cog ch. 12

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems

-a single correct answer

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to:

-demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because:

-the solution is immediately obvious.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. -true: -Experts often get off to a slower start than novices -Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles. -Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem or the candle problem with the match box

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving.

analogies

The typical purpose of subgoals is to:

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition.

low-pressure

The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of:

divergent thinking