CMPC Exam Study Guide

Professor Ishihara is giving a lecture about referral processes in sport injury rehabilitation. What accurate statement would she make? "Making psychological service referrals is a common practice in sport injury rehabilitation." "Research has shown that all sport health care professionals are adequately aware of the extent of the issues that might warrant referral." "Mental performance consultants should be prepared to make and receive psychological service referrals." "There is a need to develop interassociation consensus statements related to referral because those do not exist at the high school or collegiate athletic level."

"Mental performance consultants should be prepared to make and receive psychological service referrals."

Guided by Nietzsche's existential principle that "those who have a _________ can find a ________ and bear any situation." MPCs can help their clients stay true to their values, beliefs, motivations, and goals, even in the most difficult situations.

"those who have a why can find a how and bear any situation"

3 approaches to conceptual orientations

(a) experiential and relationship-oriented approaches such as person-centered therapy, existential therapy, and emotion-focused therapy (b) the goal-directed collaborative approach of solution-focused brief therapy (c) three generations of cognitive behavioral approaches such as behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, mindfulness-based therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, compassion-focused therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy

Consulting refers to

A collaborative process in which psychological, counseling, and athletic performance principles are applied with individuals, teams, and organizations to help them move from their current state to their desired state. The overall aim of consulting is to facilitate the development of mental and emotional skills, attitudes, perspectives, strategies, and processes that lead to optimal performance, well-being, and personal growth

Systems theory

A holistic approach used to examine and understand systems. Individuals and groups are viewed as their own ecosystem with many moving parts that affect each other. With the notion that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, the aim of systems therapy is to help members of a system gain insight into how each member's role within the system may affect its functionality.

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)

A person-centered approach in which emotions are viewed as a fundamental aspect of human functioning and therapeutic change (Greenberg, 2014). With the use of experiential techniques, EFT is designed to help clients recognize and productively use their emotions. Established in the mid-1980s by Canadian psychologists Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg

Case Question: Stephanie is a freshman student-athlete playing on her collegiate volleyball team. She recently moved away from home for the first time and has been finding it difficult to adapt to her new city, program of study, and sport team. Additionally, she is experiencing an increased level of anxiety due to her feelings of inadequacy in training and in the classroom, and she is missing her family's immediate support. Stephanie tends to compare herself to others and to be overly critical of herself, particularly in evaluative situations. Her coach notices that she has been more tired, withdrawn, and unfocused than usual and asks to speak with her after practice. Listen to the conversation that Coach Brownwell and Stephanie have in the coach's office. Which approach should Cassandra use in her first session with Stephanie? A. Use behavior therapy to work on Stephanie's elevated anxiety and sleep issue. Teaching Stephanie a relaxation technique will help her achieve her desired behaviors of sleeping throughout the night and effectively managing stress in her school and sport contexts. B. Use person-centered therapy (PCT) to listen to and empathize with Stephanie's story and establish trust and rapport. The main concern in this first session is to understand Stephanie's experience and get a sense of the factors that are contributing to it. C. Use acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to get Stephanie to actively and nonjudgmentally embrace her experiences in the here and now. The aim is to get Stephanie to connect with her values and to accept her current situation just as it is, including the unpleasant thoughts and feelings she is having.

B. Use person-centered therapy (PCT) to listen to and empathize with Stephanie's story and establish trust and rapport. The main concern in this first session is to understand Stephanie's experience and get a sense of the factors that are contributing to it.

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy is based on the work of Pavlov and Skinner and the famous principles of classical and operant conditioning (Antony & Roemer, 2011a, 2011b). Classical conditioning, originally proposed by Ivan Pavlov, refers to the learning that occurs in response to a stimulus through pairing. B.F. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was unable to account for the complexities of human behavior and proposed the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is based on the principle that behavior is reinforced by the events that directly follow it.

Examples of self-report and mixed methods approaches to methods of evaluating consultant effectiveness include the:

Consultant Evaluation Form and the case study approach

From a performance enhancement perspective, MPCs help clients to

Develop the behaviors, mindset, and mental skills necessary to perform to their potential in sport.

Person-centered therapy (PCT)

Developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and is considered a foundational orientation of psychotherapy (Corey, 2017). Embedded in the philosophy of positive psychology, PCT is a humanistic, client-centered approach driven by a positive and phenomenological view of humans. PCT focuses on the desires and strengths of human beings to reach their full potential and to self-actualize (Hill, 2001), with the aim of leading individuals toward high-level functioning and personal fulfillment (Kirschenbaum, 2004). Practitioners adopting this approach help their clients move toward unconditional positive regard, increased awareness, self-direction, self-trust, and constructive personal change. The focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings to achieve well-being and congruence between clients' ideal and real selves (Corey, 2017).

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) limitations are as follows:

EFT can lead to intense emotional expression; if feelings are not fully explored and cognitive work is not completed, clients can be left with no closure and integration. Clients who have difficulty using creativity and imagination, or who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved, may not embrace EFT techniques and experiments. Some clients may not see how being aware of present experiencing will lead to solving their problems.

Existential therapy practitioners' main tasks are to...

ET practitioners' main tasks are to accurately grasp clients' being in the world and to establish personal, authentic, and here-and-now encounters. Counselors care for, respect, trust, and empower their clients to find answers and accept responsibility (Corey, 2017). While the use of techniques is not essential, techniques may be borrowed from other approaches. Diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important (Deurzen, 2002).

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) counselors aim to increase...

Emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation (Greenberg, 2014). They first strive to establish a strong therapeutic alliance, similar to that observed in person-centered therapy. However, after this initial step, they actively engage clients to disrupt maladaptive emotional schemas by creating new positive ones (Greenberg, 2014). It is not sufficient for clients to merely talk about their emotions, understand their origins, or modify their beliefs; they must experience them in the moment and replace unhelpful emotions with facilitative ones in order to create new narratives and meaning

Credo of reflective practice

Everybody needs professional growth opportunities. All professionals want to improve. All professionals can learn. All professionals are capable of assuming responsibility for their own professional growth and development. People need and want information about their own performance.

Assessment of MPC practice should only come in the form of formal feedback from athletes. true or false?

False

Reflection on action occurs during an event or a session. true or false?

False

Supervisors should only evaluate MPCs' effectiveness at the beginning of the MPCs' career, when they rely on their supervisors the most. true or false?

False

The Consultant Evaluation Form was designed to assess athletes' perceptions of their relationship with the MPC. true or false?

False

True or False: MPCs should integrate only one theoretical framework in their consulting and counseling philosophy to streamline their work and have clear choices regarding how they should proceed in novel situations.

False

True or False: Traditional person-centered therapy counselors typically engage in intaking, diagnostic testing, questioning, or probing in order to obtain information from their clients.

False

MPCs can use Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)MPCs to help their clients...

Identify and communicate how their emotions influence their overall functioning and interactions in normal and high-pressure situations. By focusing on gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiences and making links to cognitions and behaviors, MPCs can educate clients on the role that different types of emotions can play in their quest to improve their performance and well-being

Which of the following is not considered a benefit of including program evaluation within applied practice? It allows the MPC to monitor the effectiveness of the intervention. It allows the funding body to determine future changes or adaptations to the program. It allows participants to have a voice on future changes or adaptations to the program. It allows for reflection on the goals of the program and whether these have been met successfully.

It allows the funding body to determine future changes or adaptations to the program.

The theory of planned behavior is problematic because...

It excludes the influence that emotions and unconscious influences have on behavior, it is untestable and lacks predictive validity.

If Luke's psychological reactions to his injury were negative, which approach would you use to help Luke with recovery from his injury? Listen attentively with empathy and show positive regard for Luke and his situation. Ask Luke what he thinks would best facilitate his recovery. Educate Luke about the physical healing process of his injury.

Listen attentively with empathy and show positive regard for Luke and his situation.

With person-centered therapy, few techniques are used, and the emphasis is on...

Listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and support in order to understand the meaning and feeling of clients' experiences

Existential therapy involves concepts that are universally applicable to human existence. Which concepts are NOT typically addressed in an existential therapy approach? living and dying nature and nurture freedom and responsibility isolation and relationships meaning and meaninglessness

Nature and Nurture

reflection IN action

Occurs during an event or session; it enables MPCs to complete a rapid interpretation of the situation, which will help guide the remaining work and actions that occur during the remainder of the session.

performance

Performance can be viewed as the ultimate arbiter with regard to the effectiveness of sport and performance psychology. Is the athlete performing to his or her potential, irrespective of the outcome? Competitive results (win-loss records) certainly offer objective performance measures. However, consideration can also be given to subjective measures, such as the athlete's personal evaluation of performance. How does the athlete define success? Did the athlete achieve his or her performance goals? Is the athlete satisfied with his or her performance?

Counseling Theories and Approaches

Person-centered therapy Existential therapy Emotion-focused therapy Solution-focused brief therapy Behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Mindfulness-based therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy Compassion-focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Systems theory

Athletes' social relationships may exert a ____________ influence on risk of injury-related outcomes.

Positive

Application of counseling and consulting theory to performance

Principles of counseling and consulting can be used to enhance or restore performance in a variety of contexts, including sport. For instance, existential therapy can be used to help injured athletes examine whether they should continue competing for another year. On the other hand, the transtheoretical model can be useful for helping athletes who are unmotivated to improve certain aspects of their performance. Mental performance consultants (MPCs) can integrate multiple aspects of counseling and consulting theories into their consulting philosophy and applied practice in order to be versatile and competent in responding to various types of performance situations.

An important point to remember is that a critical barrier to sport performance may be _____________________

Psychopathology, which requires a referral to a licensed mental health practitioner if the MPC does not have this credential

Behavior change is contingent upon clients'...

Readiness and willingness to do something differently in order to achieve desired outcomes.

From a performance restoration standpoint, MPCs enable individuals to

Remove barriers in order to return to previously established performance levels

In the Transtheoretical model (TTM), ___________________ must surpass the temptation to abandon the behavior change efforts

Self-efficacy. Movement through the stages to achieve one's ultimate goal is mediated by motivation and readiness to change

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Stems from postmodern approaches, which are grounded in social constructionism. The premise is that there is no single truth and reality is socially constructed through human interaction (Corey, 2017). American psychotherapists Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg created SFBT in the 1970s as a future-focused, goal-oriented approach that emphasized clients' strengths and resilience.

Consultant Evaluation Form (CEF)

The CEF was designed to assess athletes' perceptions of MPC effectiveness and the amount and type of athlete-MPC contact. Truly effective MPCs would receive ratings of 9 or 10 on all items on the CEF, with ratings of 8 or less on a particular item indicating areas that should be targeted for improvement.

Transtheoretical model (TTM)

The TTM is a stages of change model that illustrates how behavior changes over time, progressing through six discrete stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

reflective practice within applied sport psychology has been associated with the following:

The development of frameworks on how to deliver effective psychological service provision (e.g., Keegan, 2016) The development of effective MPC characteristics (e.g., Mellalieu, 2017) The development of coping mechanisms that enhance practice (e.g., Cropley, Baldock, Mellalieu, Neil, Wagstaff, & Wadey, 2016) Creative and innovative approaches to practice (e.g., Schinke et al., 2006) Improved links between philosophy and practice (e.g., Friesen & Orlick, 2010)

Theory of Planned Behavior

The key factor influencing change is the intention to perform the behavior. This intention is driven by underlying motivation, which is influenced by individuals' attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms (i.e., perceived social pressure to engage in the behavior), and perceived behavioral control (i.e., expectancy that performance of the behavior is within their control).

The delivery of effective sport and performance psychology services is based on a strong consulting/counseling philosophy, which is characterized by

The purpose, nature, values, beliefs, and ideals underlying practitioners' consulting and counseling work. A practitioner's philosophy underpins the decisions regarding which theories and principles to use in work with clients

Counseling is defined as

The skilled and principled use of a professional relationship to empower individuals to achieve mental health, wellness, education, and career goals. It aims to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources

Change processes

The transtheoretical model and the theory of planned behavior are two classic and dominant theories of behavior change. Change processes are at the heart of practitioners' work, whether they are related to the enhancement or restoration of performance and mental health. Understanding how human behavior change occurs over time, along with key factors influencing change, is fundamental to effective practice.

Psychotherapy integration

The ultimate goal is for MPCs to have a versatile toolbox of approaches and methods to optimize their effectiveness and to be able to meet the needs of their clients in a dynamic and agile way. By finding ways to integrate salient features of different approaches, MPCs can work with clients on all key levels of human experience and performance—thoughts, feelings, sensations, and behaviors.

Theories of Behavior Change

Transtheoretical model Theory of planned behavior

A case study is an in-depth exploration from multiple perspectives of the complexity and uniqueness of a person, group, community, project, policy, program, or system in a bounded context: true or false?

True

Empirical knowledge derived from applying theory to practice is a source of knowledge that is relevant for MPCs. true or false?

True

Systematic reflective practice allows MPCs to transform experience into learning. true or false?

True

The Consultant Evaluation Form (CEF) is deemed a valid measure of consulting effectiveness, but this measure can be adapted for use in different settings: true or false?

True

The inclusion of systematic program evaluation using basic and applied research methods will encourage the development of credible scientific knowledge within applied sport and performance psychology. true or false?

True

The stress-injury model presumes that individuals with a history of stressors, personality characteristics that tend to exacerbate the stress response, and limited coping resources will appraise situations as more stressful and exhibit greater physiological activation and attentional disruptions. The severity of the resulting stress response is the mechanism proposed to cause the injury risk. True or False?

True

True of False: The theory of planned behavior proposes that the key factor influencing a change in behavior is the intention to perform the behavior.

True

Reflection ON action

a deliberate and conscious activity occurring after an event or session. Reflecting after an event allows MPCs to consider what could be done differently if in this position again as well as consider what can be done to improve subsequent interactions with clients.

case study

a detailed evaluation of effectiveness through "an in-depth exploration from multiple perspectives of the complexity and uniqueness of a particular person, group, community, project, policy, programme or system in a bounded context". Tools that can be used to help conduct a case study include the Consultant Evaluation Form as well as other assessment instruments such as sport-specific questionnaires, interview guides, and observation checklists.

Which of the following would not be considered a case examined in a case study evaluation of effectiveness? an athlete; a team; a client-MPC consulting relationship; a fantasy football team

a fantasy football team

Systematic reflective practice

a purposeful and complex process that facilitates the examination of experience by questioning the whole self and our agency within the context of practice. This examination transforms experience into learning, which helps us to access, make sense of and develop our knowledge-in-action in order to better understand and/or improve practice and the situation in which it occurs.

Existential therapy (ET)

a style of therapy that focuses on the nature of the human condition (i.e., what it means to be human; Corey, 2017). Key influencers: Viktor Frankl, James Bugental.

MPCs need to be aware that objective performance data alone does not provide a thorough overview of program effectiveness. Performance can be affected by...

a variety of factors, including weather, competitors, injury, coaches, and teammates. The athlete's subjective assessment of performance in conjunction with objective performance would provide a more comprehensive picture

The Consultant Evaluation Form (CEF) was developed by Partington and Orlick (1987) with the purpose of assessing which aspect of the consulting process? athlete focusing skills; coach-athlete relationships; amount and type of athlete-MPC contact; athlete behavior changes

amount and type of athlete-MPC contact

Within this culture of risk, which is perpetuated by the media, sport administrators, coaches, sport health care professionals (SHPs), and athletes (Nixon, 1992), athletes are exposed to (and potentially internalize) a value system that encourages them to make sacrifices for sport, accept risks, and play through pain (Hughes & Coakley, 1991). Thus, the social environment in which sport participation occurs may create...

an adverse impact on a variety of outcomes (e.g., injury occurrence, psychological responses to injury, and adherence to rehabilitation) and the premature return to sport after injury.

A case examined within a case study can be any of the following except: a person; a group; an intervention; an intervention component

an intervention component

The heart of the stress-injury model is the notion that athletes' cognitive and physiological responses to potentially stressful sport situations can place them at elevated risk for injury. In this stress response, athletes are thought to

appraise the environmental demands of the situation, their ability to manage those demands, and the consequences of proceeding. These cognitive appraisals are posited to be bi-directionally related to physiological and attentional changes (e.g., muscle tension, narrowed visual field) that increase the likelihood of injury occurrence.

response to support

are the athlete's understanding of psychological skills and ability to employ them improving? What is the athlete's attitude toward the support provided? Is the athlete adhering to the intervention and practice of skills?

Unfortunately, quantitative assessment tools available to MPCs are often...

atheoretical and lacking in sensitivity to comprehensively assess and monitor the progress made by athletes on targeted skills throughout the course of applied interventions

Which group of athletes is especially vulnerable to injury? athletes playing low-risk sports athletes under low life stress athletes low in competitive trait anxiety athletes low in coping resources

athletes low in coping resources

There are possible implications for the Theory of Planned Behavior for MPCs when they are designing interventions for clients. According to this theory, the intervention is likely to be more successful if

athletes' beliefs about the likelihood of recovery are positive and beliefs about negative outcomes are minimized; the perception of the approval of the behavior by significant others (e.g., coaches, sport governing bodies) is emphasized; knowledge associated with the benefits of rehabilitation is increased; and strategies for minimizing or removing barriers to engagement in rehabilitation are identified.

As part of his postsurgical rehabilitation, Felipe received information about the amount of electrical activity in his quadriceps while he was doing rehabilitation exercises. This intervention is known as: modeling expressive writing electrolysis biofeedback

biofeedback

Aesthetic knowledge...

captures the art of practice or the art of doing sport and performance psychology.

Which of the following is the most accurate and inclusive list of parties who should assess the effectiveness of MPCs? MPCs themselves (because they should be self-aware) along with their clients; clients and coaches (because they work the closest with MPCs); clients, MPCs themselves, funding organizations, and sport psychology bodies of which MPCs are members (because internal and external sources of evaluation are important); funding organizations and sport psychology bodies of which MPCs are members (because they are responsible for the services rendered by MPCs)

clients, MPCs themselves, funding organizations, and sport psychology bodies of which MPCs are members (because internal and external sources of evaluation are important)

Although Simeon has experienced many recent stressful life events, he doesn't take these events too seriously and has managed to avoid injury. According to the stress-injury model, Simeon has reduced his risk of injury through his: attentional changes cognitive appraisals history of stressors personality

cognitive appraisals

Geri reported that over the course of her sport injury rehabilitation, she had experienced increased quality of life, reduced reinjury anxiety, and fewer physical symptoms. Her improvements represented gains in functional outcomes cognitive-affective outcomes physical outcomes intermediate biopsychological outcomes

cognitive-affective outcomes

Positive associations with injury quantity or duration have been documented for factors such as...

competitive trait anxiety, type A personality, perfectionism, and external locus of control

Solution-focused brief therapy is a postmodern approach that is: (choose one) grounded in post-positivism focused on internalizing problems dedicated to clients' pasts conducive to evaluating strengths and progress

conducive to evaluating strengths and progress

Session Rating Scale (SRS)

consists of four questions capturing the alliance by addressing the relationship, goals, and therapeutic approach taken as well as an overall rating of the session. Responses are gathered with marks on a continuum scale

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) can be applied in various performance-related contexts. MPCs can particularly benefit from using this approach in...

critical and time-sensitive situations in which athletes or performers must find quick solutions to challenges.

Within a sport context, consulting refers to a ____________ process in which psychological, counseling, and sport __________ principles are applied with individuals, teams, and organizations to help them move from their current state to their desired state. a. unidimensional; adherence b. holistic; personality c. complex; physiology d. collaborative; performance

d. collaborative; performance

Movement through the Transtheoretical model (TTM) stages is dependent on and facilitated by changes to

decisional balance, whereby perceptions of the advantages of changing or maintaining a behavior (e.g., increase in athletic performance as a result of imagery practice) shift over time and eventually outweigh perceptions of the disadvantages (e.g., loss of free time due to imagery practice; Prochaska, 2008).

Assessing the impact of applied interventions occurring in real-world settings is challenging due to...

difficulties and obstacles to overcome include how to measure the use, frequency, and effectiveness of techniques used by athletes in the sporting environment

ethical knowledge

doing what is right and good and managing ethical conflicts.

When does knowledge in action occur? before an event or session; after an event or session; during an event or session; concurrent with a peripheral event or session

during an event or session

Engaging in reflective practice can be intrinsically linked with ...

effectiveness

Which of the following reflects the aim of emotion-focused therapy? cognitive awareness and compensation emotional distraction through cognitions emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation behavioral identification resulting from emotional isolation

emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation

When should MPCs administer the Consultant Evaluation Form (CEF) with clients? end of season, end of an Olympic cycle, during the season, during an Olympic cycle, or after an individual or team session; before starting work with a client; when a client wants formal feedback on services provided; in the middle of a session; after the coach recommends it;

end of season, end of an Olympic cycle, during the season, during an Olympic cycle, or after an individual or team session

According to the integrated model of psychological response to sport injury (Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998), personal and situational factors are not likely to influence the dynamic process of cognitive appraisal, emotional response, and behavioral response. true or false?

false

Person-centered therapy is the _________________ of many counseling approaches.

foundation. It encompasses core ingredients allowing practitioners to establish and sustain effective therapeutic relationships, which directly influence client engagement, adherence, and outcomes. PCT is useful at any point of the consulting process to maintain high-quality alliances, understand experiences, and increase awareness and self-regulation

negative associations have been found between _____________ and sport injury outcomes

hardiness

Person-centered therapy offers a lens through which MPCs can empower their clients to...

harness their capacity to organize themselves, take responsibility for their actions, find their own solutions, and work toward a higher degree of acceptance and comfort in the face of stressful demands

Program evaluation allows participants to...

have a voice regarding future changes or adaptations to the program and allows for reflection on the goals of the program and whether these aims have been met.

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a benefit of engaging in structured reflective practice? the development of effective MPC characteristics; the development of coping mechanisms that enhance practice; creative and innovative approaches to developing the MPC-athlete relationship; improved relationship between student MPCs and their supervisors

improved relationship between student MPCs and their supervisors

Which of the following is a reason stressful life events can lead to a sport injury? increased muscle tension improved ability to see the periphery increased focus improved teammate support

increased muscle tension

Case study approaches have weak...

internal validity, and any changes in data may be attributed to other causes—for example, performance success, the personal qualities of the MPC, or coincidental external factors. A case study approach to evaluation cannot prove that an intervention has caused any psychobehavioral changes, but it can provide evidence supporting whether the intervention is associated to some degree with improvement in the real-world environment

multifactorial model of sport injury etiology

intrinsic risk factors (e.g., age, neuromuscular control, personality, previous injury); extrinsic risk factors (e.g., equipment, opponent behavior, weather conditions); and inciting events (e.g., collisions, excessive training volume).

Reflective practice allows MPCs to

investigate their practice decisions and experiences with the aim of increasing understanding and management of themselves and their practice.

Personal knowledge is...

knowing and understanding oneself and how personal characteristics influence interpersonal relationships

Different sources of knowledge (i.e., empirical, personal, aesthetic, ethical), along with values, social norms, prejudices, and experiences, shape professional actions and are summarized as...

knowledge in action.

What is NOT a category of psychosocial variables consistently found to predict sport injury? personality history of stressors lack of coping resources mood states responses to stress

lack of coping resources

The scientific evidence in support of the efficacy of psychological methods for treating sport-injury related pain is: limited extensive conflicting nonexistent

limited

From a biological standpoint, sport injury can be considered in terms of injury characteristics, healing processes, and body systems. With regard to injury characteristics, sport injuries can be classified on the basis of...

mechanism (i.e., traumatic or overuse injury), type (e.g., bone fractures, muscle strains), and location (e.g., head, shoulder)

when conducting program evaluations, MPCs should consider adopting a

mixed methods approach, employing valid and reliable quantitative measures while also ensuring that those involved within the programs are provided with opportunities to evaluate these factors and their impact on performance.

Evaluative feedback received allows the MPCs to...

monitor the effectiveness of the intervention and consider positive adaptations to the program for future delivery.

elevated stress response could feature muscle tension, attentional distraction, and ______________ __________________ __________________, each of which could elicit the occurrence of sport injury. Of these three possibilities, empirical support is strongest for the ______________ __________________ __________________ explanation

narrowed peripheral vision

Poczwardowski and colleagues (1998) stated that, to be effective, consultants should...

pay attention to themselves, analyze practice, and be aware of limitations, self-interests, prejudices, and frustrations.

psychological aspects of sport injury rest upon a foundation of...

perception, cognition (e.g., memory, attention, decision making), emotion, motivation, behavior, learning, and personality

Ideographic methods

performance profiling or performance debriefing, along with psychometric testing

Three categories of psychosocial variables—______________, _______________, ____________________ —are considered to contribute to the stress response, either directly or through their interrelationships

personality, history of stressors, coping resources

Greater confidence in case studies can be developed by...

planning them rigorously, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, triangulating data, and collecting data in a systematic and logical manner

What are the transtheoretical model (TTM) stages of change?

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

Because of the timing of its assessment, the stress response would be considered more of a ______________ _________________ in the multifactorial model than a precipitating event. Nevertheless, a meta-analytic review of the literature found that stress response had a stronger correlation with sport injury outcomes than any of the other stress-injury model components

predisposing factor

Perception, cognition, emotion, and motivation are examples of: sociocultural aspects of injury psychological aspects of injury biological aspects of injury nutritional aspects of injury

psychological aspects of injury

Although determining the quantitative effectiveness of the skills and techniques/methods employed within intervention programs is an essential component of evaluation, MPCs should also consider employing...

qualitative measures (e.g., interviews, observations)

Exploring the quality of the MPC-client relationship is a component of what effectiveness indicator for evaluation? quality of support; psychological skills and well-being; response to support; performance

quality of support

Psychological factors are associated with sport injury rehabilitation outcomes, and psychological interventions can...

reduce the risk of sport injury occurrence, increase adherence to rehabilitative regimens, enhance cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physical sport injury rehabilitation outcomes.

Quality of support

represents the quality of the practitioner-client relationship, which plays a key role in a successful outcome of service provision. "To what extent is the consultant open, genuine, caring, and flexible?," "To what extent does the client trust the consultant?," and "How satisfied is the client with the consulting relationship and the service provided?"

Sharp and Hodge (2011) recommend that regardless of their career stage, MPCs should continue working with supervisors to...

seek their perceptions in evaluations of their effectiveness. They deem this process as essential for monitoring consulting effectiveness over time, resolving ethical challenges, and engaging in continuing education.

The aim of structured reflective practice is to: ask athletes and coaches to evaluate the MPC's performance; self-evaluate practice and, in the process, increase accountability to clients, oneself, and the profession; review the application of a learned theory to a practice situation; assess what was good and bad about an MPC's work

self-evaluate practice and, in the process, increase accountability to clients, oneself, and the profession

Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic factor that is a predictor of adherence for sport injury prevention? cognitive variables injury history personal characteristics social influences

social influences

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) counselors act as facilitators to guide clients away from problem talk to...

solution talk—moving from a problem-dominated conversation into a solution-oriented conversation (de Shazer, 1988).

What process allows MPCs to manage themselves as the instrument of practice? evaluation; systematic reflection; administration of the Consultant Evaluation Form; observation

systematic reflection

MPCs to be accountable to four parties:

the athlete, the party or parties funding the MPC's' services, the MPCs themselves, and the professional sport and performance psychology bodies of which the MPC is a member

When attempting to understand what his patients are experiencing, Dr. Engel considers the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors. Dr. Engel is an adherent of: best practices the biomedical model the biopsychosocial model multimodal assessment

the biopsychosocial model

therapeutic alliance

the bond or connection that develops between a practitioner and client

From his many years of sport participation, Eric has learned to "suck it up" and play even when he is injured and experiencing intense pain. Eric is a product of child abuse mental toughness training the culture of risk mindfulness meditation

the culture of risk

Which of the following responses depicts the four specific areas that should be investigated to provide a complete evaluation of sport and performance psychology services? the quality of the support provided, the psychological skills and well-being factors involved in the intervention, athletes' responses to the intervention, and athletes' resulting performance; the quality of the support provided, quality of the MPC-athlete relationship, the psychological skills and well-being factors involved in the intervention, and athletes' responses to the intervention; the quality of the support provided, the psychological skills and well-being factors involved in the intervention, athletes' growth during the intervention, and athletes' resulting performance; the quality of the support provided, athletes' performance expectations, strengths and weaknesses of the intervention, and athletes' resulting performance

the quality of the support provided, the psychological skills and well-being factors involved in the intervention, the response of the athletes to these services, and the athletes' resulting performance.

Empirical knowledge relates to...

the science underpinning practice.

MPCs should consider extending the evaluation of their practice beyond athletes and coaches to include...

the sport governing body and the sport science team within which MPCs are working members.

Program evaluation methods should:

use standardized psychometrics, include qualitative assessments of the clients' and other stakeholders' perceptions of the impact of intervention programs, and be purposeful, systematic, scientific, and ethical.

Challenges in assessing the impact of applied program interventions in real-world settings include how to measure the __________, ________, and effectiveness of techniques/interventions used by athletes. win-loss record; competition rankings; number; length; use; frequency; use; variety

use; frequency

Andersen also noted, "Even though performance improvements are definitely linked to happiness, the real measure of how we are doing our jobs is...

whether the athletes and coaches are happy with us and what we offer and want to come back" (Andersen, 2000, p. 19).

Which 2 types of knowledge are considered central to developing and maintaining effective relationships in applied sport and performance psychology practice?

—personal and aesthetic— Personal knowledge is knowing and understanding oneself and how personal characteristics influence interpersonal relationships. Aesthetic knowledge captures the art of practice or the art of doing sport and performance psychology.