CMS302 EXAM 2

Numerical clarifiers (Types of Visual Aids)

(charts/graphs): use to simplify and explain complex concepts, particularly data

Visual representations (Types of Visual Aids)

(map, drawing, photos, etc): has to be relevant, IF YOU SHOW IT YOU HAVE TO ADDRESS IT

Building relationships through informal networks

(relationships you have beyond your direct boss/teammates), people you know or see at work, people you have worked with before, etc Communication skills important for workplace communication: SKILLFULLY IDENTIFY, ORGANIZE, AND PRESENT YOUR IDEAS

Professionalism in Workplace

Being on time, ability and willingness to to take on responsibility, ability to meet deadlines and degree to which your work makes positive impact

Levels of influence

Attitudes: likes/dislikes/feelings towards something Beliefs: conviction of true/false/real or probable Values: right and wrong, good or bads Behaviors: what you do/ways you act on attitudes, beliefs, and values

Why have visual aid

Bc it aids to enhance a presentation! Makes it more enjoyable and interesting

Presentation Pitfalls with Powerpoint

Blinded by the light: don't stand in front of light ******* No face in sight: don't turn your back to your audience bitch Is there just a head?: don't hide hoe Wrong versions of powerpoint: ****ed up formatting Mac vs PC: different experience with controls Rushed: talk to damn fast or present shit so fast no one can see/hear Too much text: ZzzZzzz

What are the key elements to consider for improving impromptu delivery

Breathe, relax muscles, talk slow and flow using transitions

Organizational Patterns

Chronological Pattern Spatial Pattern Topical Pattern Familiarity/Acceptance Pattern Problem-Cause-Solution Elimination Pattern

Types of Impromptu Organization

Classification: have to talk about the categories or classification like subject is teacher, classifications = different types of teachers Unification: take separate ideas and unifying them under one key theme like teachers aren't paid enough, don't get enough respect = theme that teachers are underappreciated Cause & Effect & Solution: Because of this, this happens, thus you need to do this to solve

Using Motivation to Persuade: effective/common approach to change someone's A.B.V.B IS MOTIVATION

Cognitive Dissonance: state of conflicting thoughts or emotions that produce tension that a person works to reduce, so you would be to try to motivate people to solve their dissonance by doing your solution Address what your audience can do to meet their Maslow's Hierarchy of needs: Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, and Self-Actualization

Aspects of Delivery

Communication is how we say our words and the way we appear Communication is multimodal: when we communicate we use both verbal and nonverbal Auditory and visual channels enhance your words

Types of Explanations

Comparison: id similarities and differences between two things - Analogy: comparison where audience's previous knowledge of one thing provides a basis for understanding the other. - Literal analogy: comparison between 2 things that are similar ex: ATX and Dallas are both cities with vibrant shit - Figurative analogy: comparison between 2 things that are different ex: a election and a horse race Division: breaking down subject and analyzing its various parts/types Interpretation: moves beyond the simple assertion of facts and offers a substantive analysis of the important issues and themes relating to a subject

Hasty Generalization

Conclusion is based on far too little evidence, take one individual incident and make it into judgement about a group

What can we do to prepare or during the speech

Control pace: take moments to breathe, relax muscles so you don't **** up Audience: be aware of the audience and their reaction Pull from personal stories to support, like beliefs, family stories, what we know

When designing your presentation...

Create a consistent look and feel: pick a good template, same size fonts, same formatting Design for high contrast: colors should be stand against each other, don't be gross and blinding or unreadable Design text for readability: major titles 44 font, main points 32, cap first letters of sentences, use sans serif for better legibility, as lack of hooks can be easier to see

Tips for Delivery

Develop brief notes: like cards to help guide you if you trip up Test technology so you don't **** it up BREATHE BE YOURSELF!

Rhetoric

Discovering the available means of persuasion in any given situation It works to advance understanding of how human beings use language to influence each other

Other important shit

Don't overlap main points: bc that means you basically repeat yourself Create feasible main points with similar scope: points that are simple to get across and deal with same Catch attention in opening, tell a story, show relevance to audience, establish credibility, strong thesis, and end strong with call to action Preview points, restate at the end and show how you handled them TRANSITIONS TRANSITIONS TRANSITIONS

Benefits of visual aid

Dual coding: humans make separate sense of auditory and visual stimuli - When streams of information work together, they reinforce each other Visual aids can stimulate the audience Visual aids help you as the speaker Assistance in explaining complex ideas

Surveillance

Employers monitoring employees to ensure workplace productivity and to ensure no risky to non-work related activities are taking place. Those who spend a lot of time at work on non-related work activities are seen as unprofessional and unproductive

Multicommunicating

Engaging in multiple forms of communication at once. Can be technology/technology or interpersonal/technology. Understand workplace communication culture and norms before multicommunicating in front of others, or you may be seen as disrespectful or unprofessional. Some workplace settings encourage multicommunicating, while some do not. Some workplaces are okay with it for higher level executives but not lower level employees, it's all about knowing the workplace communication culture and norms

Types of delivery (general)

Extemporaneous Impromptu Manuscript Memorized Mediated

Visual: everything besides your words/voice, body language, movement

Facial expressions, hand gestures, where you look, body posture, and movement Eye gaze: how we use eyes to exchange and maintain focused engagement with others Hand gestures: don't be so jittery it's hard to focus for audience, turn nervous jitters to effective and enthusiastic gestures Appearance and Attire: look the part you want to play, dress right for the occasion!

Fallacies of Reasoning

Fallacies are argumentative claims made with invalid reasoning or unsound logic that render an argument false or misleading

False Dilemma: Either OR

presents only 2 alternatives/options, despite there being others

Types of Visual Technology

Handouts: most low tech of visual technology, like important graphs, pics, or presentation Videos: should be there to help you, not distract and take away attention or valuable time! Display equipment: should be familiar with and practice with before hand to ensure smoothness

What is impromptu

Informal speech that you have little to no time to prepare for Before printing and shit, everything was basically orally done and memorized. Including stories ex: the Odyssey, and church services.

Informative vs. Persuasive

Informative: new information, passive audience, inform/expand, description and explanations, transition and previews emphasize information, conclusion reiterates the value of information Persuasive: primary intention is to change audience stance, active audience, change/support, time spent on justification and refutation, transitions emphasize change, conclusion reiterates value of change

What are four essential tips for constructing an effective impromptu speech

Introduce & Conclude: need strong intro and conclusion Support: Use stories/narratives, opinion, description, explanation, and illustrations help support your claims in lieu of hard evidence Organize: have a basic framework in your mind Audience Knowledge: assess the level of knowledge your audience may already possess on the topic

Ad Hominem

Name-calling to discredit your opponent's position, instead of attack the argument, make the argument attack the person ex: some more politics

Choosing your topic

Not over your listeners heads: not too technical/complicated, has to be relevant Not too personal: be aware of other's boundaries and beliefs, don't TMI Be Intriguing: "ask yourself if you would give a shit" don't be boring but engaging Manageable: Don't pick topic with shit ton of information, speech is timed! Has substance: has to be interesting, and provoke thought, don't be boring as shit

Types of Visual Aids

Object Visual Representation Numerical Clarifiers Sound

Developing you Purpose

Question of Facts: centers on reality of given topic (concerned with whether something is true or not) Question of Value: involves proposition of rightness, worth, morality, call for a value judgment from the audience Question of Policy: involves specific plan of action, can be based on fact or value, but call audience to action

Ethical Stances of Persuasive Speech

Quintilian: Use actions and words to persuade, appropriate for occasion, lives actions you preach Attitude toward audience: Consider your relationship with the audience Put your veil of ignorance/near speaker for what they really saying (imaginary shield that helps listeners buffer against their biases)

Six Principles of Persuasion

Reciprocation: we feel obligated to do something in return to repay others for their actions Commitment and Consistency: we want to act in accordance with words we say and values we hold Social Proof: when we are uncertain about what to do, we have a tendency to follow the lead of others, for example, you can say that EVERYONE is recycling now so you motivate your audience to start learning too Liking: we are more likely to say "yes" to people we like, so do shit to make you more likeable. Authority: we tend to respect with authority more, so if you people with credibility like doctors to backup your claim, it would be more respected and believable. Scarcity: ultimate persuasive tool. People show greater desire for something when they learn that their access to it is limited.

Using evidence to support your claim

Researching your topic involves gathering and managing outside sources which you will present as evidence. Raises credibility, gives listeners novel and interesting ideas they can believe and keeps audience members engaged

Types of Delivery (informative)

Self Focused Message Focused Audience Focused Extemporaneous Speaking

Extemporaneous (type of delivery)

Speaker has prepared and researched for the speech (not memorized), understands their topic but can change delivery in response to audience reactions, and adapt to the situation and sometimes changing the wording

professional attire tips for interviews and everyday business attire

Stake out the location before you go for an interview: hang out in front of the building where your interview is located and observe how employees are dressed. Have back up clothes at work: For example, put a tie in your pocket in case you need it, and leave a jacket in your car. Dress a little better than your colleagues: "Dress for the job you want, not the job you have"; dressing "one step above" is a great way to make a good impression on others (for example, wear business pants if other people are wearing jeans) Dress to be invited: If your boss needs someone to join him/her at an off-site meeting, your attire should give your boss confidence in inviting you to come along. Don't let your clothes detract from your qualifications: Statement items like platform high heels or a designer watch, pants that are too tight or need to be ironed, or loud jewelry, all take the attention away from you and create distractions for others

Types of Impromptu Speech

Subject: given a subject like a person, event, some subject (generally the easiest) Object: given an object like a fruit (generally more difficult) Quotations: more difficult, have to convey what the quote means to you to the audience

Fisher's Narrative Argumentation

Suggests that human beings are at their most persuasive when they tell stories. Fisher defines narrative as symbolic actions, words and/or deeds that have a sequence of meaning for those who interpret them. IN OTHER WORDS, WHEN WE INTERPRET STORIES WE ARE BEING PERSUADED Narrative Coherence: our understanding of how well they story fits together and makes sense Narrative Fidelity: is our judgment of how the story fits with our beliefs and experiences

Explanations (types of evidence)

clarify your subject by analyzing such things as its historical evolution, its function and mechanisms, or its primary causes and effects

Signposts

These are markers that help clue listeners in to the speech's organization. Often, these are numerical. They hint at direction or movement. (" First, Second, Third, etc)

Use Evidence Appropriately

Use it rationally (logically, has to have purpose), use it motivationally (compel your audience), Put yourself as the audience (what evidence who you give a shit about), Should be concrete (specific and non confusing), have variety (more evidence = more appeals), Proximity (has to relevant to audience and their beliefs) and has sustainability (supporting material is appropriate for the speaking context, audience, and you)

Auditory: voice, pitch, speaking rate, articulation

Volume: how we perceive loudness, should pay attention to surroundings and adapt Pitch: how low/high voice sounds to audience. High may appear childish etc Inflection: how pitch changes, too much change = less confidence Rate: speed, pace, and temp at which we speak, control pace for clear delivery Articulation is the plain of speaking and joining together sounds, to articulate means to speak intelligibly and distinctly so that listersn understand the words you are saying Fluency and pausing: make sure to know where to stop, pause, and how to transition/ regulate the flow of your speech

Impromptu (type of delivery)

little/no time to prepare

Persuasion and Cognition

When you are engaged in persuasion, you are dealing with the psychological process. The victory comes when you successfully influence another person to change their attitudes beliefs value and behavior. Persuasion is complex because you must constantly anticipate your audience's thoughts. Target audience: listeners who you most want to influence with your presentation

Delivery Outline

a brief outline intended to jog your memory of your written content when you deliver a presentation Formal is more detailed and outlines transitions, movement, etc. Delivery is shorter and more sparse, just to remind you what you're doing

Formal Outline

a detailed and complete outline intended to help you prepare for your speech

Inductive reasoning

an argument that begins with a specific observation that is then applied to generalizable claim. Ex: I am a UT student, I was in the top 10%, So all students at UT must be in the top 10%

Mediated (type of delivery)

any type of delivery above, conveyed to audience thru technology

Internal Previews

are statements that tell your audience what is coming next. An example of this would be previewing your main points in your introduction: Today I will cover three points about ___, list the 3

Peripheral Route (Second route of ELM)

audience has low motivation or interest in the subject → speaker should estab credibility, likability, and use compelling visuals

Central Route (First route of ELM)

audience is highly motivated and involved in subject → speaker should use detailed and well-constructed argument to persuade

Appeal to authority

basically, falsely citing someone who is not a real expert, ex: Beyonce stating this brand is the best brand of vacuums

Understanding organizational communication norms

basically, once you get a position or job, you should observe how the place works and how they communicate bc you don't want to do something considered unprofessional Ex: your team or organization may have norms for everyday communication that differ from your personal communication Adapt to workplace communication culture!

Deductive reasoning

begins with a generalizable statement and narrows down to a particular claim

Refutation outline

best suited for persuasive, lest objections to a thing, and refute them

Non Sequitur

conclusion does not follow from the premises stated before it. Can be used to steer conversation in a different direction, ex: politicians when they answer questions

Begging the Question (circular reasoning)

conclusion only repeats the claim ex: smoking cigs can kill you because cigs are deadly

Message Focused (type of delivery)

creates a rift between self and audience, over prepared on substance, unaware of audience, too much concentration on content

Toulmin Model of Argumentation

demonstrates how arguments are constructed out of the 3 major elements: claim, data, and warrant

Straw Person

distort, skew, exaggerate opponent's position ex: Person 1: freshman should be required to live on campus, Person 2: My opponent want freshmans to bankrupt themselves

Topical Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

effective for both types of speeches, break down main subject into subtopics that serve logical divisions. Ex: Speech: Dog breeds, main points would be large dogs, medium dogs, small dogs But which point should go first? Primacy and recency effect: in short, you recall what you hear first the most, so you should have strongest point first, and end on the second strongest.

Spatial Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

effective for both types of speeches, organized by geographical location/direction Ex: Speech: ATX traffic, main points would be North ATX, South ATX... etc

Chronological Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

effective for informatives, these are ordered chronologically structure in terms of time order in which shit occurs Ex: Speech: women's right, main points would be where it started, where it is at now, where its going

Elimination Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

effective for persuasive where you need to persuade audience to do one single thing as solution to a widely agreed upon problem Ex: Why wind energy is the best, first point: energy should be..., second point: current options are shit, third point: wind meets those requirements better than other options

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

effective for persuasive, ID the problem, show causes, and end with how and why audience should/can solve problem

Audience focused (type of delivery)

elevates focus, use delivery as tool for interaction with audience, conversation with you audience

Self Focused (type of delivery)

focus on deliver as an end in itself, concentration on what you're doing, how do my words sound/slides look? When concentrating on these aspects, you tend to forget about the audience.

Slippery Slope

if you take one action, any action similar to that will be taken as well: Seen a lot in politics, ex: if we allow men to marry men, what's stopping us from marrying dogs, cats, and snakes

Examples (types of evidence)

illustrates a particular instance of your subject & make the subject more vivid and clear. Factual example: illustrates a real person, object or event (help recall or imagine similar instances) Hypothetical example: creates an imaginary situation that allows your audience to visualize what might happen under similar circumstances

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

in this situation, how it must be applied to organization of your speech Attention: get their attention! Attention device needs to not only attract interest but also represent Need: Convince them that there is a need to address a particular problem, make them realize something must change Satisfaction: here is where you ID a solution, and evidence to back up the solution Visualization: Urge audience to imagine two separate situations. One where the audience accepts the solution as sees the benefits and one where they deny and shit goes apeshit. Action: urge people to act immediately, must show how to act and respond (draw back to solutions)

Evidence

information you gather for yours research to develop and support your claim (this can be examples, statistics, and testimonies)

How to prepare for the presentation

internalize your ideas so that you are comfortable with the concepts and familiar with the information (rather than memorizing your speech) → this leads to effective extemporaneous speaking (= presentation style that is practiced) & practice, practice, practice

Enthymeme (type of deductive reasoning)

is similar to syllogism, but one of the premises are left unstated, this leads audience to actively engage in the speaker's argument to fill in or deduce their own premise. Ex: Major premise: socrates passed away because is a man, unstated: all men are mortal

Argumentation

is the process by which logic and critical reasoning are structured and applied orally or in written from. In order for argumentation to take place, there must be opposing participants willing to actively listen, process and reflect

Delivery

is using your voice and body to communicate your message to an audience

syllogism (type of deductive reasoning)

it is a type of deductive reasoning where certain premises or statements presumed to be true, build or follow one another logical claim. Ex: Major premise: all men are mortal, minor premise: socrates is a man, so claim is Socrates is mortal

Interruptions (Managing the Unexpected)

like if you ask a question and someone replies with a long ass personal answer, just say thank you and you'd like to talk after, instead of saying STFU or let them talk forever

Objects (Types of Visual Aids)

most basic form of visual aid, display only when discussing bc it can be distracting people from what you say if you show it on screen or in hand but are not talking about it

Familiarity/Acceptance Pattern (type of organizational pattern)

most effective for persuasives that address question of value. This style establishes criteria that are familiar to the audience in the first main point, the following points show how the question of value fulfills these standards Ex: Topic "Obama is the greatest president" first point: what qualities would make the best pres, second point: how obama has these qualities and more... etc

Objective (type of evidence)

numbers, static's, ratios that experts in the field have discovered - Logos: logistics, logic, etc - Statistics: facts or occurrences represented numerically - Expert testimonies: statement made by an expert in the field

Statistics (types of evidence)

numerical data that can help bolster your claim (numbers, charts, graphs) Descriptive statistics: present a pic of your subject by representing it in quantitative terms (such as size & frequency) Inferential statistics: provide support that leads to a claim that goes beyond the evidence collected, used to make inferences

Professional Image

people judge the way you look and act, so be aware! Your personal image or brand is the set of qualities and characteristics that communicate your degree of competence, character, and warmth Online: don't post shit you don't want people to see! BC THEY WILL FIND IT Attire: dress for the job/situation In the business world there's really 3 types: professional, business casual, and casual

Competency

possessing require skills, knowledge, qualifications or capacity. More skills = more valuable Demonstrating communication competence requires you to be comfortable with dealing with ambiguity (vague or undocumented instructions or expectations) Soft skills: or communication skills are cited as number one most desired trait in the business world

Technology malfunctions (Managing the Unexpected)

practice with the thing before!

Self Monitoring

process of paying close attention to your behavior and using these observations to shape the way you behave

Testimonies (types of evidence)

quotation by someone who is either an authority on your subject, a witness who can provide insight, or who is considered to be a trusted source Authoritative Testimony: statement given by credible authority or expert Lay Testimony: states the opinion, expresses the feelings, or recalls the experience of someone who has had some personal involvement with subject Nominal Testimony: general statement made by a well-known person that can be related to your subject (possibly not from expert) ex: Albert Einstein "imagination is more important than knowledge"

Appeal to tradition

relies on past events or actions as reason to continue to repeat a behavior. Basically: this is the way it has always been done, and this is the way it should continue to be done

Warrant

represents the inferential leap made between data and claim. Often unstated, it is the explanation of how the data presented supports the claim. The warrant is the leap of logic the audience must make.

Definition (types of evidence)

statement that establishes the meaning of a term or phrase. Helps clarify technical or unfamiliar words and ideas as well as outline their interpretation of a term that has multiple meanings Denotative: literal/standard meaning of a word Connotation: means each individual associates with a word/phrase Tips: use it sparingly (not time filler), make it clear, keep it consistent thru speech

Description (types of evidence)

statement that provides details to your idea and help your audience understand the characteristics and qualities of your topic Pictorial Description: creates a mental picture of your subject Use emotive terms to evoke certain feelings from audience Objective Description: relies heavily on logos to give detail to concept. Offers facts relating to your subject. Can be used to get rid of perceived notions from audience as you can provide unbiased and concrete facts relating to your subject

Professionalism

set of quality and characteristics that represent perceptions of your competence and character as a judged by your key constituents

Claim

short statement or argument speaker uses to state their position, essentially your opinion

Elaboration Likelihood Model

speaker has to choose between two routes depending on engagement level

Manuscript (type of delivery)

speaker reads from a script bc it is important to deliver something specifically worded so there is no misinterpretations, ex: president inaugural speech

Internal Summaries

statements that recap what was said previously. Good for conclusions when you're restating your main points and reminding your audience what you talked about

Self-Regulation

stay calm under pressure or in less-than-ideal circumstances. Must show respect for themselves and the people around them no matter when their role or situation

Narrative (type of evidence)

stories people tell about their own experiences or others' experience Can influence pathos: connect with people's emotions

Distracting environment (Managing the Unexpected)

such as loud sounds, hallways = try to concentrate on your audience and those who appear interested, don't look at those who are distracted

Data

the evidence, this is what terms claim from opinion into argument

Post truth

this suggest that we live in a world where facts and logic may be, to some people, irrelevant. They rely on what the feel rather than what they know

Sound (Types of Visual Aids)

use sound to support goal! Should not distract, don't rely on sound for message, test volume and quality ahead of time

Professionalism in the Classroom

using technology appropriately, completing assignments on time, being punctual to class, respectful language in the classroom

Post Hoc Ergo Poster Hoc

when things happen in a sequence, they are causally related. A happened. Then B happened. So A caused B to happen

Extemporaneous speaking

when you rehearse but do not seem like you memorized it, rather it appears as if you know what you are talking about and you are comfortable with the subjects (does not sound like reciting notes)

Memorized (type of delivery)

wrote a speech & committed it to memory, less formal, like a best man's wedding speech

Accountability

you take care of your responsibilities and be responsible to others. Professionals must hold themselves accountable for their words and actions, especially when something does not go well or when they make a mistake