cluster final

Deer, Sarah. 2015."Introduction: Sovereignty of the Soul."Pages ix-xxiv in The Beginning and End of Rape. University of Minnesota Press. (CR)

- Native women experience the highest per capita rate of rape Calling this an epidemic calls attention, but does not fit - Allows society to absolve blame (biological problem/short-term) Fails to account for the crisis' roots in history and law Depoliticizes rape - Rape is a fundamental result of colonialism - Native women experience the trauma of rape through generations - Tillie Black Bear/Lenora Hootch started Native shelter programs - Federal Indian law = oppressive America legal structure - Sovereignty = political and personal - A description of self-determination - Rape is only one of social/legal issues faced by the tribal government - Alienation provides foundation for sexual abuse - Raping of women to the raping of a country/world - Rape was used to destroy Native nations "Sovereignty of the soul" Soul: deep fundamental aspects of identity Rape effects our identity - Indian law (tribal) only has jurisdiction for domestic abuse Rape happens outside the context of an intimate relationship - In this context, rape = all forms of sexual predation - Rape of Native women central to global movement to end rape -to absolve itself of blame" (ix) -"Women's sovereignty is central to Indian sovereignty because nations cannot be free if their Indian women are not free" (xvi) -"There is no such thing as nonviolent rape" (xix) -"Rape has become the 'norm' in tribal communities" (xx)

Liu, Michael, Kim Geron and Tracy Lai. 2008. "Swelling Rhythm: The 1960s Era and Conditions for Change" and "The Birth of the Movement: Stepping Toward New Values and Community." In The Snake Dance of Asian American Activism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. (CR)

-(First Reading)Civil Rights Movement and Black Liberation Movement in the 1960s: Focuses on the Asian American Movement and the exploitation of Asian americans for cheap labor -1960s-1970s: civil rights, labor, anti warfare (counter culturalism), changes in political power opened up for more activism and radical reform -As more Asian American generations appeared and were more assimilated to American culture, there came an increase in socialization of AAM. -The opposal of U.S. Imperialism in their own ancestral Asian countries and their own fight against their oppressive governments and BLM influenced Asian Americans back in the U.S. to fight. -Began to view their struggles not in embarrassment but of admiration of endurance. -AAM began with the students, community youth, veteran community, and labor organizers. Pushed for education, civil rights, and anti-war and imperialism. Challenged oriental views. -AAM → resilience and inspired new generation of change. -Had different goals and philosophies → some looked to work within the system to change it, some built hopeful structures like food and garment co-ops, and others formed self-help grounds (52-53) -New resources/funds → bigger activities possible -Less dependent on traditional organization, youth created a new different organization. -(Second Reading) AAM is not as widely known because there's an assumption that Asians don't organize (orientalism), other movements are "more important", and to erase political power and marginal -AAM influenced by other social movements in United States and internationally. Difference between old and new generation AAM. Fought for self-governance (autonomy) in Hawai'i, just like American Indians wanted Alcatraz. -Fought for self love and pride, no need for assimilation. Embracing community. Anti-warfare. Fought for working people. -Increased suspicion of U.S. tactics. AAM anti-warfare different than white anti-warfare, as now race is involved. Improving post-war community and gaining funds. Campus as a crucible for experimental and growth of activism, learned as they did it. -AAM had internal conflict and hard to organize legalwork and unionize. But in the end their struggles did heightened awareness of the role and importance of working women, more than other movements but still unequal with race and gender. Main success in gaining recognition by public. -Using culture, arts, and literature to tell Asian story BY Asian and not by White. -AAM, like other social movements, have an example of intersectionality and it shows the struggle of women rights amidst the fight for racial rights. -IWK and InterIM (First Reading) -"The AAM drew from its [BLM] explicitly anti government stance, strong sentiments for self-determination, and the radical transformation of society" (43) -"The ideas of the BLM induced Asian American activists to adopt a skeptical view toward the social structure, a desire for self-determination or local control, self-pride, and collective action and organization" (45) -"The Movement drew from these three streams-students from college campuses, community youth, and progressive community and labor activists" (49) -Fought for "efforts at democratic functioning inclusive of both sexes in leadership, membership of immigrants and American born, and the encouragement of grass root participation" (50) -"Traditional leadership organizations were ill equipped to take advantage of these funds. In their stead, new organizations and agencies with better language and professional skills sprang up and drew, supported by the new inflow of resources" (53) (Second Reading) -"Reimaging of the Asian American populations disadvantaged circumstances that many at an earlier age found humiliating. Seeing these conditions as a result of larger, impersonal forces and within a historical progression removed the stigma from their communities and directed it toward social elites and institutions. Activists saw the endurance, difficulties, and grievances of workers in a new, more valued light and their strength as models to emulate." (64) -"The campus was a crucible" and "Asian students were looking at both the revolutionary liberation movements internationally and at the oppression of Asian and third world peoples in the United States" (71). -"The Movement called for equality and justice. Yet as activists, women consistently found themselves playing subordinate roles". -"InterIm and IWK were both community-based. However, InterIm focused more on city infrastructure such as social services and low-income housing that reformed Seattle's ID, IWK politicized and organized activists to work toward long-term transformations of capitalism. In the AAM, InterIm provided a stable organization that mobilized resources while IWK articulated the framing ideology and analysis of the AAM and recruited and trained activists." (86)

Razack, Sherene. 2012. "We didn't kill them, we didn't cut their head off": Abu Ghraib Revisited. Chapter 10 (217-245) in Daniel Martinez HoSang, Oneka LaBennett and Laura Pulido (Editors), Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. (CR)

-Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq -Gets shut down -All of this happening during the Iraq war in 2003 but photos weren't released until 2004 -Photos released revealing American soldiers physically, sexually torturing Iraqi prisoners during the Iraq war -US involvement → CIA and soldiers -Idea of torture vs. harassment -Talks about Algeria for a bit and how France ingrained torture into Algerian society, which can still be seen today -Who's to blame: the Bush administration or the seven bad apples? -Bush said these events were isolated incidents which are not representative of US practices -"The refusal of the Bush administration to take responsibility and the public forgiveness of those involved in the Abu Ghraib crimes reminds people who share the same color, religion, or region with those who were tortured that their lives are similarly valued"

Turner, James. 1969. "Black Students and Their Changing Perspective." Ebony 24(August): 135-140. (CR)

-Black students played a huge role in the black power movement. They no longer want to be a "model," they reject white culture and implement change in schools, especially by fighting for Black Studies because they know that being in control of their education will provide them with power. Students are not getting degrees to escape black communities, but to embrace and fix. They are paving the way for the liberation movement by fighting for their rights in schools. -"We are creating a generation of young black people who will know that they want, and they will create a generation who will know how to get what they want" (135). -"[Students are] trying to discover the answers to the future of black people that are hidden in the present" (137). -"The black student is more painfully aware that the white university was not made to accommodate him" (139).

Podcast: Red and Black DNA, Blood, Kinship and Organizing, The HenceForward

-Black white binary cannot accommodate indigenous for native racialization -Red and black are different in terms of whiteness and upholding white state

Jerry Kang, 2001-2002. "Thinking Through Internment: 12/7 and 9/11," Amerasia Journal 27(3)/28(1): 42-50

-Border policies backfired because it's was a factor that rapidly increased latin american population in the United States. Immigrants feared going back to their home country because of the difficulty to come back, therefore more decided to settle in the U.S.

Kaplan, Erin Aubry. 2012. Obama's Slave Link. LA Times

-Obama has a strong likelihood of descending from the first person to be legally defined a slave -Lineage comes from white mother -"obama is not post-black, he's tied to a seminal moment in the long and sordid history of institutionalized racism in america"

Boal, Augusto. Poetics of the Oppressed. Chapter 4 in Theater of the Oppressed. Originally published in Spanish, 1974; published in English by Theater Communications Group, 1985.

-Initially, the ruling class divided the roles of the people in the theater: the actor (people who act) and spectators (people who watch). The goal was to change the people from passive spectators in the theater into subjects, actors, transformers of action. The combination of roles that a person must perform imposes on him a mask of behavior. The dominated group suffers the most constant, daily, and omnipresent repression which becomes concrete in the figure of the dominated person. The spectator must be a subject, an actor on equal plane with those generally accepted as actors, who must also be spectators. -"The illiterate are not people who are unable to express themselves: they are simply people unable to express themselves in a particular language" -"By learning a new language, a person acquires a new way of knowing reality and of passing that knowledge on to others." -"All languages complement each other in achieving the widest, most complete knowledge of what is real." -"In our culture we are used to expressing everything through words, leaving the enormous expressive capabilities of the body in an underdeveloped state." -"This particular technique of a people's theatre consists precisely in revealing the superstructures, the rituals which reify all human relationships, and the masks of behavior that those rituals impose on each person according to the roles he plays in society and the rituals he must perform."

Vincent, Rickey. 2008. "James Brown: Icon of Black Power." In Tony Bolden (editor), The Funk Era and Beyond: New Perspectives on Black Popular Culture. NY: Palgrave, 51-72. (CR)

-James Brown was the Godfather of Soul, most prominent popular entertainer to openly promote and celebrate black pride. He started a celebration of black identity though his song "Say it Loud," contributing to the Black Power Movement and Third World Revolution. -"James Brown's politics represented a practical fusion of the ideals of Malcolm X and Dr. King: the self reliance and steadfast pride combined with a populism and overture to integration under the guide of economic enterprise" (71)

Douglas Massey. 2009. Racial Formation in Theory and Practice. Race and Social Problems 1: 12-26.

-Mexicans move from working class to the lowest class -Important graph that shows different races in respect to y and x coordinate labelings -"Undocumented migrants are not perceived as fully human at the most fundamental neural level of cognition, thus opening a door to the harshest, most exploitive, and cruelest treatment that human beings are capable of inflicting on one another"

Razack, Sherene. 2018. A Site We Cannot Bear: The Racial/Spacial Politics of Banning the Muslim Women's Niquab. CJWL/RFD 30: 167-187. (CR)

-Niqab = garment worn by some Muslim women that conceals the face of wearer, only eyes visible. -White masculine gaze demands desire -Niqab-wearing women in the courtroom case R v NS: sexual assault case where girl alleges that her male relatives were sexually assaulting her since childhood. Accuser says that the trial is unfair if NS gets to wear her niqab while testifying. -Can't wear a veil in public spaces in France -Can't recite the citizenship oath in Canada -Western subject is threatened and seduced at the same time by the niqabi -Niqab generates a deep anxiety surrounding knowing and possessing the woman who is Covered. -Bans on the niqab express a command to Muslim women to yield to racial and sexual superiority,

Escobar, Edward. 1993. The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971. The Journal of American History 79(4): 1483-1514. (CR)

-Police show racism towards Chicano activists by using excessive violence towards them to destroy the movement. Chicanos began protesting against police misconduct but law enforcement agencies responded by harassing Chicano activists and organizations. -Shifting of Mexicans not wanting to identify as a minority/with the black struggle because they didn't want to be seen different from whites but then this changes -"Police used their legal monopoly of the use of coercive force to harass, to intimidate, and, if possible, to arrest and prosecute individual Chicano activists and to suppress Chicano protest demonstrations with violence."

Irons, Peter. 1990. JD Shelley v. Louis Kraemer: "The Contract of Restrictions" and "I Ain't Moving Nowhere!" In Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court. NY: Penguin, 65- 79

-Restrictive racial covenants prohibited blacks from living in exclusive white areas. These covenants came into existence through loopholes such as the "freedom of contract" doctrine and private suits. Through the help of the NAACP, amicus curiae briefs (coalition against covenants), Civil Rights Act of 1866 (no "discriminatory state action"), and Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection of the law), the Shelleys eventually won the case. -"The use of such covenants to enforce residential segregation became widespread after 1917, when the U.S. Supreme Court struck down municipal laws which attempted to prevent blacks from purchasing or occupying property in "white areas," (66). -"The issue is much broader than that of simply preventing discrimination against Negroes for already such restrictive covenants have been used against Jews and Catholics,"(67).

Kaplan, Karen. 2005. Ancestry in a Drop of Blood. LA Times

-Rules for membership for various Native American tribes vary in terms of how much Native American "blood" a person must have to justify them as a true Native American. -"to define someone by blood quantum is the very definition of racism"

Charnas, Dan. 2010. Side A: Uptown and Side B: Downton. Pages 3-61 in The Big Payback: A History of the Business of Hip Hop. NY: New American Library,

-Side B: how black producers and artists navigated a majority white world, how they tried to bring in their culture and reclaim their art that had been lost -"The first rap records were released into an environment that was arguably the most hostile to Black music in American history" -"She and Joe were two independent Black businesspeople who had taken back just a fraction of the art Black folks had created in this country"

Brenda Stevenson, "Slavery and Anti-Slavery in Antebellum America," Chapter 4 in What is Slavery

-Stevenson argues how the status of Black women as slaves has affected their gendered images. - Slavery as a barrier to femininity and domesticity - Anti-slavery in communities and the rise of abolitionism against all odds. - Casts emancipation as a gradual, and once highly improbable concept that rose to prominence through a combination of slave rebellion, political organization, and an emphasis on the role women played. -"The type of work a slave performed not only affected their internal "status" but also their public, gendered images. ... This type of work profoundly de-feminized women ... It cast slave women in what became the stereotypical image of the female 'workhorse'" -"The world in which [slave women] worked was not just racist, it was profoundly sexist."

Smedley, Audrey and Brian D. Smedley. 2012. Changing Perspectives on Human Variation in Science. Pg 289-306 in Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview

-The emergence of new scientific positions on race that conflicted with older views. Soon, scientists began to see race as more of social construction separate from science. -Race is a social construction based on phenotype; -Cannot use science to justify race -"race was transformed and limited in its conceptualization to biogenetic features of human groups and new scientific definitions of race were introduced" (289) -"race is a pure abstraction" (291)

Anderson, Terry. 2005. The Strange Career of Affirmative Action. South Central Review 22 (2): 110-129

-Traces how the original intent of the affirmative action program has changed over the four decades since it was announced by President Kennedy -Results of affirmative action include a rise in minority middle class, female professionals -"The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed... without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" -Johnson's executive order 11246 states that "the contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin"

Harris, Cheryl I. 1993. Whiteness as Property. Harvard Law Review: 1707-1791

-Whiteness initially constructed as a form of racial identity but evolved into a form of property that persists in current perceptions of racial identity -"related to historical and continuing pattern of white racial domination"

Lipsitz, George. 1995. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness. American Quarterly

-Whiteness is an abstract concept but became actualized in real life -Whiteness is an unmarked category -"as the unmarked category against which difference is constructed, whiteness never has to speak its name, never has to acknowledge its role as an organizing principle in social and cultural relations" 369

Paul Finkleman, "Making a Covenant with Death: Slavery and the Constitutional Convention."

-William Lloyd Garrison argued that the Constitution was pro-slavery, as the North sacrificed morality for economic gain -Rhetoric within the Constitution that disguises the language of slavery, ultimately protected the institution -"The word 'slavery' was never mentioned in the Constitution, yet its presence was felt everywhere." -"The three New England states once again joined Maryland and the Deep South to allow the slave trade to continue for twenty years. This vote formed a key component of the 'dirty compromise.'"

Zhou, Min. 2003."Are Asian Americans Becoming 'White?'" Contexts 3: 29-36. (CR)

Asian americans are considered to be the "model minority" by whites and thus whites blame other minoirities disadvantages like poverty on themselves using asian americans as an example that they are a minority but have overcome poverty. Asians strive to be in middle class ameica and have are given higher expectations. However no matter what success they have "Americans of Asian ancestry still have to constantly prove that they truly are loyal Americans" "Us born asian americans detest being seen as foreigners. "Speaking perfect English, adopting mainstream cultural values, and even intermarrying members of the dominant group may help reduce this "otherness" but it has little effect on the group as a whole"

Snelgrove, Corey, Rita Kaur Dhamoon,Jeff Corntassel. 2014. Unsettling Settler Colonialism: The Discourse and Politics of Settlers, and Solidarity with Indigenous Nations. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 3(2): 1-32. (CR)

Essay is divided into sections: settler colonialism, settlers, and solidarity - each author supports Indigenous resurgence, meaning restoring and regenerating Indigenous nationhood -"The disruption of settler colonialism necessitates the disruption of intersecting forces of power such as colonialism, heteropatriarchy, and capitalism," (page 2) -"Without deploying a relational approach to settler colonialism, studies of settler colonialism and practices of solidarity run the risk of reifying (and possibly replicating) settler colonial, as well as other, modes of domination," (page 4)

Uyematsu, Amy, 1969. "The Emergence of Yellow Power in America." Gidra (October). (CR)

Filipinos believe they are inferior to whites and other orientals but superior to mexicans and blacks. Asian Americans have assumed white identities, that is the values and the attitudes of the majority of Americans. The "black power" movement caused many Asian Americans to question themselves and as a result led to the "yellow power" movement. -"Yellow Power is is an articulated mood - disillusionment and alienation from white America and independence, race pride, and self respect". -"Asian Americans are perpetuating white racism in the U.S. as they allow white America to hold up the -"successful" oriental image before other minority groups as the model to emulate".

Bashi Treitler, Vilna. 2017. Social Agency and White Supremacy in Immigration Studies. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1(1): 153-165

Treitler discusses the faults within assimilation theory when examining immigration in the U.S. as it supports a white supremacy understanding of society and creates the idea of a racially white mainstream. He suggests the use of racialization theory to understand the patterns and workings of immigration. Racialization theory considers systematic racial inequalities and a focus on racial justice.

Kauanui, J. Kehaulani. 2017. "Indigenous Hawaiian Sexuality and the Politics of Nationalist Decolonization." Pages 45- 68 in Joanne Barker (Ed.), Critically Sovereign: Indigenous Gender, Sexuality. Durham: Duke University Press.

True Aloha - Hawaiian group formed to advocate inclusivity of all sex indentities Na Mamo - group in Hawaii that pushed for the rights of Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) Westerners came to Hawaii, introduced Christianity/sexual discrimination -"I argue that while there is Indigenous cultural revitalization of Hawaiian concepts that may be considered part of broader cultural decolonization, the state legislature's passage of the same-sex marriage bill is a form of settler colonial continuity," (page 48). -"The Hawaiian sovereignty question is bound up with the ongoing processes of settler colonialism. In Hawaii, same-sex marriage extends the colonial imposition of male-female marriage to the contemporary politics of assimilation and affirmation of US occupation under the cover of inclusion in a multiracial liberal democracy in the "land of aloha," (page 49).