Cognitive Final Exam II

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

an overload of the phonological loop.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.

organization

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with _______ memory.

short-term

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes ______ and is tested ______.

auditorially; auditorially

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

The repeated recall technique used in memory studies involves

participants being tested at baseline, and again at various time intervals, for their memory of a specific event.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that she has ______ memory.

poor short-term

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote (older)

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

Recency effect is to _____ as primacy effect is to ______.

short-term memory ... long-term memory

One way to ensure that a person does not consciously remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

test patients with anterograde amnesia.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Finding that the the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of recent and remote (older) episodic memories provides support for

the multiple trace model of consolidation.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

the physical features of the word.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Consolidation

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Scale

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

What are the two components of the reading span task?

storage and processing

Source monitoring errors (or source misattributions) were shown in which study? The "Bexperiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

"Becoming Famous Overnight" (Jacoby et al., 1989)

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

"smashed."

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about _______ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

APPLE

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

Emotion

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion of learning?

Highlighting

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

It interferes with semantic coding.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

Multidimensional

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

If John has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory following damage to a specific part of the brain, and Jack has good semantic memory but poor episodic memory following damage to a different part of the brain, this would illustrate:

a double dissociation.

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where many people incorrectly remember hearing the word "sleep", false memory occurs because of _____ and then _____.

activation of list words and schema words ... source monitoring error

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

What is the concept defined by "a set of functions, which allow people to regulate their behavior and attentional resources, and to resist the temptation to give in to impulses"?

cognitive control

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence

creates more connections.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences.

Which is NOT a priming task?

recall

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

relaxed

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

According to the original modal model, rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about 4-7 items at one time.

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for visually-presented letters is most likely based on the _____ the stimulus.

sound

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .

two

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema.

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Atkinson and Shiffrin (authors of the modal model) describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed the sound of the words, "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)

auditory code.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

auditory from a female speaker.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with _____ memory.

episodic

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

People with anterograde amnesia are unable to form new _____ long-term memories, but can form new _____ long-term memories.

explicit ... implicit

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

explicit long-term memory acquisition.

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

In a famous experiment, H. M. showed ______ but not ______ when performing a mirror-drawing task over several days.

improvement due to procedural memory; explicit memory for having experienced the task before

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

Participants who submerge their arm in ice water for several minutes after viewing a slide show of emotional and non-emotional slides

later have better memory only for the emotional slides.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

less efficiently than normal.

Recent research and research-based initiatives suggest that _____ can help people with Alzheimer's-related memory impairments (dementia) retrieve previously unaccessible memories.

listening to their favorite music

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long-term

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of

paired-associate learning.