Clinical Psych Prepjet

What are the formative phases of group therapy?

-groups usually experience three overlapping formative stages: During the initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency stage, group members are concerned with clarifying the nature and purpose of the group and depend on the leader for structure, acceptance, and answers to their questions. Interactions between members often focus on describing symptoms and previous treatments and involve giving and seeking advice. Next is the conflict, dominance, and rebellion stage. In this stage, members compete for power and control and attempt to establish a pecking order. Members tend to be critical of each other, and some may become hostile and resentful toward the therapist as they become aware that they're not going to become the therapist's "favorite child." The final formative stage is the development of cohesiveness stage. In this stage, conflict between group members decreases, and cohesiveness increases as members begin to trust each other and the therapist. Members may reveal the real reason why they have come to therapy and show concern when a member is absent or drops out of therapy. The development of cohesiveness marks the beginning of a mature group that can deal effectively with the concerns and problems of group members.

What is Adler's Individual Psychology:?

-he replaced Freud's sexual instincts with an innate social interest and desire for social connectedness and adopted a teleological approach that emphasizes the effects of future goals on current behavior. -He also proposed that people are motivated by feelings of inferiority that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies and by a striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feelings -Adler used the term style of life to describe the ways in which a person strives for superiority and proposed that a person's style of life develops during early childhood -people have adopted a healthy style of life when their goals reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the well-being of others. -In contrast, they've adopted a mistaken (unhealthy) style of life when their goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others. -From this perspective, neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other problems are manifestations of a mistaken style of life.

What is the goal of Roger's Person Centered therapy?

-help the client become a "fully functioning person" who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization. -person-centered therapists provide clients with threefacilitative (core) conditions: empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. -Empathy involves understanding the client's perspective and communicating that understanding to the client, unconditional positive regard involves valuing and accepting the client as a person, and congruence involves being genuine, authentic, and honest.

How are humanistic and experiential therapies alike? different?

-humanistic and existential therapies both focus on the here-and-now and adopt a phenomenological orientation, which means they prioritize a client's subjective experience over objective reality. -They also reject the medical model and use of clinical labels and, consequently, concentrate on a client's internal qualities and perspective rather than the client's symptoms. -In terms of differences, humanistic therapies emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing. -In contrast, existential therapies emphasize freedom and responsibility and "help clients confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one's existential condition ... [and cultivate] authentic engagement with one's world"

Transtheoretical Model:

-integrates concepts and strategies from multiple therapeutic approaches and is based on the assumption that strategies are most effective when they match the person's stage of change -It distinguishes between six stages of change, and the primary goal of the first five stages is to help the client advance to the next stage: -a) Precontemplation: Clients in the precontemplation stage have no intention of taking action to change their behaviors in the next six months. -They may be in denial about their problems or may have made multiple unsuccessful attempts to change and believe that change is impossible. -These individuals are likely to resist advice or change interventions but may benefit from consciousness raising, dramatic relief (experiencing and expressing emotions), and environmental reevaluation (examining how the environment affects their behavior). -(b) Contemplation: Clients in this stage plan to change in the next six months but they're ambivalent about changing, which may make it difficult for them to transition to the next stage -These individuals benefit from self-reevaluation (evaluating how they feel about the situation) in addition to the strategies that are useful for individuals in the precontemplation stage. -(c) Preparation: Clients in the preparation stage plan to take action within the next month.Useful strategies for these individuals support their decision to change and include self-reevaluation and self-liberation (believing that change is possible and making a commitment to change). -d) Action: Clients in the action stage are taking action to change their behaviors. Effective strategies for these individuals include contingency management, stimulus control, and counterconditioning. -(e) Maintenance: Clients transition to the maintenance stage when they have maintained the desired behavior change for six months. The primary focus of treatment for individuals in this stage is relapse prevention which involves the same strategies useful for individuals in the action stage. -(f) Termination: Clients in this stage are confident that their risk for relapse is low.

What is the goal of object-relation therapy?

-is to provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience in order to replace the client's maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones and thereby improve his/her current relationships. -Object-relations therapists provide clients with empathic acceptance and use a number of psychoanalytic strategies in therapy including the analysis of resistance and transference.

What is the goal of Adler's therapy?

-is to replace the client's mistaken style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one by helping the client overcome feelings of inferiority and develop a stronger social interest. -Strategies used to achieve this goal include identifying early recollections, dream analysis, and having clients act "as if" they're already the people they want to be.

Positive Psychology:

"is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness -emphasis on using the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions. -esearchers have investigated positive emotions by evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing happiness and have investigated positive health by studying how positive emotions contribute to and sustain physical health. -Seligman's (2011) PERMA model, which describes the five essential elements of well-being: Positive emotions (P) refers to experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions. Engagement (E) refers to being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of "flow" - i.e., a state of being totally immersed in an activity accompanied by a high level of joy and sense of fulfillment. Relationships (R) refers to having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships. Meaning (M) refers to being dedicated to a cause that's bigger than oneself. And accomplishment-achievement (A) refers to striving to better oneself and accomplish one's goals.

What is Gordon's Model:?

- distinguishes between universal, selective, and indicated prevention: -Universal preventions are aimed at entire populations or groups that are not restricted to individuals who are at risk for a disorder. A drug abuse prevention program for all high school students in a school district is a universal prevention. -Selective preventions are aimed at individuals who have been identified as being at increased risk for a disorder due to their biological, psychological, or social characteristics. A drug abuse prevention program for adolescents whose parents have a substance use disorder is a selective prevention. -Indicated preventions are for individuals who are known to be at high-risk because they have early or minimal signs of a disorder. A drug abuse prevention program for adolescents who have experimented with drugs is an indicated prevention. -The Institute of Medicine (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1996) expanded Gordon's model to create a continuum of care model that includes prevention, treatment, and maintenance -In this model, universal, selective, and indicated preventions are restricted to people who have not received a diagnosis of a mental or physical disorder. -Treatment strategies are aimed at people who have received a diagnosis, and maintenance strategies are for people who have received treatment for a disorder and focus on preventing chronicity or relapse and/or providing rehabilitation.

What is confrontation?

- involves helping clients recognize behaviors they've been unaware of and their possible cause.

What are the main goals of psychoanalysis?

-"to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt" -The primary technique of psychoanalysis is analysis of the client's free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference, and the process of analysis consists of four steps -

What is extended family therapy like?

-Bowen believed that increasing differentiation in one family member facilitates greater differentiation in other family members. -Bowenian therapists often see only two family members in therapy - usually the parents - or the individual family member who is most capable of increasing his or her level of differentiation. -The primary goal of therapy is to increase each family member's differentiation, and several strategies are used to achieve this goal: Therapy begins with an assessment that includes constructing a genogram that depicts family relationships and important life events for at least three generations and is used to help family members understand intergenerational patterns of functioning. -During therapy, Bowenian therapists ask questions that are designed to defuse emotions and help family members identify how they contribute to family problems. -They also teach family members how to interact with their families-of-origin in ways that alter triangulated relationships. -Bowenian therapists assume the role of coach and stay connected with family members but remain neutral and avoid becoming involved in the family's emotional processes -To reduce emotional reactivity, they have family members talk directly to them rather than to each other.

What is reality therapy?

-Glasser's (1965) reality therapy is based on choice theory, which proposes that people have five basic innate needs (love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival) and that the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs determine whether he/she has a success or failure identity: -When a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs responsibly (in positive, constructive ways that don't infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a success identity. -In contrast, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs irresponsibly (in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and do not always help the person get what he/she wants), the person has adopted a failure identity.

What is Jung's Analytical Psychology:?

-Jung accepted some aspects of Freudian theory but rejected others -Jung believed that behavior is driven by both positive and negative forces, that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan, and that behavior is affected by the past and the future. -Jung also divided the unconscious aspect of the psyche into the personal and collective unconscious:

Mindfulness-Based Interventions:

-Mindfulness refers to "moment-to-moment awareness of one's experience without judgment" -It has been incorporated into several therapeutic approaches including acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy and is the core strategy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) -MBSRwas originally developed "to make mindfulness meditation available and accessible in a Western medical setting while remaining true to the essence of Buddhist teachings -It's used to help people cope with stress, pain, and illness and consists of an eight-session group program that focuses on teaching participants several mindfulness meditation practices including awareness of breathing, yoga, and sitting and walking meditation. -they're effective for treating both psychological disorders and physical/medical conditions but are more effective for psychological disorders, especially depression, anxiety, and stress. -There's no clear consensus about the mechanisms that are responsible for the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions, but several mechanisms have been proposed and received some research support. -he primary mechanisms are attention regulation, emotion regulation, body awareness, which is awareness of one's internal states, and decentering, which is also known as reperceiving and is the ability to separate oneself from one's thoughts and emotions and view them objectively as transient mental events.

What is Person-Centered Therapy:?

-Rogers's person-centered therapy is also known as client-centered therapy and is based on the assumption that all people have an innate drive toward self-actualization, which motivates them to achieve their full potential. -he drive toward self-actualization can be thwarted when a person experiences incongruence between his/her self-concept and experience. -Conditions of worth are one source of incongruence and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways. -people often react to incongruence defensively by distorting or denying their experiences which, in turn, leads to psychological maladjustment.

What is goal of reality therapy?

-The primary goal of reality therapy is to replace the client's failure identity with a success identity by helping the client assume responsibility for his or her actions and adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill his or her needs. -Strategies used by reality therapists are summarized by Wubbolding's (1998) WDEP system: Therapists ask clients about their wants and needs, determine what the client is currently doing to foster awareness of his/her behaviors, encourage the client evaluate his/her own behaviors, and help the client create a plan of action.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP):

-There are several versions of CBT-SP that are brief forms of therapy designed to reduce suicidal ideation and behaviors: (a) Wenzel, Brown, and Beck's (2009) cognitive therapy for suicide prevention (CT-SP) was designed to prevent repeat suicide attempts by adults who recently attempted suicide. -(b) Bryan and Rudd's (2018) brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (BCBT) was developed for active-duty members of the military and incorporates many of the elements of CT-SP. -(c) Stanley et al.'s (2009) cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP) was developed for adolescents and combines strategies of CBT and dialectical behavior therapy. -With regard to effectiveness, there is evidence that these therapies reduce suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, feelings of hopelessness, and depression. -There is also evidence that their benefits occur regardless of a person's gender, number of suicide attempts, and severity of suicidal ideation (

Client-Centered Case Consultation:

-This type of consultation focuses on a particular client of the consultee who is having difficulty providing the client with effective services (e.g., is having trouble identifying an appropriate treatment). The consultant's goal is to provide the consultee with a plan that will benefit the client.

What is goal of systemic family therapy?

-alter the family rules and communication patterns that are maintaining problematic behavior -This involves providing the family with information that challenges family games and helps family members develop communication patterns that increase the family's ability to adapt to change. -Milan systemic family therapy is distinguished from other family therapies by its use of a therapeutic team and five-part therapy sessions (pre-session, session, intersession, intervention, and post-session) and gaps between therapy sessions of four to six weeks. -Strategies include hypothesizing, neutrality, circular questioning, positive connotation, and family rituals: Hypothesizing is "a continual interactive process of speculating and making assumptions about the family situation" (Adams, 2003, p. 125). The first hypotheses are based on information obtained in the initial telephone interview, and hypotheses are modified during therapy as new information about the family's functioning is acquired. Neutrality refers to the therapist's interest in the family's situation and acceptance of each family member's perception of the problem. Circular questioning involves asking each family member the same question to identify differences in perceptions about events and relationships and uncover family communication patterns. For example, a therapist might ask each member, "When mom is depressed, what does Dad do?" Positive connotation is a type of reframing that helps family members view a symptom as beneficial because it maintains the family's cohesion and well-being. Its purpose is to change the family's perception of a symptom from an individual family member's illness to, instead, a behavior that's voluntarily controlled and well-intentioned and involves the entire family system. Family rituals are activities that are carried out by family members between sessions and are designed to alter problematic family games. For example, when parents are competitive in their control of children's behaviors or family events, the therapist might instruct the mother to make all family decisions on odd-numbered days and the father to make all family decisions on even-numbered days.

d) Multigenerational Transmission Process: in extended family therapy?

-an extension of the family projection process and refers to the transmission of emotional immaturity from one generation to the next. -It occurs when the child most involved in the family's emotional system becomes the least differentiated family member and, as an adult, chooses a spouse or partner who has a similar level of differentiation. -This couple then transmits an even lower level of differentiation to one of its children. -This process continues in subsequent generations and eventually results in the development of severe symptoms in a child.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy:

-attributes psychological disturbances to irrational beliefs, which tend to be "absolute (or dogmatic) and are expressed in the form of 'must's,' 'should's,' 'ought's,' 'have to's,' etc. ... and lead to negative emotions that largely interfere with goal pursuit and attainment" -"I must do well on all of the important projects I take on; if not, I'm an inadequate person" and "You must take care of me when I need you to do so; if not, you're not a good person" are examples of irrational beliefs.

Object Relations Theory:

-based on object relations theory view behavior as being motivated primarily by a desire for human relationships, and they focus on the impact of early relationships between a child and primary caregivers (objects) on the child's future relationships. -object constancy, which refers to the development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual's needs. -The development of object constancy takes place during three stages: The normal autistic stage occurs during the first few weeks of life. During this stage, infants are totally self-absorbed and unaware of the external environment. This is followed by the normal symbiotic stage during which infants become aware of the external environment but are unable to differentiate themselves from their caregivers. Finally, the separation-individuation stage begins at about five months of age and continues until the child is about three years old. It consists of four substages during which object constancy gradually develops: differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy. According to Mahler and other object relations theorists, narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders are often due to problems during the separation-individuation process that cause a pervasive failure of object constancy.

Structural Family Therapy

-based on the assumption that a family member's symptoms are related to problems in the family's structure, and identifies subsystems and boundaries as important aspects of a family's structure: Subsystems are smaller units of the entire family system that are responsible for carrying out specific tasks. -For instance, the parental subsystem consists of family members who are responsible for caring for the children. -Boundaries are implicit and explicit rules that determine the amount of contact that family members have with each other. -Boundaries differ in terms of degree of permeability and exist on a continuum: At one end of the continuum are boundaries that are overly diffuse and lead to enmeshed relationships; at the other end are boundaries that are overly rigid and lead to disengaged relationships -Midway between the two are clear boundaries that let family members have close relationships while allowing each member to maintain a sense of personal identity.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy:

-based on the assumptions that "psychological pain is both universal and normal and is part of what makes us human" -psychological inflexibility causes psychological problems and is characterized by a "rigid dominance of psychological reactions over chosen values and contingencies in guiding action -With regard to pain, ACT distinguishes between clean and dirty pain: Clean pain is also known as clean discomfort and refers to natural levels of physical and psychological discomfort that are inevitable and cannot be controlled. Dirty pain is also known as dirty discomfort and refers to the emotional suffering that's caused by attempts to control or resist clean pain.

What is Gestalt Therapy?

-based on the assumptions that (a) people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs, and (b) people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis. -Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there's a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment that interferes with the person's ability to fulfill needs -Boundary disturbances include the following: Introjection occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness, while projection occurs when people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people. -Retroflection occurs when people do to themselves what they'd like to do to others; deflection occurs when people avoid contact with the environment; and confluence occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others.

What is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)?

-combines elements of MBSR and CBT -It was originally developed as a method for treating recurrent depression -it's an effective treatment not only for depression but also for a number of other conditions including anxiety, chronic pain, and insomnia. -The primary goal of MBCT is to "enable clients to become self-aware, so they can learn to de-centre from distressing thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations and behaviours" -It incorporates psychoeducation, mindfulness meditation practices, and cognitive-behavioral techniques and, like MBSR, usually consists of an eight-session group program.

What are phases of CBT-SP?

-consist of three phases that, as described by Bryan (2019), have emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, or relapse prevention as their primary targets. -The first phase includes establishing rapport, conducting a suicide risk assessment, identifying treatment goals and a treatment plan, creating a safety plan, and teaching crisis management skills and emotion regulation skills (e.g., relaxation, mindfulness, and problem-solving). -The second phase includes identifying and challenging the client's maladaptive beliefs and self-statements that contribute to suicidal behaviors (e.g., self-hatred, hopelessness) and providing skills training that targets cognitive flexibility (i.e., that teaches clients to consider alternatives to rigid cognitive and behavioral patterns). In the third phase, the focus is on skill consolidation and relapse prevention. -It includes having clients complete relapse prevention tasks that involve visualizing and describing the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that led to their suicidal crisis or could lead to a future suicidal crisis and then successfully resolving the crisis using the skills they have acquired.

What is the The personal unconscious?

-consists of a person's own forgotten or repressed memories

What are Cognitive schemas?

-core beliefs that develop during childhood as the result of experience and certain biological factors such as biological reactivity to stress. -Schemas are enduring, can be maladaptive or adaptive, and are revealed in automatic thoughts. -Beck proposed that different disorders are associated with different maladaptive schemas, which are also known as cognitive profiles. -According to Beck, the cognitive profile for depression consists of negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.

What is goal of conjoint family therapy?

-enhance the growth potential of family members by increasing their self-esteem, strengthening their problem-solving skills, and helping them communicate congruently -Satir viewed the therapist's "use of the self" as the most important therapeutic tool and proposed that therapists have multiple roles when working with clients, including facilitator, mediator, advocate, educator, and role model. -She also used several techniques to achieve therapy goals, including family sculpting (which involves having each family member take a turn positioning other family members in ways that depict his/her view of family relationships) and family reconstruction (which is a type of psychodrama that involves role-playing three generations of the family to explore unresolved family issues and events).

Functional Family Therapy:

-evidence-based treatment for at-risk adolescents (e.g., those who have conduct disorder and/or a substance use disorder) and their families. -It incorporates elements of structural, strategic, and behavioral family therapy, and it is based on the assumption that problematic behaviors within a family serve important relationship functions - i.e., they regulate interpersonal connections and relational hierarchies. -the primary goal of FFT is to replace problematic behaviors with nonproblematic behaviors that fulfill the same relationship functions. -Therapy ordinarily involves 8 to 30 sessions over a 3- to 6-month period, and it consists of three stages (Sexton & Alexander, 2005) : During the engagement and motivation stage, emphasis is on forming a therapeutic alliance with family members and helping family members reduce feelings of hopelessness and negativity, increase positive expectations for change, and develop a family-focused understanding of its presenting problems. Techniques used during this stage include joining and reframing. Once family members are engaged and motivated, the behavior change stage begins. During this stage, immediate and long-term behavioral goals are identified and an individualized treatment plan for the family is implemented. Techniques used during this stage include training in parenting, communication, problem-solving, and coping skills. During the final generalization stage, the focus is on linking family members to community resources and helping them generalize their acquired skills to new problems and situations and identify ways to avoid relapse.

Solution-Focused Therapy:

-focuses on solutions to problems instead of the etiology and nature of problems. -Solution-focused therapists adopt a goal-directed collaborative approach and use several types of questions to help clients identify treatment goals and personal strengths and resources that will help them achieve those goals -a) The miracle question is used to help establish the focus of treatment as the future (rather than the past or present) and identify treatment goals. -Example: If a miracle happened during the night and your problem was solved, how would you know that a miracle occurred? -(b) Exception questions are used to help clients identify times when their problems did not exist or were less intense. -Example: Can you think of a time in the past two weeks when you and your partner did not argue? -Scaling questions help clients evaluate their current status or their progress toward achieving their goals. Example: On a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being totally relaxed and 10 being the most stressed you've ever been, how stressed are you now? -Each therapy session is structured and involves asking questions, providing feedback, and assigning a task to complete before the next session. For example, the formula first session task is assigned at the end of the first session and requires clients to identify something in their lives that they want to continue.

What is goal of Gestalt therapy?

-gaining awareness of one's current thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy. -Strategies used to increase awareness include dream work and the empty chair technique. -Dream work involves having the client role-play parts of his/her dream that represent disowned parts of the client's personality. -The empty-chair technique requires the client to interact with opposing aspects of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve "unfinished business" with a significant person in the client's past or present -n contrast to psychodynamic therapists, Gestalt therapists do not foster or interpret a client's transference but, instead, help the client distinguish between his/her "transference fantasy" and reality.

What is structural family like?

-maladaptive behaviors are due to a dysfunctional family structure that causes the family to repeatedly respond inappropriately to developmental and situational stress. -The primary goals of therapy are to alleviate current symptoms and change the family structure by altering coalitions and creating clear boundaries. -Therapy focuses on promoting behavior change rather than insight and consists of three overlapping phases - joining, evaluating, and intervening: a) Joining is used by a therapist to establish a therapeutic alliance with the family and relies on three techniques: Mimesis involves adopting the family's affective, behavioral, and communication style; tracking involves adopting the content of the family's communications; and maintenance entails providing family members with support -(b) A therapist's next task is to evaluate the family's structure to make a structural diagnosis and identify appropriate interventions. -Evaluation includes constructing a family map that depicts the family's subsystems, boundaries, and other aspects of the family's structure. -c) The therapist then uses reframing, unbalancing, boundary making, enactment, and other interventions to achieve therapy goals: Reframing involves relabeling a problematic behavior so it can be viewed in a more constructive way. -Unbalancing is used to alter hierarchical relationships and occurs when the therapist aligns with a family member whose level of power needs to be increased. Boundary making is used to alter the degree of proximity between family members. And enactment involves asking family members to role-play a problematic interaction so the therapist can obtain information about the interaction and then encourage family members to interact in an alternative way.

Beck's Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:

-originally developed as an intervention for depression and is now considered an evidence-based treatment not only for depression but also for bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, and a number of other disorders. -It's based on the assumption that psychological disturbance is due largely to maladaptive cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts, and cognitive distortions:

What is multisystemic family therapy like?

-provided in the family's home and in community settings where problems occur. -Interventions are derived from strategic and structural family therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive-behavior therapy and target factors that are driving problem behaviors -or example, assessment might indicate that the drivers of an adolescent's daily marijuana use (and targets of treatment) are a high level of family conflict, low parental monitoring of the adolescent's behavior and ineffective discipline, the adolescent's poor social skills and friendships with peers who use drugs, opportunities for the adolescent to use drugs at school, and availability of drugs in the adolescent's neighborhood. MST is delivered by a multidisciplinary team that is tailored to the adolescent's and family's problem behaviors. For an adolescent with academic and conduct problems, frequent use of marijuana and cocaine, and a recent arrest for cocaine possession, the team might consist of a caseworker, family therapist, substance abuse counselor, and two other individuals who will work with the adolescent in his/her school and neighborhood (Greene & Heilbrun, 2011).

What is primary prevention?

-reduce the occurrence of new cases of a mental or physical disorder. -Primary preventions are aimed at an entire population or group of individuals rather than specific individuals, and the population or group may or may not be restricted to people who are known to be at elevated risk for the disorder. -Examples are a public education program about depression and suicide, a school-based program for fifth graders to prepare them for the transition to middle school, and prenatal care for low-income mothers.

What is secondary prevention?

-reduce the prevalence of a mental or physical disorder in the population through early detection and intervention. -aimed at specific individuals who have been identified as being at elevated risk for the disorder. -Providing tutoring to elementary school students who are beginning to have academic difficulties and using a screening test to identify individuals at risk for depression and then providing identified individuals with counseling are secondary preventions.

What is tertiary prevention?

-reduce the severity and duration of a mental or physical disorder. -Tertiary preventions target people who have already received a diagnosis of a mental or physical disorder and include relapse prevention and rehabilitation programs -Social skills training for patients with schizophrenia, halfway houses, and Alcoholics Anonymous are tertiary preventions.

What is Freudian Psychoanalysis:?

-reflects a deterministic and pessimistic view of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood. -It also assumes that these conflicts cause anxiety and are the result of the divergent demands of the three aspects of personality - the id, ego, and superego: (a) The id is present at birth, and its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy. -It operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using unconscious irrational means. -(b) The ego develops at about six months of age and operates according to the reality principle -Although it also seeks to at least partially gratify the id's instincts, it attempts to do so in realistic rational ways. -c) The superego is the last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of society's values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id's instincts.

(c) Family Projection Process: in extended family therapy?

-the parents' projection of their emotional immaturity onto their children, which causes the children to have lower levels of differentiation.

What strategies does strategic family therapist use?

-the therapist uses a combination of straightforward and paradoxical directives Straightforward directives are instructions to engage in specific behaviors that will change how family members interact. -Paradoxical directives help family members realize that they have control over problematic behavior or use the resistance of family members to help them change in the desired way -They include prescribing the symptom, restraining, and ordeals: Prescribing the symptom involves instructing family members to engage in the problematic behavior, often in an exaggerated way. Restraining involves encouraging family members not to change or warning them not to change too quickly. And an ordeal is an unpleasant task that a family member is asked to perform whenever he or she engages in the undesirable behavior.

What is the goal of Jung's therapy?

-to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation, which occurs primarily during the second half of life and is "the process by which a person becomes a psychological 'in-dividual,' that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole" -Techniques used to achieve this goal include dream interpretation and the analysis of transference, which Jung viewed as being due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious.

What are the goals of CBT?

-to correct faulty information processing and to help patients modify assumptions that maintain maladaptive behaviors and emotions Practitioners of CBT adopt an active, structured approach and use a variety of cognitive and behavioral techniques to achieve these goals. -Cognitive techniques include redefining the problem, reattribution, and decatastrophizing; behavioral techniques include activity scheduling, behavioral rehearsal, exposure therapy, and guided imagery (which is used to facilitate relaxation and decrease anxiety and pain). -An essential feature of CBT is its reliance on collaborative empiricism, which is "a collaborative therapeutic alliance between the therapist and client in which they become coinvestigators as they examine the evidence to accept, support, reevaluate, or reject the client's thoughts, assumptions, intentions, and beliefs" -Another feature is the use of Socratic dialogue, which involves asking the client questions that are designed to clarify and define the client's problems, identify the thoughts and assumptions that underlie those problems, and evaluate the consequences of maintaining maladaptive thoughts and assumptions.

What is the goal of ACT (acceptance and commitment therapy)?

-to increase psychological flexibility, which involves addressing six core processes that foster acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, and behavior change and counter the processes that contribute to psychological inflexibility: -Experiential acceptance counters experiential avoidance and is "the active and aware embrace of private experiences without unnecessary attempts to change their frequency or form" (Hayes, Pistorello, & Levin, 2012, p. 982). -Cognitive defusion counters cognitive fusion and is the ability to distance oneself from one's thoughts and feelings and view them as experiences rather than reality. -Being present counters attentional rigidity to the past and future and involves being in contact with whatever is happening in the present moment. -Awareness of self-as-context counters attachment to the conceptualized self. -It's the ability to view oneself as the context in which one's thoughts and feelings occur rather than as the thoughts and feelings themselves. -Values-based actions counter unclear, compliant, or avoidant motives and depend on the ability to use one's freely chosen values to guide one's behaviors. -And committed action counters inaction, impulsivity, and avoidant persistence and refers to a commitment to continue to act in ways consistent with one's values in the future, even when faced with obstacles. ---Interventions target these six processes and include metaphors, mindfulness strategies, and experiential exercises. -ACT is considered to be an evidence-based treatment for a number of conditions including chronic pain, psychosis, depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

What are defense mechanisms?

-when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means, it resorts to one of its defense mechanisms. -The defense mechanisms deny or distort reality and operate on an unconscious level, and they include repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation: -Repression is the basis of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness. -Denial is an immature defense mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality. -Methods of denial include ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality -Reaction formation involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite, projection involves attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person, and sublimation involves channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor. -The occasional use of defense mechanisms is adaptive, but repeated reliance on them keeps a person from resolving the conflicts that are causing anxiety.

According to Beck, negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future are characteristic of: A. depression. B. psychosis. C. hypochondriasis. D. paranoia.

A. depression.

A primary goal of Satir's conjoint family therapy is to: A. foster congruent communication between family members. B. increase the differentiation of each family member. C. create clear boundaries between family members. D. heighten and restructure the emotional experiences of family members.

A. foster congruent communication between family members.Satir described four dysfunctional and one functional communication style. Congruent communication is the functional style, and a goal of therapy is to increase congruent communication between family members. Answer B is a goal of Bowen's extended family systems therapy. Answer C is a goal of Minuchin's structural family therapy. Answer D is a goal of emotionally focused therapy.

As described by cybernetic theory, a negative feedback loop: A. helps a system maintain or restore a state of stability. B. causes a disruption in a system's status quo. C. always produces disastrous consequences for the system. D. is characterized by complementary communication patterns.

A. helps a system maintain or restore a state of stability.

Milan systemic family therapists use circular questions to help family members: A. recognize differences in perceptions that may be contributing to family problems. B. externalize the current problem so that it can be perceived more objectively. C. identify times when the family problem was not present. D. identify and reflect on internal (unconscious) causes of problematic behaviors.

A. recognize differences in perceptions that may be contributing to family problems. -

What are (b) Emotional Triangles:in extended family therapy?

According to Bowen, when a family dyad experiences tension, it may recruit a third family member to form an emotional triangle which helps alleviate tension and increase stability. -For example, a husband and wife may reduce the conflict between them by becoming overinvolved with one of their children. -The likelihood that an emotional triangle will develop increases as the levels of differentiation of family members decrease.

Anna, age 21, has just received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Her therapist is a practitioner of strategic family therapy and, to reduce Anna's binge-eating, he tells her that, on each day that she binges, she must set her alarm for 4 a.m. and get up and do 30 minutes of abdominal exercises. This intervention is an example of which of the following? A. prescribing the symptom B. an ordeal C. reframing D. an enactment

B. an ordeal

Which of the following is not one of the six processes addressed by acceptance and commitment therapy? A. cognitive defusion B. corrective detachment C. experiential acceptance D. committed action

B. corrective detachment -

Extended Family Systems Therapy

Bowen's extended family systems therapy is also known as intergenerational and transgenerational family therapy. -Bowen derived his approach from work with children with schizophrenia and their families, which led to his conclusion that the transmission of certain emotional processes from one generation to the next is responsible for the development of schizophrenia in a family member. -

The primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is best described as: A. replacing the "being mode" with the "doing mode." B. strengthening the link between thoughts and emotions. C. accepting and separating from distressful thoughts. D. replacing maladaptive thoughts with more adaptive ones.

C. accepting and separating from distressful thoughts

Dawn tends to jump to the conclusion that people she meets don't like her even when there's no evidence to support that conclusion. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions? A. personalization B. emotional reasoning C. arbitrary inference D. selective abstraction

C. arbitrary inference

Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training consists of three phases, the first of which is: A. commitment. B. preparation. C. conceptualization. D. cognitive modeling.

C. conceptualization. -The three stages of Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are conceptualization/education, skills acquisition and consolidation, and application and follow-through.

Yalom and Leszcz's (2005) third formative stage of group therapy is characterized by which of the following? A. hostility toward the therapist. B. advice giving and seeking. C. the development of group cohesion. D. concerns and anxiety about termination.

C. the development of group cohesion.

As defined by Bowen, the intrapersonal aspect of differentiation refers to a person's ability to separate: A. needs from desires. B. the past from the present. C. thinking from feeling. D. him/herself from others.

C. thinking from feeling The intrapersonal aspect of differentiation is a person's ability to distinguish between his or her own feelings and thoughts. This ability makes it possible for the person to separate his or her own emotional and intellectual functioning from the functioning of others, which is the interpersonal aspect of differentiation.

Whenever the parents of 12-year-old Raymond argue, each parent tries to get Raymond to side with him or her. A structural family therapist would identify this as an example of which of the following? A. stable coalition B. detouring C. unstable coalition D. reframing

C. unstable coalition An unstable coalition is also known as triangulation and occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him or her against the other parent.

Mental Health Consultation:

Caplan (1970) distinguished between four types of mental health consultation. Each type consists of a triad that includes a consultant, a consultee (therapist or program administrator), and a client or program.

For practitioners of narrative family therapy, a unique outcome is best described as: A. the dominant narrative. B. a positive connotation. C. an enactment. D. an exceptional circumstance.

D. an exceptional circumstance. Unique outcomes are exceptions - i.e., experiences that are not predicted by or consistent with problem-saturated narratives and can be used to help develop alternative narratives.

As described in Ellis's A-B-C-D-E model, B represents: A. behavioral and emotional reactions to an activating event. B. barriers to rational thought. C. belief perseverance. D. beliefs about an activating event.

D. beliefs about an activating event.

What is differentiation in Extended familiy therapy?

Differentiation is both intra- and interpersonal. -The intrapersonal aspect is a person's ability to distinguish between his or her own feelings and thoughts. -This ability makes it possible for the person to separate his or her own emotional and intellectual functioning from the functioning of others, which is the interpersonal aspect of differentiation. -A person with a low level of differentiation becomes "emotionally fused" with other family members.

What is emotionally focused therapy focused on

EFT is based on the assumptions that (a) emotions are essential to the organization of attachment behaviors and influence how people experience themselves and their partners in intimate relationships, (b) the attachment needs of partners are essentially healthy and adaptive but problems arise when needs are enacted in the context of attachment-related insecurities, and (c) relationship distress is maintained by the ways in which interactions between partners are organized and by the dominant emotional experiences of each partner (Johnson & Denton, 2002). Practitioners of EFT assume that helping partners express and deal with their emotions is the fastest and most effective way to solve problems, and the primary goal of therapy is to expand and restructure the emotional experiences partners have with each other so they can develop new interactional patterns and experience attachment security within their current relationship. Therapy involves three stages: assessment and cycle de-escalation, changing interactional positions and creating new bonding events, and consolidation and integration.

What are Psychodynamic Psychotherapies:?

Freudian psychoanalysis, Jung's analytical psychology, Adler's individual psychology, and the object-relations approaches. -

What are inclusion and exclusion reasons for group therapy?

Group therapy is most effective for individuals who are "highly motivated, active, psychologically minded and self-reflective ..., [who seize] opportunities for self-disclosure within the group ..., [and who have an adequate] capacity for interpersonal relationships" -In contrast, group therapy is contraindicated for individuals who are actively experiencing suicidal ideation, who are delusional and likely to incorporate the group into their delusions, or who pose a threat to group members because they're unable to control their aggressive impulses. -In addition, people with antisocial personality disorder do well in groups that are homogeneous with regard to diagnosis but should ordinarily not be included in heterogeneous groups

Personal Construct Therapy:

Kelly's (1963) personal construct therapy focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. I -It proposes that there are alternative ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors and outcomes. -construing involves the use of personal constructs, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person's experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. -consider the therapist and client to be partners who work together to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs. -Kelly developed fixed-role therapy to help clients try out alternative personal constructs. -It involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways.

Conjoint Family Therapy:

Satir's (1983, 1988) conjoint family therapy is also known as the human validation process model and was influenced by humanistic psychology and communication and experiential approaches to family therapy. -family systems seek a state of balance, with family problems arising when balance is maintained by unrealistic expectations, inappropriate rules and roles, and dysfunctional communication. -Satir distinguished between four dysfunctional communication styles: Placating involves agreeing with or capitulating to others due to fear, dependency, and a desire to be loved and accepted. Blaming involves accusing, judging, and bullying others to avoid taking responsibility and to hide feelings of vulnerability and worthlessness. Computing involves taking an overly intellectual and rational (super-reasonable) approach to avoid becoming emotionally engaged with others. Distracting involves changing the subject and making inappropriate jokes to distract attention and avoid conflict. S atir also identified a congruent (or leveling) style, which is a functional style that's characterized by congruence between verbal and nonverbal messages, directness and authenticity, and emotional engagement with others.

WHat are characteristics of a group therapy?

The optimal size depends on the type of group and its purpose -In general, however, the recommended size for an adult outpatient group ranges from 7 to 10 members -When a group has less than seven members, interactions are limited; when it has more than 10 members, it's hard to involve everyone in the session. -here's also evidence that, the larger the size of a therapy group, the lower its cohesiveness and the higher the dropout rate -whether the group will be closed or open: Closed groups begin with the desired number of members and, if any members drop out, they're not replaced. -These groups usually have specific goals and meet for a predetermined number of sessions. -Advantages of closed groups are that they're associated with greater group cohesiveness -open groups maintain the same number of members for their duration by replacing members who drop out. -They usually have broader goals than closed groups do and meet indefinitely -An advantage of open groups is that they benefit from the energy and new input provided by new members.

What is goal of Existential therapy?

The primary goal of therapy is "to help clients lead more authentic lives ... by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence, and supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes -Existential therapists consider an authentic therapist-client relationship to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as questioning, interpretation, and reframing.

What are the therapeutic factors of group therapy?

Yalom and Leszcz (2005) describe 11 therapeutic factors that are responsible for the effects of group therapy: group cohesiveness, instillation of hope, universality, altruism, imparting information, development of socializing techniques, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, interpersonal learning, imitative behavior, catharsis, and existential factors. Of these factors, group cohesiveness is considered to be the analogue of the therapeutic alliance in individual therapy, is viewed as a precondition for the other therapeutic factors, and has been most consistently found to be a strong predictor of positive group therapy outcomes.

WHat is the goal of strategic family therapy?

alter family interactions that are maintaining its symptoms. -To achieve this goal, strategic family therapists assume an active role and use a variety of strategies that are aimed at changing behavior rather than instilling insight -The initial session is highly structured and consists of four stages: During a brief social stage, the therapist welcomes the family and observes the family's interactions. -Next is the problem stage, in which the therapist elicits each family member's view of the family problem and its causes. -In the interactional stage, family members discuss their different views of the family's problem, and the therapist observes how family members interact when addressing the problem. -n the final goal-setting stage, the therapist helps family members agree on a definition of the family's problem and concrete therapy goals that target the problem.

Multisystemic Therapy

an evidence-based treatment that was originally developed for adolescent offenders at risk for out-of-home placement and their families, but it has subsequently been adapted for adolescents with other serious clinical problems including psychiatric disturbances, substance abuse, and childhood maltreatment. -based on Bronfenbrenner's (2004) ecological model which views individuals as being embedded in and influenced directly and indirectly by multiple systems. -Consequently, it focuses "on the specific individual, family, peer, school, and social network variables that contribute to a youth's presenting problems, and on interactions between these factors linked with the presenting problems" -The MST model includes nine treatment principles that are applied using an analytic process (the "MST Do-Loop") that structures the development, implementation, and evaluation of the treatment plan. The core principles are finding the fit between identified problems and their broader systemic context; focusing on positives and strengths; increasing responsibility; being present-focused, action-oriented, and well-defined; targeting behavior sequences; using developmentally appropriate interventions; encouraging continuous effort; stressing evaluation and accountability; and promoting generalization.

What role does therapistis play in narrative family therapy?

assumes the role of collaborator and uses questions and other techniques to help family members identify current stories and construct alternative, healthier ones: -externalizing questions are used to help clients view their problems as being outside themselves -while opening space questions help family members identify unique outcomes -Asking a family member what his anger tells him to do is an example of an externalizing question, and asking family members if there have ever been times when conflicts didn't control their lives is an example of an opening space question. -Other interventions include therapeutic letters, therapeutic certificates, and definitional ceremonies: The therapist writes therapeutic letters to family members to reinforce their emerging alternative stories. -Therapeutic certificates are given to family members toward the end of therapy to acknowledge their accomplishments. -And definitional ceremonies provide family members with opportunities to tell others how they overcame their problems and celebrate the changes they've made in their lives.

Milan Systemic Family Therapy:

based on the assumption that "the family as a whole protects itself from change through homeostatic rules and patterns of communication" -Patterns of communication are referred to as family games, and family games associated with problematic behaviors are rigid, involve power struggles between family members, and are known as "dirty games." -

Strategic Family Therapy:

based on the assumptions that struggles for power and control in relationships are core features of family functioning and that "a symptom is a strategy that is adaptive to a current social situation for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed -It also assumes that power and control are determined primarily by hierarchies within a family and that maladaptive family functioning is often related to unclear or inappropriate hierarchies. -

What are 4 family triads in structural family thearpy?

boundary problems that help parents obscure or deny their conflicts: (a) A stable coalition occurs when one parent and a child form an inflexible alliance against the other parent. (b) An unstable coalition is also known as triangulation and occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him or her. (c) A detouring-attack coalition occurs when parents avoid the conflict between them by blaming the child for their problems. (d) A detouring-support coalition occurs when parents avoid their own conflict by overprotecting the child.

Emotionally Focused Therapy:

brief evidence-based treatment that integrates principles of attachment theory, humanistic-experiential approaches, and systems theory. -treatment for couples but has since been applied to families and individuals. (Note that the terms "emotionally focused therapy" and "emotion-focused therapy" are sometimes used interchangeably but that the two differ, with the latter referring to various therapies that emphasize emotion as the target of change.)

What is clarification?

brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material.

Narrative Family Therapy:

consider a person's problems "as arising from, and being maintained by, oppressive stories which dominate the person's life" -view these stories as being socially constructed. -They also assume that the problem - not the person - is the problem. -In other words, the problem is not internal to the person but is something that exists outside the person. -instead of saying that a family member is depressed, a narrative family therapist would say that depression sometimes causes problems for the person. -

What is the collective unconscious?

consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next. -The collective unconscious contains archetypes, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances. -hey're expressed in myths, symbols, and dreams and include the persona, shadow, hero, and anima and animus.

According to transtheoretical model, how does change happen?

decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation -Decisional balance is the strength of the person's beliefs about the pros and cons of changing and is most important as a determinant of motivation during the contemplation stage. -Self-efficacy refers to the confidence the person has about his/her ability to change and avoid relapse. -It's an important determinant of whether a person transitions from the contemplation to the preparation stage and then from the preparation to the action stage. Temptation is the intensity of the urge to engage in the undesirable behavior and is usually strongest during the first few stages of change.

Existential Therapies:

derived from existential philosophy and were developed by several psychiatrists and psychologists including Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl. -These therapies emphasize personal responsibility and choice and are based on the assumption that "each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence" -Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as the result of an inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence: death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless -They also distinguish between two types of anxiety (May, 1950): Normal (existential) anxiety is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, and can be used constructively to identify and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change. In contrast, neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.

Caplan's Model:

distinguished between three types of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

encompasses several time-limited alternatives to longer-term psychodynamic psychotherapies. -The different versions vary in terms of their explanations for the development of psychological problems, the issues they focus on in therapy, and the specific techniques they use -some versions focus on unconscious conflicts, while others focus on dysfunctional interactional patterns -the brief psychodynamic psychotherapies share several characteristics (Demos & Prout, 1993; Dewan, Weerasekera, & Stormon, 2009; Messer, 2001): First, they assume that change can occur during a brief therapeutic process or that therapy can begin a change process that will continue after therapy ends. Second, they agree that therapy should have limited goals that are identified and agreed upon by the client and therapist during the initial sessions of therapy. Third, practitioners of these therapies believe they are appropriate for only certain types of clients (e.g., clients who can benefit from insight-oriented therapy and are able to form a therapeutic alliance). Fourth, practitioners adopt an active role from the beginning of therapy to quickly establish a therapeutic alliance with clients and then to ensure that therapy stays focused on major issues so goals can be accomplished within the time limits of therapy. Fifth, practitioners emphasize the development of positive (versus negative) transference and may rely more on exploration or education than on interpretation. Sixth, due to the brevity of therapy, practitioners address loss, separation, and other concerns related to termination of therapy early in treatment.

What is the goal of narrative family therapy?

eplace problem-saturated stories with alternative stories that support more satisfying and preferred outcomes. -The process of therapy varies somewhat among practitioners but generally involves the following stages (Gehart, 2014): (a) Meeting family members involves getting to know them separate from their problems by asking them about their interests and everyday activities. (b) Listening involves paying attention to what family members say to identify dominant discourses and unique outcomes, which are also known as "sparkling moments" and are experiences that are not consistent with problem-saturated stories. (c) Separating family members from their problems involves externalizing the problems. ( d) Enacting preferred narratives involves identifying alternative stories that lead to more satisfying realities and identities. ( e) Solidifying involves strengthening alternative stories by, for example, writing letters of support to family members and expanding the family's network of social relationships to include individuals who will support its new stories.

What is Ellis's A-B-C-D-E model?

explain psychological disturbance and the process of change in therapy: -A is an activating event, B is the client's irrational belief about that event, C is the emotional or behavioral consequence of that belief, D is the therapist's use of techniques that dispute the client's irrational belief, and E is the effect of these techniques, which is the replacement of the irrational belief with a more rational one. -Practitioners of REBT use a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and emotive techniques, including active disputation of irrational beliefs, rational-emotive imagery, systematic desensitization, and skills training. -Research has found that REBT is an effective treatment for depression, anxiety, conduct problems, anger, and several other disorders and conditions

Stress Inoculation Training:

focuses on improving the ability of clients to deal better with ongoing and future stressful situations by teaching them effective coping skills. -t consists of three phases. During the initial conceptualization/education phase, clients are provided with information about stress and its effects and are encouraged to view stressful situations as "problems-to-be-solved" (p. 4). -In the skills acquisition and consolidation phase, clients learn a variety of cognitive and behavioral coping skills which may include relaxation, self-instruction, and problem-solving. -Finally, during the application and follow-through phase, clients use newly acquired coping skills, first in imagined and role-playing situations and then in real life situations.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

focuses on the interpersonal factors that contribute to a client's current symptoms. It's based on the medical model and views depression and other mental disorders as treatable medical illnesses, and its primary goals are symptom relief and improved interpersonal functioning. -treatment for acute depression, it has been modified to treat bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and several other disorders. -(a) During the initial stage, the therapist determines the client's diagnosis and the interpersonal context of the client's symptoms. -This information is then used to identify the primary problem area that will be the focus of treatment. -For depression, the problem areas are interpersonal role disputes, interpersonal role transitions, interpersonal deficits, and grief. -During this stage, clients are assigned the "sick role" in order to allow them to be ill without blaming themselves for their symptoms and to view their illnesses as temporary and treatable. -b) During the middle phase, the therapist uses a variety of strategies to address the problem area identified in the initial stage. Commonly used strategies include encouragement of affect, role-playing, communication analysis, and decision analysis -c) During the final stage, the therapist addresses issues related to termination and relapse prevention.

Motivational Interviewing:

incorporates concepts and principles of Rogers's person-centered therapy and Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model as well as Bandura's concept of self-efficacy and Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance. L -it assumes that interventions are most effective when they match the client's stage of change, and it's considered most useful for people in the precontemplation or contemplation stage. -The primary techniques of motivational interviewing are expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing a discrepancy (helping clients see the difference between their behaviors and goals), and rolling with resistance (decreasing client resistance by avoiding arguments and power struggles) -A distinctive characteristic of motivational interviewing is the use of questions, reflections, affirmations, and other strategies to elicit and reinforce a client's "change talk" - i.e., statements that move the client toward making positive changes in behavior.

Self-Instructional Training:

initially developed to teach problem-solving skills to children with high levels of impulsivity but has since been applied to other populations and problems. -It consists of five stages: During the initial cognitive modeling stage, children observe a model perform a task while the model verbalizes instructions aloud. In the second overt external guidance stage, children perform the same task while the model verbalizes the instructions. Next is the overt self-guidance stage in which children perform the task while verbalizing the instructions aloud themselves. This is followed by the faded overt guidance stage in which children perform the task while whispering the instructions. And finally, during the covert self-instruction stage, children perform the task while repeating the instructions subvocally. - The instructions used by the model and children while performing the task address four skills: identifying the nature of the task, focusing attention on the task and the behaviors needed to complete it, providing self-reinforcement that sustains appropriate behavior, and evaluating performance and correcting errors.

What is interpretation?

involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes

What is communication theory?

linked the development of schizophrenia to double-bind communication, which occurs when a person receives two contradictory messages from a family member and is not allowed to comment on the contradiction -Bateson also distinguished between symmetrical and complementary interactions: Symmetrical interactions reflect equality and occur when the behavior of one person elicits a similar type of behavior from the other person. Symmetrical interactions can escalate in intensity and become a "one-upmanship game." In contrast, complementary interactions reflect inequality and occur when the behavior of one person complements the behavior of the other person. A common complementary pattern is for one person to assume a dominant role, while the other assumes a subordinate role. Problems occur in families when interactions between family members are exclusively symmetrical or complementary.

What is general systems theory?

originally used by biologists to describe the functioning of living and non-living systems. -It predicts that all systems consist of interacting components, are governed by the same general rules, and have homeostatic mechanisms that help them maintain a state of stability and equilibrium. -Cybernetic theory is concerned with the mechanisms that regulate a system's functioning and distinguishes between negative and positive feedback loops: Negative feedback loops resist change and help a system maintain the status quo, while positive feedback loops amplify change and disrupt the status quo.

What are Cognitive distortions?

systematic errors in reasoning that often affect thinking when a stressful situation triggers a dysfunctional schema that, in turn, affects the content of automatic thoughts. -Common distortions include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, dichotomous thinking, personalization, and emotional reasoning: Arbitrary inference involves drawing negative conclusions without any supporting evidence. Selective abstraction involves paying attention to and exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation. Dichotomous thinking is the tendency to classify events as representing one of two extremes - for example, as a success or a failure. Personalization involves concluding that one's actions caused an external event without evidence for that conclusion. And emotional reasoning is reliance on one's emotional state to draw conclusions about oneself, others, and situations.

Evidence-Based Couple and Family Therapies:

the best couple and family treatments are those that are "based on both science and the accumulated clinical knowledge of experienced practitioners in order to most accurately identify both the efficacy (reliability) and utility (contextual efficacy) of the clinical procedure" -It also distinguishes between three levels of evidence: Level I consists of evidence-informed interventions that are supported by pre-existing research (e.g., common factors research) or are linked to evidence-based treatment models -These interventions have not been empirically evaluated themselves and/or have not been evaluated for specific populations or problems. -Gottman's marital therapy and structural family therapy are at this level. -Level II consists of promising interventions that have preliminary evidence of their effectiveness but have not been replicated for specific populations or problems. -nsight-oriented marital therapy and attachment-based family therapy are in this category -Level IIIconsists of evidence-based interventions that are supported by systematic high-quality research that shows they are effective for the clinical problems they are designed to treat. -Level III evidence is further divided into four categories: Category 1 is evidence of an intervention's efficacy and effectiveness when compared to no treatment (absolute efficacy). All interventions included in Level III must, at a minimum, meet the criteria for this category. Brief structural family therapy and integrative behavioral couple therapy are examples of interventions in this category. Category 2 is evidence of an intervention's efficacy and effectiveness compared to alternative treatments (relative efficacy). Behavioral marital therapy and parent management training are examples of interventions in this category. Category 3 is evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of an intervention's model-specific change mechanisms (verified mechanisms of action). Behavioral couples therapy and family psychoeducation interventions for schizophrenia are examples of interventions in this category. Category 4 is evidence that the intervention has beneficial outcomes for specific client populations, for specific clinical problems, and for different service delivery systems (contextual efficacy). Multisystemic therapy for adolescent problem behaviors and behavioral couples therapy for alcohol and substance abuse disorders are examples of interventions in this category.

What are Automatic thoughts?

verbal self-statements or mental images that "come to mind spontaneously when triggered by circumstances ... [and] intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual's emotional and behavioral reactions -Automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. -Negative automatic thoughts are characterized by a distortion of reality, emotional distress, and/or interference with the pursuit of life goals and can contribute to psychological distress -Practitioners of CBT often have clients record negative automatic thoughts outside therapy in a Dysfunctional Thought Record (DTR) whenever they feel their mood is worsening. -When using a DTR, the client records the event or situation that led to an unpleasant emotion, the automatic thoughts that preceded the emotion, the type of emotion and its intensity on a scale from 0 to 100, an alternative rational response to the automatic thought, and the outcome (the emotion and any change in behavior elicited by the rational response).