cmn 10v midterm 2

What is the gender similarities hypothesis?

males and females are similar in most, but not all, psychological viables--> females and males are more alike than different

what is the second area of large gender difference?

some measures of sexuality--> masturbation and attitudes about sex in a casual, uncommitted relationships

What is statistical meta-analysis? How is it applied for the purposes of this article?

statistical method for grouping research findings across many studies of the same question measures the magnitude of gender differences

what are evergreen stories?

stories that are always relevant

What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access?

- Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data. - Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use. - Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online.

Note the developments that Smil compares to the iPad.

- electricity - vaccination - hybrid crops - synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

what are the main claims of the Washington post article?

- more and more people rely on social media for news and info - despite it's growing popularity, social media's influence on political participation remains unclear - gathering political information via social media brings an increased risk of digesting info from questionable sources

What is Liking? What types of people do we like?

- people who are similar to us - people who pay us compliments - people who cooperate with us towards mutual goals

What is Consensus? Be familiar with examples in the article

- people will look to the actions and behaviors of others to determine their own hotels placing cards in rooms to persuade reuse of towels

what are stress triggers

- reward/addiction pathways - intense sensory simulation - bright and blue-toned light - media-multitasking - interactivity and rapid pace - electro-magnetic radiation

what were the hypothesis' in the entertainment article?

- that boys would name favorite characters of the same sex more often than girls was supported - wishful identification would be higher for same-sex than opposite-sex characters

What is the effect of video games?

- video games mimic the kinds of sensory assaults humans are programmed to associate with danger - triggers survival instinct--> nervous system and hormones influence our state of arousal (fight-or-flight)

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

- women speak in different moral voice than men--> women speak more caring - stereotypes say boys are better at math - decrease women's opportunity in the workplace

what were the research questions for the entertainment article?

-do parasocial interactions differ for same and opposite sex characters - do wishful identification and parasocial interaction differ for same and opposite sex characteristics

How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

2.7 billion people growing by less than 9% each year

Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualization of problems

How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

The Edison system of lighting was as beautifully conceived down to the very details, and as thoroughly worked out as if it had been tested for decades in various towns.

do not call registry in elections

applies to all but candidates

What are the traits examined in the entertainment study?

attractiveness strength humor intelligence

Electrical innovations were created when? By whom?

between late 1870s and beginning of 20th century by thomas edison

what happens when our fight-or-flight instinct is triggered?

blood flows away from higher thinking part of the brain and towards to primitive, deeper areas necessary for survival--> impairment in functions

How does Smil describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

by asking what we would do without it

What is Consistency as a persuasive principle?

consistent with the things people have previously said/done activated by looking for, and asking for, small initial commitments that can be made

What does the video game article claim about effects on sleep?

effects on sleep explain mood, cognitive and behavior issues associated with screens--> panic attacks

What is framing?

effects result from the media's description of an event or issue that emphasizes a subset of potentially relevant considerations that causes individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions

What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies?

elected officials generally respond to citizens' policy preferences citizens evaluate public figures on the basis of the issues that are emphasized in the mass media the nature of media coverage helps structure individuals' beliefs about the appropriate policy responses in gov

What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services?

everyone has a phone to be on the internet with and join the knowledge economy while also enabling the industry to continue growing profits and building our of this infraction

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

first orders take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times that could not have taken place without second order innovations

What was the basic approach of the entertainment study?

how children perceive the television they are watching and how it effects them and the way they view each gender

What does the author claim about active and passive audience?

in reports, at least some citizens have alternative information sources with which to counter the media messages that are intended to structure public opinion

what is the first area of large gender difference?

in the domain of motor performance--> measures like throwing velocity and throwing distance

what is the attribution theory?

indicates that individuals seek to understand information of framing effects

characters with what type of social behaviors were higher for wishful identification and parasocial interactions?

kinder more helpful more caring less mean less selfish

what are the findings on sex differences?

male characters, intelligence was the 1 trait that predicted wishful identification and parasocial interaction emssage girls get from tv--> for females, appearance is of primary importance

what does the gender study show about gender differences in aggression?

moderate in magnitude physical aggression has large difference than verbal ambiguous in the magnitude of the gender differences in relational aggression

What does the Washington Post article suggest about the relationship of news via social media and voter turnout?

more participation was found after people were exposed to political information and news on social madia

What does Cialdini claim about the process of human decision making?

need short-cuts to guide decision making - Reciprocity - Scarcity - Authority - Consistency - Liking - Consensus

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

not all smartphones have data because data plans are more expensive in many countries

what is the authors claim about whats happening now not being news?

online stories producing "high-arousal emotions" are more viral, whether positive or negative emotions

what are the technical saltations Smil describes?

our ancestors making sharp tools out of stone using other stone electricity

What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple?

people are willing to pay high premiums even if the evaluations have failed to demonstrate any stunning superiority

What is the point in washington post's third claim about voters' knowledge of sources of political information?

people gather information quickly but forget where it came from easier to spread false information

What is Scarcity? Note the Concorde example.

people want more of the things they can have less of British airlines said they are no longer flying twice daily to Concorde, sale the very next day took off!!

what is polling data used for?

persuade voters to not just vote for a candidate, but to also open up their wallets

What does the Washington Post article suggest about social pressure via social media and voting?

social pressure via social media motivates others to vote

What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article?

strong evidence for the gender similarities hypothesis

what is the main claim of the news article?

substantial evidence that the media have more than minimal effect on public opinion

What is priming?

the ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures

What is agenda-setting?

the ability of the media to influence public opinion about which issues the government should address

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the various examples including uniforms, diplomas, etc.

the idea that people follow the lead of credible, knowledgeable experts displaying medical diplomas encourages patients to follow doctors orders

What does Thomas site as a "key difference between the old forms of news and entertainment and Facebook"?

the news feed is entirely our creation, even if it reveals itself as an idiosyncratic and surprising list of stories

What does the article conclude about news vs. entertainment in the BuzzFeed top 20 most viral stories?

the stories and videos most likely to be shared, emailed, and posted on facebook aren't necessarily the newest stories, but they are the most evocative

What kind of innovations are Apple's products?

third-order innovations that use a variety of fundamental second-order innovations in the now vast realm of electronic components to assemble and program devices

Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

those least involved in the political system

What is the article's zero sum point?

those with resources have incentive to hoard rather than share

What happened earlier this decade re: Facebook and Google, concerning the sending of traffic to websites?

traffic from home pages has decreased significantly across websites

Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

two types of innovations: bringing down the costs of delivering data and using less data by building more efficient apps

what is the public agenda?

what citizens of a group believe to be important

what is the biggest factor in intraparty switching of support?

whoever has the best chance of winning

what was Edison's greatest contribution?

world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion

How did people ages 18-29 differ from those 30-49 in their thoughts about political campaign news?

younger generation- 35% said social media was the most helpful older- social media ranked third behind cable tv and news websites