COB300A: Motivation Quiz

Which of the following is true of underreward—a form of inequity?

Employees receive fewer outcomes relative to their inputs compared to a referent. Underreward indicates that an employee is getting fewer outcomes relative to his or her inputs than the referent he or she compares himself or herself with is getting

_____ states that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors either followed by negative consequences or not followed by positive consequences will occur less frequently.

Reinforcement theory

A(n) _____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.

goal

In the context of goal-setting theory, goal acceptance is similar to the idea of _____.

goal commitment refers to the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals

Entente University accepts students with a Grade Point Average (GPA) of 3.0. Gabriele sets a goal to achieve a GPA of 3.8 to ensure that she can get into this reputed university. According to the goal-setting theory, this scenario exemplifies _____.

goal difficulty Goal difficulty is the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish.

According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

goal specificity Specific goals, such as "I'm going to have a 3.0 average this semester," are more motivating than general goals, such as "I'm going to get better grades this semester."`

Employee Engagement Stages: Almost engaged

nearly ideal employees, but still need work

In the context of motivation, _____ are the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being.

needs

According to reinforcement theory, _____ strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior

Which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

. Unlike instrumentality, expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance. Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance. On the other hand, instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

_____ is a reinforcement strategy in which a favorable consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior.

Extinction Extinction is a reinforcement strategy in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior, thus weakening the behavior.

Natsuko, an accountant, creates an easy-to-use excel sheet that auto-populates the required fields when the variables are entered. This would reduce an employee's duration of work on a ledger by half. Noticing Natsuko's efforts, her manager promotes her. Which of the following types of rewards has Natsuko received in this scenario?

Extrinsic reward

Which of the following is an intermittent reinforcement schedule based on behavior?

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule and variable ratio reinforcement schedule are intermittent reinforcement schedules based on behavior.

_____ states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging objectives and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward achieving those objectives.

Goal-setting theory

According to expectancy theory, which of the following factors affects conscious choices of people about their motivation?

Instrumentality Expectancy theory holds that people make conscious choices about their motivation. The three factors that affect those choices are valence, expectancy, and instrumentality.

_____ are natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

Intrinsic rewards

Which of the following defines an extrinsic reward?

It is visible to others and is given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks.

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is a step that managers should take to motivate employees?

Linking rewards to individual performance

Which of the following equations represents expectancy theory?

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality If any one of these variables (valence, expectancy, or instrumentality) declines, overall motivation will decline, too.

KNOW THE STAGES OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT

OK

_____ refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions in an organization.

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the procedures used to make reward allocation decisions in an organization

Which of the following describes reinforcement contingencies?

They are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Which of the following is true of situational constraints?

They include policies and resources that have an effect on job performance. factors beyond the control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performance.

Employee Engagement Stages: crash & burners

always assigned/participating/leading which may cause burnout

To motivate employees, the goal-setting theory states that the managers must start by:

assigning specific, challenging targets.

In equity theory, which of the following is an example of an outcome of an employee ?

assignments According to equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are outcomes of employees.

Fareed is a marketing manager in a firm, and recently found that his colleague who has similar work experience and job profile receives higher pay than him. Fareed, instead of getting demotivated, compares his output/input ratio with other marketing managers and realizes that there is only a minor difference between his pay and the pay of other marketing managers. According to equity theory, Fareed has _____ to restore equity in this scenario.

changed his referent

Harry is a freelance writer and earns $20 for every piece that he writes. He receives his paycheck as soon as he submits each piece. Harry often writes several pieces in a month in order to make more money. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____.

continuous reinforcement schedule A continuous reinforcement schedule requires a consequence to be administered following every instance of a behavior.

Notions Inc. laid off 25 percent of its employees due to recession. Several retained employees expressed their discontent over the management's decision. However, they later rationalized the decision by telling themselves that they still at least had their jobs and things could have been worse. This method of restoring equity is called _____.

distorting inputs or outcomes When employees restore equity by making mental or emotional adjustments in their outcome/input (O/I) ratios or the O/I ratios of their referents, it is called rationalizing or distorting inputs or outcomes.

Employee Engagement Stages: disengaged

don't know anything, not given clear tasks, or don't care about work/people or are saboteurs

3 components of basic model of motivation

effort and performance need satisfaction extrinsic and intrinsic rewards

Ivana, a fashion designer, was assigned a task to design costumes for a play in two weeks' time. The short time duration made the task extremely challenging for her. However, Ivana knew that if she pulled it off her efforts would be acknowledged and recognized by her manager. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, Ivana was motivated by _____.

esteem needs

According to Alderfer's ERG Theory, the three levels of needs are:

existence, relatedness, and growth.

According to expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

expectancy When expectancies are strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.

LMU Technologies is a computer software company. It gives paychecks to its employees on the last day of every month. This is an example of a:

fixed interval reinforcement schedule. With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Employee Engagement Stages: honeymooners & hamsters

honeymooners = new, don't see skeletons in closet hamster = do a lot of work, but don't go anywhere

Employee Engagement Stages: The engaged

ideal stage employees who have both maximum satisfaction on an individual level, and maximum contribution on an organization level

In the context of motivation, direction of effort refers to the choices that people make:

in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

initiation of effort

Marcia, a science teacher, is not only a great source of inspiration for her students, but she has also made the curriculum easier and more interesting by using innovative tools. Marcia's efforts were appreciated, and she was awarded a performance bonus. Marcia was motivated by this, and she believed that the reward was proportionate to her performance. According to expectancy theory, the factor that triggered Marcia's motivation was _____.

instrumentality instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Ability can be defined as the:

knowledge, skills, and talent that a worker possesses to do a job well.

Goal-setting theory states that in order to motivate employees, managers must:

make sure workers accept organizational objectives.

As per reinforcement theory, _____ is also known as avoidance learning.

negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement is also called avoidance learning because workers perform a behavior to avoid a negative consequence.

Performance formula

performance = ability x motivation

Alicia, an employee of Fazitrex Corp., was suspended for three days from work as she was unpunctual and had a casual attitude toward work. This scenario is an example of:

punishment. Punishment attempts to weaken behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences

In the context of equity theory, other people with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly are called _____.

referents

Motivation

set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

A schedule of reinforcement refers to:

the set of rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced.

In expectancy theory, _____ refers to the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes.

valence When people are deciding how much effort to put forth, expectancy theory says that they will consider the valence of all possible rewards and outcomes that they can receive from their jobs