CMST 2061 Final

Characteristics of a Good Story

-A topic of interest and significance to listeners. -A plot that plays out over time, reflecting the complexity of situations and problems. -Elements of drama that make the story vivid and interesting. Often emerges from the way the speaker tells the story and the language she or he uses. -A definable beginning, middle, and end -An appropriate setting. -Characters that are interesting and easy for listeners to relate to. -A conflict, which at some point climaxes, and then, typically, is resolved. The resolution is realistic to listeners.

In the business and professional context, good stories:

-Are realistic. -Are relevant and have value. -Are coherent. -Are interactive. -Have sustainable takeaway lessons.

Ways to establish credibility

-Speak clearly about your own experiences, knowledge, or expertise, -Use the opinions, research findings, claims, and experiences of other experts to demonstrate that your ideas are supported by a diverse group of authorities. -present yourself well

How to appear credible

-project confidence; don't let them see any apprehension; -Looking composed is critical to appearing credible -maintain a positive attitude about your audience and your ability to influence them. -dressing appropriately and being well groomed shows that you have made an effort to look good for a professional occasion

Thesis Statement

A concise summary of central message or the essential points of your presentation. Essential point serve as a road map i.e. "implementing flextime benefits both employees and the company for several reasons: it helps employees better balance their work and personal lives, and it helps the company to retain employees, reduce overhead, and meet client needs" "The poor economy is jeopardizing our business, so we must all take a temporary pay cut in order to ensure that we remain in business and avoid layoffs"

proposal

A description of an idea or product to motivate action and commitment by members of your organization. ex. Lynne, who works in the research department of a newspaper publisher, must present to her colleagues a plan to switch from daily print publication to an online-only format.

Transition

A phrase that links one main point of a speech to another.

consultants

A professional expert with specialized skills hired to advise or help organizations accomplish a variety of services and tasks.

organizational chart

A series of boxes connected by lines or arrows representing the internal structure of company or organization; an effective way to illustrate the internal organization of a company and is used in many types of business presentations.

special occasion speeches.

A speech at an informal or a formal business event for a purpose such as presenting an award to a colleague, accepting an award, introducing a guest, or giving a toast or a roast.

digital visualization

A type of technology-aided interactive engagement that enables presenters to depict and visually document the knowledge, ideas, and contributions of individual audience members.

Signpost

A word or phrase that signals the organization of ideas, indicating where a speaker is in a speech or highlighting an important idea.

Emotional appeal as dramatic device

Appealing to feelings and emotions is a way to connect with your audience; you may want to incite fear, guilt, anger, passion, pity, love, etc. depending on topic; foster empathy or shared feelings between you and the audience; Useful in conclusion as well as introduction; Listeners often respond well to responsible emotional appeals because humans are emotional creatures and we can all relate to emotional experiences.

pseudoscience

Beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on the scientific method

Informative Presentations

Briefings, reports, lectures, training presentations, and demonstrations that provide new information, add to what the audience already knows, or update information about a topic or issue.

Linear Framework Organization Patterns

Chronological Topical Spatial Problem-Solution Cause-and-Effect

Strategies for the audience that is neutral or undecided.

Easy to persuade, neutral or undecided audiences are also quite rare. Begin by getting their attention; Make the issue personally or professionally relevant to them; providing background information about the issue; Next, explain your beliefs and attitudes; Tell them why you believe or feel the way that you do; Finally, back up your position with facts, illustrations, and testimonials; Refrain from using too much information, which might further confuse or overload them;

Three objectives of Introduction

Establish and demonstrate credibility with your topic Compel your audience to listen actively Preview your presentation

Types of Evidence/support

Facts and data- statistics and physical evidence; good for science and engineering people; without these examples and experiences may be passed off as one offs Stories and examples- provide personal feel; testimonials eyewitness accounts stories quotes and real life examples;

Six Things Every Presenter Must Know about Sales Prospects

History- listeners experience with the topic Filters- current events, bias and frames of reference Problems, needs, and wants Likely objections Capacity to act- listeners have ability and authority to act Decision-making style- how do the listeners make decisions?

Preview

In a speech introduction, telling your audience briefly what you're going to tell them in the body of the speech; always comes at the end of the introduction; just one simple statement listing the main points; helps the audience to contextualize or organize what will follow. "So today I am going to explain what the stanley cup is, how it got where it is today and its significance in modern culture."

Transitions to last main point or conclusion

In conclusion In overview In Sum To review And so etc.

How to demonstrate credibility (introduction)

In professional environments you will often be introduced by someone who lists you credentials awards etc. to validate your expertise To define your own expertise answer Why or how am I an expert?

Basic Format of All informative speeches

Introduction- opening and introductory remarks; tell them what you're going to tell them; Body- main points and supporting materials; tell them; Conclusion- Summary; tell them what you've just told them

Strategies for audience to understand and remember informative speech

Keep it Simple-fewer main point= more likely to remember; only hear you once Keep it concrete- less abstract= more easily comprehended Be Repetitive and Redundant- repetition- refer to something the same way again and again redundancy- explain more than once slightly differently Elicit Active Responses- Use Familiar and Relevant Examples-help the audience recover from memory a framework to understand your message. Use Transitions and Signposts-helps your audience to think about, organize, and react to your message.

Personal Story as a dramatic device

Lets the audience get a sense of who you are (beyond resume); makes topic personal and meaningful

audience response systems (ARS)

Mobile technology that enables audience members to give feedback to the speaker and interact with the topic and one another. Also helps the presenter build a visual display of information from the audience; encourages participants to contribute feedback and participate; clickers create interactivity between a presenter and the audience and get instant audience feedback; Common uses of ARS include polling the audience and giving spontaneous quizzes; Social networking sites (SNS) and apps are also used;

Configural Framework Organizational Patterns

Narrative- story or series of stories Web- emanates from a core idea; each specific idea extends the central point; starts with central then to specific then back to central; Problem- no solution- Explore problem to alert listeners to significance; used on uncertain or opposed audiences and can promote dialogue regarding solutions; Multiple perspectives- addresses many sides of issue

sales presentation

One of the most common types of business presentations; an attempt to persuade an audience to purchase a product or service; hallmark of good one is a narrative approach;

Three basic ways to present an argument

One-sided messages give only the speaker's side while ignoring the opponent's argument. Two-sided messages attempt to give both sides a fair hearing. Two-sided messages with refutation present both sides and refute the validity of the opposing side.

Don't Use Sensory Aids:

That Limit Communication Effectiveness;

3 types of audiences for persuasive speeches

The audience agrees with your position The audience disagrees with your position. The audience is neutral or undecided.

Repetition as a dramatic device

Repeating a word or phrase adds rhythm and draws attention; invites the audience to focus and be engaged;

Rule of Thumb Time for Presentation Types

Sales presentations and briefings: 15 to 20 minutes. Presentation to your manager: 1 to 10 minutes. Toast: 1 to 2 minutes. Award acceptance speech: 3 to 5 minutes.

Humor as a dramatic device

Shows that you have a good sense of humor and that you like what you do; good for beginning or end; should be genuinely funny, relevant, and NEVER INAPPROPRIATE OR OFFENSIVE;

characteristics of effective infographics

Some infographics may work well in print or on the web, where audiences have the ability to enlarge them, zoom in, and spend time studying them but may not be effective in the presentation environment Effective infographics: -are based on accurate and reliable data. -are based on interesting data -should excite and engage your audience. -are very clear, readable and understandable -are visually attractive and even beautiful.

slideware mistakes

Speaker puts the entire message in the slideshow (good speaker notes bad visual), creates and uses a "show" to divert audience attention away from him/herself, or turns his or her back to the audience and reads material from the screen; The content of the slides is disorganized and does not flow logically, focuses on more than one idea, contain too much text and lack other forms of visual or sensory stimulation, is in a typeface that is too small for audience members to read, contain grammatical and spelling errors, and are cluttered with competing colors, fonts, and not-very-special effects;

Conclusion (informational)

Summary; a quick review of major points; keep brief and to the point; do not add any new information; leave audience wanting more; hook up your closing lines with opening remarks, use quote or relate with a dramatic story; audience should know you're finished when they hear it; Pause at the end and give the audience full focus before delivering closing remark;

Sensory aids are unnecessary or detrimental when:

The message is simple enough to be understood without a supporting device. The sensory aid unnecessarily lengthens a presentation, or it distracts or irritates the audience. The sensory aid is used simply to boost the speaker's confidence or is used as a type of crutch.

Audience analysis

The systematic gathering of information about your audience and the stake they hold in the topic of your speech.

slideware

The term used to describe software- or internet-based presentation programs for creating digital slides; most people use it totally wrong;

Specific Purpose

What you want your audience to know, believe, or do as a result of your presentation. "I want to inform my audience about the company's plan to implement flextime" "I want to persuade my employees that we all need to take a temporary pay cut in order to stay in business."

Sensory aids should be used for two primary reasons:

To engage the audience in what you have to say. To ensure the accuracy, comprehensiveness, and recall of your message.

Famous Quotations as a dramatic device

Using familiar sayings or quotations from famous persons is a popular and effective way to begin or end a presentation; a particular thought or phrase can capture a message precisely;

guidelines for using ARS

Using these media requires the speaker to be a skilled, experienced discussion facilitator. Comments and questions might come in fast, and people might get upset if they feel ignored. Audience members' comments and questions might throw you for a loop—so you must be good at thinking on your feet and extremely fluent with your content. You need to be comfortable speaking in front of groups of people who are simultaneously tweeting or texting and listening to you without getting distracted Remember that using these technologies is a way to enhance your audience's experience; If they aren't tech savy they'll get frustrated; Whatever system or app you select, you must practice using it and practice some more.

Five questions that you need to answer about your presentational situations,

What is the size of the audience? What is the presentation schedule and how much time is available to speak? What is the seating capacity and physical arrangement of the room? What will the sound and lighting be like? What other characteristics should you consider?

model

a copy of an object, usually built to scale, that represents the object in detail; can be expensive and difficult to create, so be sure that one would serve a meaningful purpose before hiring an artist to create a model; should accurately represent the original concept, and like objects, models should be easily viewed by your entire audience

Fever graph

a diagram that shows how the numeric value of something changes over time ( a line graph with time on the x axis)

line graph

a diagram that shows the relationship between two quantitative concepts and shows how one thing changes with respect to the other.

Graph

a pictorial device used to illustrate quantitative relationships; can be produced in many different formats and can be two- or three-dimensional in design; Primarily a visual aid; versatile, powerful, and useful.

chart

a pictorial representation of the relationship between parts of a group or object or of the sequence of steps in a process; Many take the form of a series of boxes connected by lines or arrows.

Twitter wall

a projected display of live tweets relevant to the presentation. To create a Twitter wall, you would select an app and designate a hashtag for your audience to use.

Traditional public speaking is often a

a recitation of facts by a single person with little, if any, audience interaction or engaging media support.

persuasive presentation

a speaker's primary purpose is to advocate some sort of change in attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.

Infographics

a special type of visual representation that summarize large amounts of data in a graphic image that is intended to communicate information quickly and clearly; can improve audience understanding because they capitalize on the human visual system's ability to see patterns and trends;

table

an orderly arrangement of numbers, words, or symbols in rows and columns; allows for the easy viewing and comparison of large numbers of similar facts.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

an organizational pattern used by teachers, leaders, marketers, and other professionals interested in persuasion and resistance; developed by Dr. Alan H. Monroe, in the 1930s; resembles a problem-solution pattern;

Good stories

are entertaining, make sense, and arouse our attention; leaves us wanting to hear more and thinking about its topic even after the story has ended; grabs our attention and holds it.

Low-fear appeals

arouse only a low level of anxiety; less effective than high-fear appeals;

High fear appeals

based on threats to one's life or security, are designed to arouse a high level of anxiety; high-fear appeals are much more effective at persuading others than low-fear appeals IF the fear seems likely or relevant to the target audience, and the fear is accompanied by a vehicle for reducing the fear or what researchers call message efficacy (essentially reasonable, probable and provides reasonable means to remove that fear.)

general purpose

broad goal of presentation: to inform, to persuade, or to commemorate or accept.

Sound as a sensory aid

can be a way to stimulate interest; can reinforce and clarify your points with music or a sound byte that is relevant, appropriate, and not too loud or distracting; don't overuse sound; use no more than two or three sounds or audio clips in a 15- to 20-minute presentation;

drawings

can be inexpensive, effective visual representations of an important idea or concept; Hand drawings should only be used if you (or someone else) have the skill to ensure the proper quality and clarity; Otherwise, rely on a professional or digital image.

objects

can enhance audience engagement and understanding; should be clearly relevant to your topic; If it is something you plan to display, rather than give your audience access to, be sure it is large enough for everyone to see clearly; If you intend for your audience to interact with your object, be sure there is sufficient time for everyone in the audience to get a chance—or that you have several copies of the object to go around; explain the relevance of your object before giving it to them;

Advantages of Slideware

can help you design and package a more logical story, remain organized and focused on a central set of key ideas in both the development and delivery, Create clean, professional charts, graphs, and tables easily, Create an entertaining sensory experience, and Conform to audience expectations; You can save, update, reuse, and edit material as needed for different audiences; they are portable and load easily on any computer that has the software.

Linear Framework

clear fact-based approach that follows a straightforward pattern; Speaker is responsible for helping the audience understand the message; may be consider outdated and lacking in drama, visual interest and eloquence; 1. speaker lays out basic argument or thesis by previewing each point 2. speaker discusses each main point in detail; points and organized in some pattern 3. speaker relies heavily on facts and date to clarify illustrate and support main points 4. speaker uses words and phrase (transitions and signposts) to connect main points and supporting ideas 5. speaker conclude with a summary of main points and (optional) explicit call for action/response

people as sensory aids

commonly used in presentations on clothing design, hair styling, cosmetics and personal care products, and sporting activities; Trying to manage more than one person at a time during a presentation can be challenging; Limit the number of people in your presentation; Be sure to brief your models about their role in your presentation ahead of time; Rehearse thoroughly with your models;

Strategies for influencing your audience

conceal your intent, don't ask for too much, avoid inflammatory phrases, use a two-sided message with refutation, inoculate against counterarguments, keep objective to a minimum (don't try to refute them all), combine reason with emotion, use fear appeals when appropriate, repeat your message

Credible evidence

consistent with other known facts and comes from expert sources that are impartial and fair.

Evidence should be

credible, appropriate, and tailored to your audience; relevant, recent and credible

Relevant evidence

directly associated with your topic;

Bar graph

displays quantities or values of data in a series of bars that correspond in height or length to the quantities represented; useful for showing differences in sets of data at one time or over a short period;

Startling Facts and Statistics as a dramatic device

don't be boring; should be easy to understand and should be relevant to your message; the audience only has one opportunity to hear and process your message, so keep it simple and be brief;

maps

extremely effective for illustrating geographic areas and specific routes; should be large, high quality, relevant, and introduced at appropriate points in your presentation; Remove from view when they're not being discussed so that they don't distract;

speaking environment

features include the size of your audience, the physical setting for your presentation, the time and length of your presentation, seating capacity and physical arrangement of the room, and sound and lighting.

Video as a sensory aid

gives you the opportunity to demonstrate action or performance, share the input, ideas, opinions, or expertise of people not in attendance at your presentation, or demonstrate a point from the presentation; can easily detract from your message if it is not of professional quality; Important considerations are segment length, narration and background music that provides continuity, jerky footage, and amateur transitions between shots; bad video can damage your credibility

One of the first and most critical tasks for any business speaker

identifying the general purpose of the story

To change attitudes, the speaker must

influence others to feel more positive or negative about an issue.

Benefits of Speech Organization

it helps the speaker stay on course, engage listeners, familarize and memorize the information, and create a sense of credibility; it is more appealing to the audience and helps the audience follow along and understand the presentation

Why use visual aids?

it's often much easier to notice, understand, and remember something when you see it in addition to hearing it; The positive effects of message aids might be stronger when receivers are unfamiliar with the information being presented, or when the message is complex, when conditions are stressful, or when the stakes of learning and retention are high;

Evidence

made up of facts and of experts' opinions.

Team presentations

may be either persuasive or informative; require a great deal of preparation,

behaviors

motivate your audience to take some kind of action, or at least commit to taking some kind of action.

three primary types of physical representations:

objects, models, and people.

psychological reactance.

occurrence of people being motivated to rebel when their established beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are threatened by persuasion. those who demand compliance may actually increase others' determination to resist their influence—causing a reaction against the attempt.

Experts

people who, through education, training, or experience, have special knowledge about a particular subject.

Configural Framework

relatively indirect approach that relies of speaker self disclosure; asks audience to impose their own structure and meaning on the presentation; requires more audience engagement than linear; listener and speaker are both responsible for the message; speaker does not spell out purpose or main points; listeners rely on what they already know about the speaker and topic; speakers explore variety of views and examples

traditional forms of visual support

require little of audience members other than to passively read and listen; includes digital slides generated with software such as PowerPoint or Keynote, charts and graphs, tables, photographs, notes on a flip chart or a whiteboard, and handouts; appeal to only one sense—sight.

An alternative to traditional visual aids

sensory support.

Briefings

short, structured informative overviews of highly specific or technical information, packaged appropriately for the intended audience

tips for using photographs

should be of high quality. be very cautious about using images you find online without paying a royalty or giving a photo credit. must be large enough to be seen by everyone in the audience and relevant to your presentation. must be introduced in a way that does not distract listeners from your message.

Pie Graph

show the division of something into component parts— percentages or proportions of the whole; presented in the form of a circle divided into wedges that are proportional in angle and area to the relative size of the quantities represented; most useful for displaying information that can be divided into a small number of categories or parts; too many divisions make it difficult to read;

First steps of organizing a speech

stop researching arrange your thoughts consider how you'll appeal to the widest audience

Sensory aids

supporting devices that appeal to one or more of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell) and highlight or enhance the content of a presentation; mimic the online environments; they engage your senses, get you actively involved, and get you thinking, and often, prompt you to do something; they might be interactive, include sound, such as music or a voiceover, and/or use colorful and aesthetically pleasing graphics.

Strategies for the audience that agrees with your position

the best possible audience to influence; your task is to get them to agree some more; Begin by reminding them why you and they share attitudes and beliefs about the issue. A brief review of the reasons is sufficient Next, provide them with some motivation to strengthen their attitudes and beliefs; emotional appeals can be used to energize and motivate. Finally, be direct and tell them exactly what you want or need.

Strategies for the audience that disagrees with your position.

the most difficult audience to influence; efforts to overtly or directly persuade will stimulate psychological reactance; First, modify your expectations: Do not expect a large amount of change; Influence your audience members to shift their attitudes only slightly; plan to move their attitude from more to less disagreement; Next, establish common ground; Communicate your understanding and respect for their point of view; Third, tell them where you disagree; be careful: The more areas of disagreement, they more they'll be reminded to resist; only target one or two areas to discuss; Finally, use a lot of evidence to back up your position.

beliefs

what audiences think or believe is true or false.

our use of interactive media influences

what we prefer and expect in public speaking experiences

semantic barriers

words and phrases whose connotative or subjective meanings tend to trigger negative feelings or arousals that distract audience members from listening effectively

How to compel audience to listen (introduction)

you need to determine the reason why audience members should listen to you, and then tell them that reason; Audiences like to listen to good stories that are relevant and have value for the listeners; Use dramatic devices such as personal stories, emotional appeals, humor, rhythmic repetition, famous quotations, or startling facts and statistics.