Clinical Psych Midterm

In multiple relationships, boundary crossings are more severe than boundary violations. T/F

False.

A study that approximates the target client or situation as a substitute for the real thing employs a parallel design. T/F

False. Analogue design

Sigmund Freud was the first person to use the term clinical psychology T/F

False. It was Lightner Witmer

Describe the 10 Ethical Standards

Resolving Ethical Issues Competence Human Relations Privacy and Confidentiality Advertising and Other Public Statements Record Keeping and Fees Education and Training Research and Publication Assessment Therapy

Hippocrates conceptualized abnormality as: A. the result of spiritual possession. B. an imbalance of bodily fluids. C. a neurological deficit. D. a consequence of practicing witchcraft.

B. an imbalance of bodily fluids.

Describe the 5 Ethical Principles

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence • do no harm Fidelity and Responsibility • be trustworthy and uphold highest ethical standards Integrity • be accurate, honest, and truthful Justice • treat others fairly and justly Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

The book A Guide to Treatments that Work is the first major publication on cybertherapy T/F

False. It was one of the first books that had detailed information regarding evidence-based practice/manualized therapy

Individual case studies typically have limited generalizability. T/F

True

Describe the specific conditions/information when a clinician working with a minor should break confidentiality to disclose information to parents.

o Any situation in which children might be harmed by the behavior of others or themselves, as well as general information about the child's psychological condition or progress in therapy o Smoking, drinking, sex, drug use, crime, cutting o Child abuse

Describe the difference between treatment efficacy and effectiveness.

o Efficacy: the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria o Effectiveness: the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range and are not chosen as a result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria

Discuss how abnormality is defined and why the definition is important.

o Personal distress o Deviance from cultural norms o Statistical infrequency o Impaired social functioning o "forms of behavior that are outside the normal range; often labeled mental disorders, psychiatric diagnosis, or psychopathology o Jerome Wakefield created a simpler definition of mental disorders when he created his harmful dysfunction theory A theory of abnormality stating that the definition of disorder should include aspects of harmfulness (which is more socially determined) and dysfunction (which is more scientifically determined)

Describe the influence of the pharmaceutical industry on diagnosis and treatment.

o The more disorders there are, and the more they overlap with the unfortunate experiences of normal life, the more potential customers these companies have to target their advertising toward o A majority of those who write the DSM are on pharmaceutical pay rolls o Studies show that psychiatrists who had received at least $5000 from pharmaceutical companies had written three times as many prescriptions for antipsychotic medication as doctors who had received none

When Lightner Witmer told his colleagues in 1897 to "throw light upon the problems that confront humanity," he was encouraging them to:

open and operate psychological clinics

A projective assessment instrument, the Rorschach Inkblot Test relies upon the assumption that:

people's responses to ambiguous or vague stimuli reveal their personalities

The DSM has expanded with every edition. Describe the reasons this may be.

scientific discovery and social invention

Individual case studies:

tend to have limited generalizability.

what is the definition of clinical psychology?

the field of psychology is focused on integrating science and practice and applying it to decrease human suffering and promote health

Created during World War I, the Army Alpha and Beta tests are considered precursors to:

today's most widely used measures of intelligence

Psychological research focused on issues of diagnosis and categorization of psychological problems might look like which of the following studies? A. A study examining the validity and reliability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder B. A study attempting to establish normative data for Mexican-Americans who have been administered the MMPI-2 C. A study of experienced clinical psychologists' activities, beliefs, and practices D. A study exploring patients' paint color preferences for psychologists' offices

A. A study examining the validity and reliability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Which of the following had a significant influence on the creation of the first edition of the DSM? A. Development of an early categorization system by the U. S. Army and Veterans' Administration used to diagnose and treat soldiers returning from World War II. B. Observation of individuals with mental disorders for extended periods of time in 18th-century French asylums C. Empirical support for Hippocrates' bodily fluids-based hypothesis for the origin of mental illness D. Publication of Emil Kraeplin's 19th-century text Neuroses and Diagnosis

A. Development of an early categorization system by the U. S. Army and Veterans' Administration used to diagnose and treat soldiers returning from World War II.

_____ experimental designs emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another. _____ designs assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time. A. Longitudinal, Cross-sectional B. Latitudinal, Bi-sectional C. Cross-sectional, Longitudinal D. Bi-sectional, Latitudinal

A. Longitudinal, Cross-sectional

_____, a new disorder in DSM-5, involves a modest decline in cognitive functions such as memory, language, attention, or executive function. A. Mild neurocognitive disorder B. Somatic symptom disorder C. Major neurocognitive disorder D. Autonomic symptom disorder

A. Mild neurocognitive disorder

What is the primary setting in which clinical psychologists work? A. Private practice B. Universities C. State psychiatric hospitals D. College counseling centers

A. Private practice

Those who have exerted the most influence on the disorders included in the DSM are generally members of which profession? A. Psychiatry B. Clinical Psychology C. Social Work D. Sociology

A. Psychiatry

How do social workers differ from clinical psychologists? A. Social workers typically lack a doctoral degree and training in assessment techniques. B. Social workers are awarded the Soc.d. degree rather than the Ph.d. or Psy.d. C. Social workers typically treat elderly clients, while clinical psychologists focus exclusively on children and working adults. D. Social workers utilize a broad range of assessment instruments in their everyday work, while clinical psychologists are less likely to engage in assessment activities.

A. Social workers typically lack a doctoral degree and training in assessment techniques.

What legal precedent was established by the Tarasoff case? A. duty to warn B. right to informed consent C. duty to maintain confidentiality D. right to refuse treatment

A. duty to warn

A Guide to Treatments that Work exemplifies the movement toward: A. empirically supported treatments. B. utilization of the case study model in formulating treatment plans. C. psychodynamic treatments D. the humanistic principles now underlying all modern treatment approaches.

A. empirically supported treatments.

Ethical clinical assessment practices may include: A. selection of tests that are appropriate for the purpose of the assessment and the population being tested. B. inclusion of tests that have become obsolete or have been replaced by revised editions. C. selection of tests personally favored by the assessing psychologist. D. inclusion of tests for which the costs of administration are lowest.

A. selection of tests that are appropriate for the purpose of the assessment and the population being tested.

When becoming licensed, a U.S. clinical psychologist must typically pass _____. A. the EPPP and a state-specific exam on laws and ethics B. a state-specific exam on laws and ethics C. the EPPP D. the GRE Psychology Subject Test

A. the EPPP and a state-specific exam on laws and ethics

_____ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings. _____ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study. A. Efficacy, Effectiveness B. Effectiveness, Efficacy C. Propagation, Permation D. Permeation, Propagation

B. Effectiveness, Efficacy

_____ is known as the founding father of the current mental disorder diagnostic system. A. Phillippe Pinel B. Emil Kraepelin C. Jerome Wakefield D. Albert Bandura

B. Emil Kraepelin

The current APA ethical code (2002) is divided into two distinct sections: _____, aspirational goals describing an ideal level of ethical functioning; and _____, enforceable rules of conduct. A. Ethical Standards B. General Principles, Ethical Standards C. Ideal Standards, Statutes of Action D. Statutes of Action, Ideal Standards

B. General Principles, Ethical Standards

Which of the following is NOT an argument that has arisen against prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. The practice of psychotherapy by clinical psychologists might decline. B. Prescription medications are generally considered ineffective for treating mental disorders. C. Clinical psychology's identity could become muddied if some psychologists prescribe and some do not. D. Prescribing clinical psychologists may be susceptible to influence from the pharmaceutical industry.

B. Prescription medications are generally considered ineffective for treating mental disorders.

In what way do clinical psychology Psy.d. programs NOT tend to differ from Ph.d. programs? A. Psy.d. programs generally place less emphasis on research than Ph.d. programs. B. Psy.d. programs generally accept and enroll a smaller number of students than Ph.d. programs. C. Psy.d. programs are generally housed in "free-standing" institutions, while Ph.d. programs are generally university-affiliated. D. Psy.d. programs generally graduate students in a briefer period of time than Ph.d. programs.

B. Psy.d. programs generally accept and enroll a smaller number of students than Ph.d. programs.

A researcher conducts a study of learning in which participants in a 12-week introductory karate course are assessed for their knowledge of karate at the end of each week throughout the course. Which study design did this researcher use? A. Between-group study B. Within-group study C. Independent measures study D. Dependent measures study

B. Within-group study

Research of teaching and training issues within clinical psychology might look like: A. a study of the MMPI-2's external validity B. a study of the effectiveness of course content comprising a graduate level assessment class C. a study of practicing psychologists' attitudes toward managed care's influence on the profession D. a study of the appropriateness of projective assessment instruments for use with preschool-aged children

B. a study of the effectiveness of course content comprising a graduate level assessment class.

The _____ approach to diagnosis utilizes a continuum upon which a person falls; the _____ approach employs a definitive "has"/"has not" system. A. categorical, dimensional B. dimensional, categorical C. pluralistic, singular D. singular, pluralistic

B. dimensional, categorical

A clinical psychologist is considered competent when he: A. possess a doctoral degree B. is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks he undertakes. C. successfully represses the otherwise debilitating emotions associated with professional burnout. D. assumes a "one-size-fits-all" approach to his professional work with culturally diverse populations.

B. is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks he undertakes.

The professional activity clinical psychologists are most often involved in is _____. A. teaching B. psychotherapy C. consulting D. research

B. psychotherapy

Which of the following is NOT a major change in content occurring from DSM-I and DSM-II to DSM-III and beyond? A. Beginning with DSM-III, content relied to a much greater extent on empirical data. B. Beginning with DSM-III, specific diagnostic criteria were utilized to define disorders. C. Beginning with DSM-III, the manual's text began to decrease in size as greater focus on brief disorder symptom lists emerged. D. Beginning with DSM-III, the multi-axial assessment system was introduced.

C. Beginning with DSM-III, the manual's text began to decrease in size as greater focus on brief disorder symptom lists emerged.

The clinical psychology education and training model that emphasizes roughly equal parts science and practice is known as the _____. A. clinical scientist model B. Vail model C. Boulder model D. empiricism model

C. Boulder model

Which of the following is NOT a way in which clinical psychologists generally differ from counseling psychologists? A. Clinical psychologists tend to work with more seriously disturbed populations that are treated by counseling psychologists. B. Counseling psychologists are more likely to work in university counseling centers than clinical psychologists. C. Clinical psychologists are more interested in vocational testing and career direction than counseling psychologists. D. Clinical psychologists tend to be more interested in the application of psychology to medical settings than counseling psychologists.

C. Clinical psychologists are more interested in vocational testing and career direction than counseling psychologists.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the categorical approach to diagnosis? A. It facilitates communication between professionals. B. It lends itself to research on psychological disorders. C. It provides a great deal of freedom and flexibility when diagnosing patients. D. It is familiar to generations of mental health professionals who have been trained in the approach.

C. It provides a great deal of freedom and flexibility when diagnosing patients.

In which state prescription privileges have been granted to appropriately trained clinical psychologists? A. Alaska and Maine B. Arizona and Utah C. Lousiana, New Mexico, and Illinois D. Indian, New Jersey, and Missouri

C. Louisiana, New Mexico, and Illinois

Which of the following is NOT true of DSM-5? A. DSM-5 was published in 2013. B. The creation of DSM-5 was overseen by members of a Task Force and Work Groups. C. Members of DSM-5's Task Force and Work Groups were primarily clinicians and practitioners. D. DSM-5 authors considered a dimensional approach for personality disorders but ultimately rejected this idea.

C. Members of DSM-5's Task Force and Work Groups were primarily clinicians and practitioners.

_____ developed specific categories of abnormality, including melancholia, mania, and dementia. A. Jerome Wakefield B. Alfred Binet C. Phillippe Pinel D. Ian Pavlov

C. Phillippe Pinel

Which of the following is TRUE regarding graduate training in clinical psychology? A. Predoctoral internships are optional. B. All students entering doctoral programs in clinical psychology have previously earned master's degrees elsewhere. C. Programs that subscribe to the clinical scientist model of training typically award the Ph.d. degree. D. Programs that subscribe to the scientist-practitioner model of training typically award the Psy.d. degree.

C. Programs that subscribe to the clinical scientist model of training typically award the Ph.d. degree.

Which of the following statements is NOT True of multiple relationships? A. Not every multiple relationship is, by definition, unethical B. Multiple relationships are, in general, ethically treacherous territory. C. The nonprofessional involvement between a client and clinical psychologist must be sexual to qualify as a multiple relationship. D. It is possible to engage in a multiple relationship that is neither impairing to the psychologist nor exploitive or harmful to the client.

C. The nonprofessional involvement between a client and clinical psychologist must be sexual to qualify as a multiple relationship.

Psychiatrists are.... A. tend to emphasize sociocultural aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists. B. earn a Ph.d. or Psy.d. C. are medical professionals. D. earn a doctor of psychiatry degree from an independent school of psychiatry.

C. medical professionals

Which of the following is NOT an argument that has arisen in support of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists? A. Professional Autonomy B. Evolution of the profession C. Shortage of psychiatrists D. Competition from prescribing social workers

D. Competition from prescribing social workers

Which of the following lists the necessary stages for independent licensure as a clinical psychologist in order from first to last? A. Predoctoral internship, licensure exams, postdoctoral internship, and completion of graduate coursework B. Completion of graduate coursework, licensure exams, predoctoral internship, and postdoctoral internship C. Predoctoral internship, completion of graduate coursework, licensure exams, and postdoctoral internship D. Completion of graduate coursework, predoctoral internship, postdoctoral internship, and licensure exams

D. Completion of graduate coursework, predoctoral internship, postdoctoral internship, and licensure exams

Which of the following scenarios does NOT illustrate a multiple relationship? A. Dr. Hughes, a clinical psychologist, provides psychotherapy to Susan, her massage therapist. B. Dr. Williams, a counseling psychologist, provides treatment for 15-year-old Brett. Brett's 12-year-old brother, David, also begins treatment with Dr. Williams, although for issues unrelated to those discussed during Brett's sessions. C. Dr. Harper, a neuropsychologist, agrees to conduct a psychological assessment for Rev. Allen, the pastor of the church Dr. Harper attends. D. Dr. James, a clinical psychologist, sees one of his patients in the grocery store and returns her wave hello before continuing with his shopping.

D. Dr. James, a clinical psychologist, sees one of his patients in the grocery store and returns her wave hello before continuing with his shopping.

Based on Fisher's (2017) model, what is the first step in ethical decision-making? A. Consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand B. Consult with colleagues C. Become familiar with the APA ethical code D. Make a commitment to doing what is ethically appropriate.

D. Make a commitment to doing what is ethically appropriate.

Which of the following is NOT an essential question that should be asked when measuring therapy outcome? A. How should psychotherapy outcome be measured? B. What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome? C. When should psychotherapy outcome be measured D. Which statistical software package should be used for analyses?

D. Which statistical software package should be used for analyses?

A psychologist must obtain informed consent from all of the following EXCEPT: A. individuals participating in a research study B. clients receiving psychological assessment services C. clients receiving psychotherapy D. administrative staff that work at the practice

D. administrative staff that work at the practice

_____ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results to the real world. _____ validity refers to the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable. A. Retroactive, Proactive B. Internal, External C. Proactive, Retroactive D. External, Internal

D. external, internal

Leading the American movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill, _____ opened the Retreat in Connecticut in 1824, a facility which allowed patients to have significant input in their treatment decisions.

Eli Todd

What is the EPPP?

Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology. A standardized exam used by states and provinces as a criterion for licensure

A therapy's effectiveness is a measure of how well it works in a controlled experimental setting. T/F

False

DSM-5 reflects a biopsychosocial model of psychopathology. T/F

False

Informed consent for therapy is a one-time process that occurs at the beginning of treatment. T/F

False

Internet gaming disorder is an official diagnosis in DSM-5. T/F

False

Lightner Witmer developed harmful dysfunction theory. T/F

False

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is listed as a provisional disorder in DSM-5. T/F

False

Tatiana Tarasoff is a leading researcher on multiple relationships.

False

The DSM definition of a mental disorder is markedly different from Jerome Wakefield's definition. T/F

False

The DSM shrinks in size with each new edition. T/F

False

The Ethical Standards of the APA ethical code are aspirational in nature and are not enforceable. T/F

False

The General Principle of Fidelity and Responsibility encourages psychologists to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology. T/F

False

The authors of DSM-5 have been universally praised for the care that was taken to avoid the overexpansion of mental disorders and overdiagnosis. T/F

False

World War I is often cited as the event that transformed psychotherapy into a major professional activity of clinical psychologists. T/F

False

If a psychotherapy has statistical significance, it will always have clinical significance. T/F

False.

Wilhelm Wuntd founded the first scholarly journal in the field of psychology. T/F

False.

Appropriately trained psychologists may prescribe psychoactive medications in all 50 states. T/F

False. 3 states, New Mexico, Louisiana, and Illinois

The most common work setting for clinical psychologists is academia (i.e., at universities) T/F

False. Private practice

The practitioner-scholar model of training is also known as the Boulder model of training T/F

False. Vail model

Successful completion of the postdoctoral internship authorizes a psychologist to practice independently T/F

False. You have to get licensed

Which of the following is the order in which the steps of the experimental method are most often conducted? I. Empirical testing II. Development of a hypothesis, including identification of IVs and DVs III. Observation of events IV. Altering the hypothesis to match results obtained from testing

III, II, I, IV

Which of the following is NOT a criticism discussed in the textbook of the DSM-5's tendency to overpathologize and overexpand mental disorders?

In DSM-5, the number of symptoms required for major depressive disorder was raised from 7 to 10.

While the _____ is often used to identify psychopathology, the _____ measures universal personality characteristics common to all individuals.

MMPI-2, NEO-PI-R

Which of the following is TRUE regarding psychologists work with managed care companies?

Managed care companies can deny payment for care that they believe is unnecessary, even when the psychologist deems it necessary.

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion provided by Raguesea (2012), Rummell & Joyce (2010), and Barnett and Sheetz (2003) to clinical psychologists who utilize technology to deliver services?

Psychologists should encourage long-distance clients to seek out emergency services on their own.

What is the most prominent way in which the WISC differentiated itself from the Stanford-Binet upon its release in 1949?

The WISC included specific subtests as well as verbal and performance scales, while the Stanford-Binet yielded only an overall IQ

what is the Vail model?

The practitioner-scholar model. A model of graduate training in clinical psychology that emphasizes practice over empirical research (Psy.D.)

what is the Boulder model?

The scientist-practitioner model. The traditional model of graduate training in clinical psychology with a dual emphasis on empirical research and practice resulting in the PhD degree (PhD.)

A strong professional relationship between client and therapist is crucial to any successful therapy T/F

True

Assessment was the most prominent clinical activity in the early years of the profession of clinical psychology. T/F

True

Charles Spearman created the concept of "g," a general intelligence thought to overlap with many specific abilities. T/F

True

Compared to the training of clinical psychologists, professional counselors typically earn a master's degree rather than a doctoral degree T/F

True

Expanding the range of pathology covered by the DSM poses the risk that some disorders may be taken less seriously because the notion of abnormality will become more ubiquitous. T/F

True

Quasi-experimental designs are used when conditions limit a researcher's ability to randomly assign people to certain conditions. T/F

True

Studies suggest that psychologists diagnose clients differently depending on how they pay for treatment. T/F

True

The American Psychological Association has issued updated ethical guidelines to address the emergence of cybertharpy in clinical practice. T/F

True

The majority of psychoactive medications are prescribed by primary care physicians. T/F

True

The founder of the York Retreat in England, _____ was one of the first individuals to establish a residential facility in which the mentally ill were treated with kindness, decency, and dignity.

William Tuke

The practice of assigning a more severe DSM diagnosis than warranted to a client paying for services through managed care is:

both an ethical violation and an illegal act.

A clinical psychologist providing services via videoconferencing, email, or texting is engaging in:

cybertherapy

Although multiple relationships may be somewhat inevitable in small town settings, a psychologist can clarify boundaries and prevent misunderstandings by:

educating clients about the complications multiple relationships can cause as well as the psychologist's ethical obligations.

Emil Kraepelin developed a two-category system for describing mental illness comprised of _____ disorders and _____ disorders.

endogenous/exogenous

The _____ revolution took root in the 1950s, understanding mentally ill individuals as symptomatic of a flawed system.

family systems

Efficacy studies often possess good _____, but have poor _____. Effectiveness studies often possess good _____, but have poor _____.

internal validity, external validity; external validity, internal validity

All of the following are ethical concerns arising from the involvement of managed care in psychological services provision EXCEPT:

managed care's involvement may promote better service quality for patients.

Supporters of _____ believe they add legitimacy to the profession of clinical psychology, establish minimal levels of competence, and decrease psychologists reliance on clinical judgment.

manualized treatments

The intelligence quotient is derived from the quotient of _____ and ____

mental age, chronological age

Describe the negative influence of third-party payments on diagnosis and treatment.

o Negative impact on quality o Too little control over clinical decisions o Ethical problems, including confidentiality o Confusion about informed consent (what to tell clients about payment method)