/soma/some} = body) •Metempsychosis ({meta/met} + {em} + {psych(o)} + {osis}
New Greek Morphemes pt 2783
•{ethn(o)} = race or nation of people (ethnography) •{hor(o)} = hour, time (horologist) •{ichthy(o)} = fish (ichthyophagous) •{hipp(o)} = horse (hippodrome, hippocampus) •{parthen(o)} = virgin (the Parthenon, parthenogenesis) •{phag(o)} = eat (ornithophagy, phagocytosis) •{pus/pod} = foot (octopus, octopod, podiatrist) •{sapr(o)} = rotten (saprophagous, saprophyte) •{rhiz(o)} = root (rhizotomy, rhizome, rhizophagous) •{frug(i)/fruct(i)} = fruit (frugivore, frugiferous, fructiferous) •{asin} = donkey (asinine, asininity) •{can} = dog (canine, canid) •{leon} = leon (leonine)
New Latin Morphemes pt 1293
•{fuge} = drive away, flee (centrifuge) •{herb(i)} = grass (herbicide, herbivore, herbiferous) •{insect(i)} = insect (insecticide, insectivore) •{magn(i)} = big (magnify, magnificent) •{omn(i)} = all, every (omnivore, omnipotent, omniscient) •{pest(i)} = troublesome animal or plant (pesticide, pestiferous) •{pisc(i)} = fish (piscivorous, pisciform, pescatarian, piscatorian) •{ran(i)} = frog (ranivorous, raniform, ranine, ranula) •{su(i)} = self (suisection, sui generis, sui juris) •{verm(i)} = worm (vermicide, vermifuge, vermin) •{vor/vore} = eating (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, piscivore, detritivore) •{ag/act} = do (actor, agent, agile) •{frang/fract} = break (fracture, frangible) •{grav} = heavy (gravity) = serious (grave) = pregnant (gravid) •{host} = enemy (hostile, hostility) •{neglig/neglect} = disregard (neglect, negligent) •{sap/sip} = taste (insipid, sapid) •{radic} = root (eradicate, radical): 1) radical change = down to the roots, thorough; 2) a radical = an extremist, one who wants complete change (Greek synonym of {radic}?)
Words with Multiple bases
•{patri} father •{arch} rule •{mon} only, one, single •{phil} love •{phob} fear •{anglo} English •{bibli} book •{anthrop} human being •{soph} wisdom, wise •{hellen} Greek •{hydr} water •{dynam} power •{acr(o)} acrobat/acropolis •{crac} democracy •{dermat(o)} dermatology •{entom(o)} entomology •{etym(o)} etymology •{graph} photograph •{heli(o)} heliophile •{man} mania/manic •{ochl(o)} ochlophobia •{ophi(o)} ophiophagy •{ornith(o)} ornithologist •{phag(o)} dermatophagia •{pyr(o)} pyromania
Psychology
•{psych(o)} + {log} + {y} •Gk. ψυχή = soul, inner-self •originally meant breath < ψύχω to blow •Early Greek texts, like those of Homer, describe the ψυχή leaving the body upon death.
•Compare this to compound words in English:
•{tree}{house} •{sand}{paper} •{foot}{ball} •{under}{world} •In these cases, two bases are just stuck together, one tacked on to the other.
the forms of the third person singular masculine pronoun with those of the interrogative pronoun.
◦ 3rd person singular masculine pronoun ◦ he = subject◦ his = possession◦ him = object of verb or preposition
Personal Pronouns
◦ I,me,you,he,his,him,she,hers,her,it,its,we,us,they,them,ze,zir,zirs,hir,etc. ◦ These pronouns take the place of persons. ◦ Different pronouns are used based on the function of the pronoun in a sentence. ◦ Ex. I for a subject, me for an object (either indirect or direct) ◦ Ex. I go to the gym on Tuesdays. Jermaine says hi to me every morning on the way to work.
Subtypes of Pronouns - I. Interrogative
◦ Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions (interrogative - interrogate) COMPARE: ◦ {-ion} makes nouns. -> invasion◦ {-ive} makes adjectives. -> invasive ◦ Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions (interrogative = interrogate) ◦ The interrogative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, and what. ◦ Interrogative pronouns in a question stand in for the coming or needed answer (usually a noun). ◦ Ex. What do you need? I need some oranges for the cookies I'm making. Who is he looking for? His sister.Whose bike is that? It's Leslie's. ◦ Who = subject. "Who is coming to dinner tonight?" ◦ Whom = direct and indirect objects. "To whom did you give the note?" "Whom are you dating?" Whose = the agent of possession. "Whose sweater is that?" What = non-human subjects or objects. "What is that?" "What are you doing?" ◦ Cf. the forms of the third person singular masculine pronoun with those of the interrogative pronoun.◦ 3rd person singular masculine pronoun ◦ he = subject◦ his = possession◦ him = object of verb or preposition interrogative pronoun who = subject whose = possession whom = object of verb or preposition ◦ SO if you aren't sure which interrogative pronoun to use...◦ First, turn the question into a statement and insert the correct form of he, his, him. ◦ Then replace that form with the corresponding form of who, whose, whom. ◦ E.g.: _____ do you love? ◦ Turned into a statement = You love ____. ◦ Now insert the correct form of he, his, him?◦ You love him. ◦ Which form of the interrogative pronoun is the equivalent of him? ◦ Whom ◦ Whom do you love? ◦ Who wants to go to the store? She wants to go to the store. ◦ With whom are you going to the park? You're going to the park with her.
Hypercorrection
◦ The use of inappropriate pronunciation, grammatical forms, or constructions out of an effort to replace incorrect or seemingly incorrect forms with correct ones. ◦ Ex. That cake was made by Quinn and I. ◦ Is the correct pronoun me or I? ◦ Try the sentence without the extra noun/pronoun; in this case, "Quinn." ◦ That cake was made by me. So: That cake was made by Quinn and me. ◦ Use of me vs. I and who vs. whom are especially common victims of hypercorrection! ◦ Let's take a test case: the use of pronouns after the verb to be ◦ According to Webster's College Dictionary: ◦ me, pron. -- Usage. The traditional rule is that personal pronouns after the verb to be take the subjective case (I, she, he, we, you, they). ◦ So if someone says, "Who is it?" You say, "It is I!" ◦ ~ 400 years ago or so, objective pronouns (him, her, us, them) began to replace the subjective forms after forms of "to be". ◦ So if someone says, "Who is it?", you say, "It's me!" ◦ Larger questions: ◦ How much do we really care about the rules of 400 years ago? Or the "rules" of English in general?
New Morphemes
◦ {tend/tent/tens} = stretch extend, extent, extensive ◦ {prehens/prehend} = grasp apprehend, comprehend ◦ {duc/duct} = lead induce, induction, aqueduct ◦ {scribe/script} = write proscription, scribe Laura's intention was to adduce why Mia was obsessed with prehensile tails; Mia even inscribed her diary with a poem dedicated to them!