Cog psych final exam

imagery requires a special mechanism

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT:

good figure

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?

conditional syllogism

"if P then Q" helpful in assessing cause and effect relationships

heuristics

"rules of thumb" that are likely to provide the correct answer to a problem but are not fool proof

LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

HM had his bilateral hippocampi removed to address a very aggressive and severe seizure disorder. While this procedure helped to alleviate his seizure activity, it also helped highlight the role that hippocampus plays in memory. Which of the following is NOT something that was discovered from HM's case:

top down

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of __________ processing.

Cognitive psychology

A branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

3

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

Our ability recall information is significantly impacted by how we initially encode the information

A major contribution from the Levels of Processing Theory regarding how we learn and recall information is that:

autobiographical memory

A memory for a specific experience from your own life, with can include both episodic and semantic components is referred to as:

semantic regularities

A perceptual organizing principle which sees our perceptions of objects being influenced by our knowledge about the functions which are carried out in certain scenes or environments is referred to as:

sparrow owl penguin

A subject is provided with the category of "Bird", and is then shown various animals and is told to verify whether those animals represent this category. Three of the animals shown to the subject are "Owl", "Penguin", and "Sparrow". If this subject is not an expert in any types of birds, what would be the most likely order in which this person would rank these animals, from fastest to slowest response time?

subordinate; basic

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the __________ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the __________ level.

retrograde amnesia

If you acquire a brain injury, and you are no longer able to recall old memories, you are classified as having __________ amnesia.

low load

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) __________ task.

parietal lobes

In addition to the hippocampus, which are of the brain plays a primary role in the formation of long-term memories

common ground

In order for two people to be able to communicate ideas, it is most helpful when they share ____________, or a similar set of knowledge

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

In regards to being presented with information after an event, which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Priming

In regards to implicit memory, when the presentation of one piece of information changes how you respond to another piece of information, this is referred to as:

distributed across a large number of areas in our brain

In regards to the physiology of attention, our overall attentional processes:

being related to how the brain adds up our sensory experiences

In regards to theories of perceptual organization, gestalt theorists see perception being related to the mind grouping patterns according to specific laws of perceptual organization, while structuralism see perception as:

a process similar to how computers process information

Information processing models equate human thoughts to

crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of __________, which refers to the fact that some items within a category tend to share many different properties.

more exemplars than king arthur

King Arthur and Sir Lancelot are confronted by the Knights who say "Ni", and each are tasked to find a shrubbery or face certain death. King Arthur loves horticulture and enjoyed tending the gardens in his kingdom during his free time, while Sir Lancelot spent all of his free time practicing his jousting and fencing skills. As such, when returning to the Knights who say "Ni" King Arthur selected an excellent shrubbery and was allowed safe passage, while Sir Lancelot brought a fern and was sentenced to an immediate death. It can likely be assumed that King Arthur's success in this situation is likely due to King Arthur's categorization of plants involving:

inattentional blindness

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of:

hierarchical

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the __________ property of language.

connection weights

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network __________

elaborative rehearsal

Louis Winthorpe and Billy Ray Valentine were both presented with recent information regarding the potential sale price of frozen orange juice. The men were better able to recall this information after they related it to other meaningful pieces of information, such as a memory for a New Year 's Eve party on a train which served orange juice daiquiri's. Their recall of this information was improved because they engaged in:

top down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

implicit

Memories that we are not aware of are referred to as:

creates more connections

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). On a neurological level, this probably occurs because the complex sentence:

psycholinguistics

Raleigh St. Clair is a psychiatrist who is completing a case study assessing the language deficits in Dudley Heinsbergen, a child who has been diagnosed with the rare disorder of William's Syndrome. The focus on Raleigh's paper is on how Dudley understand words, and specifically the priming effects of categorically related words. With encouragement from Chas and Richie, he has submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Raleigh's work will be presented in a conference session on:

coherence

Representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

lexicon

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's:

retroactive interference

Seymour has been introduced to his girlfriend's best-friend, and his girlfriend tells him about the memories and history that the two have together. After hearing this information Seymour is no longer able to remember his girlfriend's name. This recall deficit is likely due to

seconds or a fraction of a second

When information is presented to us, it first enters our sensory memory and is present there for:

Prior to our conscious aware that this information is being presented to us

When presented with information, studies have shown that we begin to place this information into categories:

reconsolidation

When we recall information from the past, it makes it subject to change from new information we are presented with. This process is referred to as:

semantic

When you are able to remember the definition of a semantic memory, this would be an example of a __________ memory.

pragmatic inferences

When you are presented with things that you do not fully understand or are unsure about we often resort to using knowledge that we've gained, or information about similar situations to help us figure out what to do. This process is referred to as:

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

a trail from which one thing leads to another

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology?

parallel distributed processing

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

truck

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

communication

Which property below is not one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

long term memory

While sitting in class you hear information that reminds you of something that you just heard about in your previous class. This memory for the information that you heard in your most recent class would be classified as

your interest in the information

While we are estimated to hold approximately 4-7 "units" of information in our short-term memory, this limit can be influenced. Which of the following is not a factor which influences the capacity of our short-term memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

schema

Your daughter Regan has been sick for several days, vomiting and showing remarkable flexibility in her neck. You have decided to make her some chicken soup to help her feel better. When searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen:

control processes

__________ are active process which can help keep the information presented to us active and can make it more memorable.

semantic; syntax

__________ refers to the meanings of words and sentences, while ____________ refers to our rules for combining those words into sentences.

encoding

__________ refers to the process of acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory.

Gray matter

____________ is the portion of our brain which contains our cell bodies, holds genetic materials, and generally contains our thoughts and memories

utility

outcomes that are desirable because they are in the persons best interest

expected utility theory

people are rational if they have all relevant information, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility

mental set

preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a persons past experiences with the problem (or similar problems)

non sequitur

presenting a conclusion that does not logically follow the establishment premises or evidence

conjunction rule

probability of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents.

representativeness heuristic

probability that A is a member of class B , can be determined by how well the properties of A resembles properties normally associated with class B

reasoning

process of drawing conclusions

decisions

process of making choices between alternatives

means end analysis

reduce differences between initial and goal states

Gestalt approach

representing a problem in the mind

functional fixedness

restricting use of an object to its familiar functions

operators

rules specify which behaviors can and cannot be done

post hoc fallacy

since Y followed X, event Y must have been caused by event X

goal state

solution to the problem

think aloud protocol

subject says out loud what they are thinking when they are solving a problem

insight

sudden realization of a problems solution often requires restructuring the problem

myside bias

tendancy for people to generate and evaluate evidence and test their hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes

fixation

tendency to focus on specific characteristics of a problem which keeps people from being able to solve it

confirmation bias

tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and overlook information that argues against it.

law of large numbers

the larger the number of individuals randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population

analogical encoding

the process by which two problems are compared and similarities between them are determined. effective way to get participants to pay attention to structural features

belief bias

the tendency to think that all syllogism are valid if its conclusions ate believable

falsification principle

to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule. when a problem is stated in everyday terms, correct responses greatly increase

syllogism

two statements called premises, third statement called conclusion

risk aversion

used when a problem is stated in terms of gains

risk taking

used when a problem is stated in terms of losses

analogical problem solving

using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution to a new problem.

false authority fallacy

when an authority in one area criticizes work in an area outside of their expertise

priming occurs

when the presentation of one stimulus facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

neural circuits

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as:

auditory

The type of coding that we typically use for our short-term memory is:

constructive

According to the __________ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

increasing their ability to see a more precise view of the neuronal structure

Advances in staining procedures helped scientists better understand the makeup of neurons by:

self reference effect

Alex has taken ballet for several years, and she tries to find any opportunity to dance when not working at the steel mill. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

emotional events

Although Dana saw the ghost steal baby Oscar, she could not identify many specifics about the apparition. In this situation, her inability to recall these details highlights how ____________ can decrease our ability to recall the specific of interactions.

distributed representation

Although many of our functional skills have very specific neurological correlates (i.e. faces are process primarily in the fusiform gyrus), what term refers to the fact that our general functions are actually processed by many different areas in the brain:

inverse projection problem

Although the world is three-dimension, the images that we're exposed to are presented in two-dimensions. The task of trying to determine the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

Imagery neurons respond to:

An actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

introspection

An early scientific approach used by William James was which involved thinking about your own mental processes was termed

concepts

The definition of ______________ includes "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

episodic

As time passes, our older memories begin to lose the __________ component of them:

anaphoric

At the wedding shower each person who was invited went home with a puppy. However, since not all the puppies were claimed, Megan went how with 9 puppies. In retrospect, when talking with Annie, Megan stated that "I took 9 dogs. I did slightly overcommit to this whole thing. Turns out I'm probably more comfortable with 6. It's a lot, they are a lot of energy to deal with." The fact that Megan is able to understand Annie's use of they (the underlined word above), is the result of a(n) __________ inference.

tasks are well practiced

Automatic processing occurs when

Reinforcement - Humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through __________, while Noam Chomsky Proposed that:

phoneme

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because:

The filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

neuropsychology

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

mental scanning

Carl Spackler is a greenskeeper at the local golf club, and he's been having some problems gophers digging up the golf course. While he's tried flushing them out of their gopher holes with short bursts of water, this hasn't seemed to work. Ty Webb, the club pro suggested that he may not be adequately flushing out the gopher hole. He suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the water traveling all the way through the gopher holes past Judge Smails putting on the 18th green. Using this technique, Carl was able to flush out all the gophers, and he didn't have to use dynamite even once. Ty's suggestion involved using:

experience dependent plasticity

Changes in neuronal connections have been caused by environmental interactions is referred to as

procedural

Chuck and Bruce are teaching some students how to throw kung-foo kicks. They teach their students how to position their feet, how to transfer weight into the kick, and how to accurately strike your target. These learned skills that Chuck and Bruce are teaching their students are examples of __________ memory.

functional localization

Disorders such as Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, and prosopagnosia demonstrate:

binding

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called .

invent a sign language themselves

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

mental imagery involves

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

graduating from college at age 22

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

adolescence and young adulthood

For most older adults, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

15 to 20 seconds or less

Generally speaking the effective duration of short-term memory is:

cognitive neuroscience

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as:

manipulation

The task which differentiates short-term memory from working memory is the __________ of information.

definitional

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _________ approach to categorization.

retrieval

Our ability to recall information that we have been previously presented with is referred to as:

Pain is a good example of how

Our previous experiences and knowledge about our context significantly influences how we process external stimuli

linguistic intergroup bias

Our tendency to talk about the positive attributes of members of our ingroup, and the negative attributes with adjective instead of verbs is referred to as:

oblique effect

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the:

inferred from the participants behavior

Prior to behaviorism, the first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be:

sensory memory short term memory long term memory

The three structural components of the Modal Model of Memory include:

encoding specificity

Steve, Klaus, and Alistair are presented with information while exploring the ocean floor in their scuba gear. Although all the men can remember some of the information when they are back on land, their ability to recall this information is strongest when they are underwater. This would be an example of

instrument inference

Susan is listening to her uncle reminisce about when he use to play in the snow as a child with his sled. When his grandfather says "It seemed like I could play with Rosebud forever" Susan understands that it is most likely that his grandfather was playing with an older toboggan with metal runners, and not a newer plastic sled. Susan can understand this because due to a:

change how we perceive things

The Hershey kiss experiment that we did in class highlighted how our senses can:

social brain hypothesis

The __________ refers to the belief that the human brain has evolved as a means of surviving and reproducing in large and complex social groups, and a significant part of this evolution has included developing more complex and complicated forms of language.

overt attention

The ability to purposefully shift your attention from one stimulus to another stimulus is referred to as

increased firing rate within the neurons

The concept of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Cake-mug

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

visual neglect

The loss of the ability to perceive a portion of your visual field is referred to as:

meaning

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for:

after the event

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

visual spatial sketchpad

The phonological loop helps to keep auditory information active in short-term memory, while the __________ helps to keep visual information active in our short-term memory.

medial prefrontal cortex

The portion of our brain which helps to regulate how people make judgments about what others' may be thinking, and is involved in the process of social categorization is the:

social categorization

The process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics such as nationality, age, occupation, diagnosis, or some other trait is referred to as:

systems consolidation

The process of the gradual reorganization of circuits in the brain in response to the repetitive presentation of information is referred to as:

are more fragile

The rationale for why it is more difficult to crate mental images as opposed to processing visual stimuli is that mental images:

prefrontal cortex

This brain structure plays a primary role in regulating attention and working memory:

frontal lobes

This lobe generally regulates functions such as organization and planning, response inhibition, and emotional expression, and is primarily responsible for humans being able to live in a civilized society:

amygdala

This part of our brain shows increased activity when we label words or images with emotional descriptors:

parietal lobes

This portion of our brain is responsible for making sense of and integrating sensory information:

white matter

This substance is developed within neural circuits, coats axons, and generally increases our brain's efficiency by helping the conduction of electrical signals from the cell body down to the dendrites:

ventral steam

This visual pathway helps us to identify what an object may be that we are looking at:

higher; both lower and higher

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between deficits in perception and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at__________ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at __________ visual centers.

process models and structural models

Two types of models often used in cognitive psychology research include:

invariance

Viewpoint __________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives

source monitoring

Wei is developing allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

selective

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ___________ attention.

Cortisol

When confronted with something which we interpret as being socially stressful, our brains will initially respond by producing an increased level of:

the speed in which the pre-synaptic neuron fires to the post-synaptic

When considering neuronal communication, what determines the message that is conveyed between neurons:

be able to quantify internal mental processes

an important result from the early research studies in cognitive psychology was to:

problem

an obstacle between a present state and a goal. If the solution is clear it is not really a problem.

ad hominem

attacking a persons character or personal traits in an attempt to discredit or undermine their argument

lateral inhibition

ability to screen out irrelevant stimuli in "normal" is based on societal rules and may not fit with all people

analogical paradox

it can be difficult to apply analogies in the laboratory, but people routinely use analogies in real world settings

restructuring

changes the problems representation

illusory conjunctions

combinations of features from different stimuli.

initial state

conditions at the beginning of the problem

intermediate state

conditions during the middle of the problem

illusory correlations

correlation appears to exist but either does not exist or is much weaker than assumed.

sub goals

create intermediate states closer to the goal

framing effect

decisions influenced by how a decision is stated

categorical syllogism

describe relation between two categories using all, no or some

deductive reasoning

determining whether a conclusion logically follows from premises

availability

events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered

permission schema

if A is satisfied B can be carried out used in concrete versions. People are familiar with rules.