Cog Psych Past test questions

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

Definitional

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

PPA (Parahippocampal place area)

which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenence rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police; even though she used it every day for three years

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word fruit will lead to a larger priming effect for a banana than for a kiwi

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function

all of the above

which statement below is NOT true based on the results of memory research

although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

explicit memory is to ______ as implicit memory is to _____

aware; unaware

which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence

before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the...

constructive nature of memory

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?

counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

dear aunt jane experiment

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remeber groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) sfter various delays. They found that participants remebered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______ but later research showed that it was actually due to ______

decay; interference

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem

has one correct answer

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

inattentional blindness

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

mental walk

By using an _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically

opt-out procedure

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

retroactive interference

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not

When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language with which you are unfamiliar, the words may all seem to sound the same. You may find yourself wondering how those speakers are communicating when they are using the same words over and over again. The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of

similarity

According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked, downstairs, and called his friend Gerry" we create a stimulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment

situation models

Douglas is working on a project for his cognitive psychology class. He builds a plastic model of the human brain, paints each major structure a different color, and constructs a "map" that shows which functions are controlled by which brain component. Douglas's project is working from a(n) ____ model of cognitive psychology.

structural

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. .

target, source

According to your text the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following except

task cueing

the episode buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory

the central executive and long-term memory

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect

trial 1; word frequency

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in an-swering the question.

visual imagery

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

what pathway